Post on 10-May-2015
description
Successes in linking science to action through participatory action
research
Jon Hellin International Maize and Wheat
Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico
CCAFS Science Meeting, Copenhagen 1 May, 20012
Outline of presentation
• Why participatory research?
• What is participatory research?
• Typology of participatory research
• Agricultural innovation systems
• MasAgro, a Mexican case study
Why participatory research?
• Climate change, need to enhance agricultural yields, resilience of agro-ecosystems, & improve farmers’ livelihoods
• Improved agronomic management & farmers’ use of climate-adapted germplasm
• Adoption by smallholder farmers has been low (e.g. conservation agriculture (Ekboir, 2002))
Farmer adoption & non-adoption of agricultural technologies/principles
• Farmers are, in general, risk adverse
• Technologies may not be profitable in short-term and/or may not work
• Technologies & principles are knowledge intensive
• Linear transfer of technology approach that underestimates complexity of technologies
• Farmers’ modifications do not always coincide with the ideas or the intentions of those who originally developed or introduced the technology … adaptation
What is participatory research?
• Systematic dialogue between farmers & scientists to solve problems related to agriculture
• Increase impact of agricultural science and technology
How participatory is “participatory research”?
• Farmer interviews
• “Putting the last first”
• Participatory plant breeding
• Active – passive participation
Four types of farmer participation (Biggs, 1988)
• Contractual where scientists contract with farmers to provide land or services
• Consultative where information is sought from farmers and scientists then develop “solutions”
• Collaborative where there some task sharing between researchers & farmers, along lines determined by the formal research program
• Collegial where researchers support a farmer-initiated and farmer-managed program
Farmers are social actors & not passive subjects
• Technology, knowledge and information generated from a central source & then transferred from researchers to farmers
• But agricultural development is an immensely complex process characterized by a high degree of nonlinearity.
• Technological change rather depends on learning processes, feedback loops & iterative interactions
• Need an innovation approach - a process of networking, interactive learning and negotiation among a heterogeneous set of actors
Agricultural innovation systems
• Web of dynamic interactions among actors including researchers, farmers, & service providers
• Agricultural development results from combining technological improvements in production, processing & distribution with organizational improvements in how information & knowledge are exchanged
• Also policy changes that create favorable incentives and institutions to promote change
• External input needed to generate & this highlights crucial role of a facilitator or network broker who catalyses rather than instructs
Innovation systems & conservation agriculture
Innovations systems have emerged around conservation agriculture practices across a range of emerging economies
• South and Meso America (e.g. Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Mexico),
• Africa (e.g. Ghana, southern Africa)
• Asia (the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia , China and Central Asia).
• But fewer examples of CA on small farms outside the Americas
Mexico case study
• Due to climate change agricultural output in Mexico could decrease by >25% by 2080
• A concept of innovation networks was developed by CIMMYT with focus on conservation agriculture
• In each network, exchange of information was organized between the different partners with CIMMYT as network broker
• Based on the results, Mexican federal government launched MasAgro initiative in 2011 targeting maize and wheat-based systems
Sustainable Modernization of Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
• Develop, improve and spread innovative sustainable agricultural practices
• Including conservation agriculture, high-yielding germplasm, post-harvest technologies
• Dynamic and flexible approach of MasAgro allows for decentralized experimentation
• Institutionalization of agricultural innovation networks for smallholders
Structure & functioning of MasAgro • Establish shared goals &
efficient coordination between actors involved in the agricultural production chain.
• Actors include: private sector, international & national research centers, universities, farmers, extension workers, input suppliers, & policy-makers
• The innovation network is called a hub & includes establishment of research/experimental platforms, farmer modules & extension areas
Hub
• The core of the hub is the experimental platform. These are placed within universities, research institutes on farmers’ plots
• Research in the platforms locally adapts and improves the proposed technologies
• Platforms also serve to train farmers, extension agents, researchers & other collaborators
• Modules are established on farmers’ fields. Farmers are linked with extension agents trained by CIMMYT and by MasAgro’s partners
• Together, they test and further adapt the technologies. Feedback is necessary
• Surrounding farmers, public & private extension agents & service providers are invited to field day days
General structure of a hub
Federal and state level interest
Within one year 20 innovation hubs 13,000 farmers involved 20,000 hectares reached
Target: 260,000 farms
Sustainability of MasAgro?
• Idea is to expand hub approach within existing agro-ecological areas for maize & small grain based systems.
• Increasing number of local states including approach in state-level policy frameworks
• Seed companies using hubs
• Change within CIMMYT, greater emphasis on outcomes and impacts
• Ecology of disciplines along value chain
Functional and empowerment components of participatory research
• Functional component includes identification of traits that guide crop breeders
• Is farmer empowerment best carried out by development organizations with longer-term interaction with farmers
• Ultimately, partnerships between research and development organizations should translate into larger and wider impact.
We are not there yet
• Have not yet comprehensively achieved the paradigm shift from a linear transfer-of-technology approach to one that fosters the emergence of an agricultural innovation systems & participatory research
• The example of MasAgro in Mexico, however, illustrates how the change can be fostered and institutionalized