Post on 27-Dec-2015
CASIROZ - 1st meeting: Ectomycorrhizal studies in WP1 & WP2
CASIROZ - 1st meeting: Ectomycorrhizal studies in WP1 & WP2
Hojka KRAIGHERSlovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Nutrient inputs, immobilization & mineralization in a forest ecosystem & common mycorrhizal networks
Nutrient inputs, immobilization & mineralization in a forest ecosystem & common mycorrhizal networks
Rain (stemflow, throughfall)
Gaseous
loss gain
FrassLeaves, buds, flowers
Twigs, branches
Litter inputSpatial and temporal redistribution
CWD
Immobilization
Mineralization
Mineral weathering
Uptake
Modified after: DIGHTON & BODDY 1988
COMMON MYCORRHIZAL NETWORKS
Mycorrhizal mycelium affects field performance of forest trees
through:•capture & uptake of nutrients•protection against pathogens & toxic elements•extending feeder root longevity•spatial & temporal linkages between sinks & sources of nutrients - common mycorrhizal networks
& depends on: •functional compatibility of species & strain of the fungus & the plant•therefore identification of the fungal partner is important
The importance of the diversity & function of mycorrhizae:
The importance of the diversity & function of mycorrhizae:
Neto transfer of asimilates from a birch to a shaded Douglas fir (13C, 14C; by SIMARD & al., Nature, 1997).
Interactions between ectomycorrhizal fungi and wood decomposing fungi (32P; by LINDAHL & al, 1998)
Weathering of minerals (rock-eating fungi; by JONGMANS & al, Nature, 1997).
Wood-wide-web supporting the productivity & biodiversity (READ, 1998 & VAN DER HEIJDEN et al, Nature 1998).
Ectomycorrhizae alter quality & quantity of carbon allocated belowground (RYGIEWICZ & ANDERSEN, Nature 1994 and subsequent publications).
Cantharellus tubaeformis linking
spruce & nutrients in OH
Mycorrhizae alter quality & quantity of carbon allocated belowground
Mycorrhizae alter quality & quantity of carbon allocated belowground
In forest ecosystems 2/3 of C is contained in soils & peat deposits.
ECM reduces the overall retention of C in the symbiosis by increasing C in roots & below-ground respiration.
ECM shifts C to pools that are rapidly turned over (fine roots, hyphae, fungal respiration).
O3 can reduce belowground respiration
O3 can reduce C allocation to the mycorrhizal fungus.
Right: Lactarius theiogalus x Picea abies
(ANDERSON & RYGIEWICZ, 1994 & 1995 etc.)
Standardized sampling core (270 ml, 3,5 cm, 0-18 cm deep), cleaning, separation & storage.
Counting & image analyses of all root tips (non-mycorrhizal, old non-identifiable types, ECM morphotypes).
Anatomical & molecular identification or characterisation of the separated morphotypes, comparisons to the reference material, PCR-RFLP library or GenBank.
Presentation of lists, tables, pies & biodiversity indices. Check for physiological data on a single sp.(?) Statistics & modelling with environmental & physiol. data.
Identification & quantification of ECMIdentification & quantification of ECM
©M.BRUNDRETT, CSIRO 1999
Identification of types of ectomycorrhizae are done by:
Identification of types of ectomycorrhizae are done by:
anatomical characteristics (AGERER 1987-2000) molecular methods (PCR-ITS-RFLP & sequencing) (GARDES & BRUNS 1993,
as described in KRAIGHER & al. 1995; seq.: MARTĺN 2000)
•Several spp. disappear, others proliferate in polluted sites.•Occurrence of ECM types superior to fruitbody mapping, since:---ECM types are present throughout the year,---hypogeus fungi, corticiaceous fungi, ex Deuteromycotina - are difficult to observe, find or identify,---some ECM types have been found as restricted to polluted or unpolluted plots, while the identity of the fungus was not yet determined (Piceirrhiza terraphila & Piceirrhiza inflata).•Selective sensitive or unsensitive spp: Hydnum rufescens & Paxillus involutus.
STUDY 1: Mycobioindication by mapping of types of ECM
By KRAIGHER & al. 1996
STUDY 2: NATURAL SPRUCE REGENERATION, LIGHT, SOILS & MYCORRHIZAE
STUDY 2: NATURAL SPRUCE REGENERATION, LIGHT, SOILS & MYCORRHIZAE
ECM were differentiated into three groups, providing a tentative interpretation of their ecology: •Selected genera of ectomycorrhizae were correlated positively with:-- E horizon (podzolization) (Lactarius sp., Q-type), -- humus (Cenococcum geophilum) or -- fermentation layer (OLOF, Elaphomyces sp.),
•contributing several new physiological & ecological informations to the limited data on the selected genera known so far (CAIRNEY & CHAMBERS (Eds) 1999).
Correlations (SKUPAJ4.STA 56v*35c)
OLOF AH E H PH_CACL2 C_N DIR5
SM
CEN_GEO
TOM_SPP
TYL_SPP
ELA_SP
LAC_P
LAC_Q
STARO
VIT_MIK
SK
Factor 1
Fa
cto
r 2
DER_CIN
PIC_COR
PIN_EPI
PIN_STE
CEN_GEO
COR_SP
TOM_SP
TYL_SP
TT724
-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4
STUDY 3: BIODIVERSITYSTUDY 3: BIODIVERSITY
Research plot Pokljuka
Stand phase Adult (a) Young (a) Clear-cut (b)
H index (ECM) 2.23 1.52 1.48H index (vegetation) 1.08 1.71 1.17
Below-ground diversity can counterpart the poor plant community in a natural stand.
(After KRAIGHER 2000, based on data by TROŠT & al. 1999 (a), SIMONČIČ & al. 1998 (b), H index for ground vegetation
by URBANČIČ & KUTNAR 1998).
Share (%) of types of ectomycorrhizae (ECM) on Norway spruce and indices of biodiversity
Some general conclusionsSome general conclusions
fungal fruitbodies occurrence does not correspond to the abundance of ECM types (the active mycelia in the soils),
in almost 3/4 million root tips:-1% were non-mycorrhizal,-40-60% of types per plot were old unidentifiable types,-36 out of ca 70 types have been identified to species or group level on spruce & 25 out of 65 types on beech, -a big number needs comprehensive characterisation,
the contemporary characterisation methods are a combination of anatomical & molecular techniques,
correlations need to be done with physiological & env. Data.
CASIROZ - Ectomycorrhizal studies (CR 6)CASIROZ - Ectomycorrhizal studies (CR 6)
WP1: ECOPHYsiology & Modeling
Y1 9 Y2 14 Y3 13 TOTAL MM 36
SS 8PhD 22T 13
WP2: Biochemistry & MOLecular Biology
Y1 2 Y2 3 Y3 4 TOTAL MM 9
SS 5PhD 4T 0
CASIROZ - Ectomycorrhizal studies WP1: ECOPHYSIOLOGY & MODELING
Y1 - 3: •Mapping of fruitbodies & ECM on the whole plot•Identification & characterisation of types of ECM•Collection of herbarium material•Regular analyses, preparation of discussions & reports, presentations & inputs to WP2 & for other partnersY1: •Pilot study of roots & ECM of beech seedlings in containersY2:•ECM identification & quantification on the beech O3 & C plot
Y3:•ECM identification & quantification on the beech O3 & C plot•Study of roots & ECM of beech seedlings in containers
CASIROZ - Ectomycorrhizal studies WP2: BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
CASIROZ - Ectomycorrhizal studies WP2: BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Y1 - 3: Preparation of PCR-ITS-RFLP database from fungal exiccates & ECM
from the whole plot Regular analyses, preparation of discussions & reports, presentations &
inputs to WP1 & for other partnersY1: Build-up of the molecular databases (RFLP & sequencies)Y2: Molecular identifications of ECM Preparation of quantitative PCR for selected sp. / spp. (optional)Y3: Study of ECM of beech seedlings in containers
Contribution to CASIROZ & interfaces with other participants & studies
Contribution to CASIROZ & interfaces with other participants & studies
New ECM characterisations & molecular databases Diversity of ECM & differences among plots &
containers / ozone impacts & sensitivities of whole mycorrhizal trees & seedllings
A contribution to studies of above & below-ground interactions / hormonal relationships, roots & ECM in beech seedlings
A contribution to simulations of responses of the entire stand to ozone impact
Anatomical & molecular identifications of ECM:
Tine Grebenc, SFI, Ljubljana
Prof. Dr. Reinhard Agerer & Dr.Stefan Raidl, LMU Munich, Germany
Helmut Blaschke & al, TUM, Germany
Samar Al Sayegh Petkovšek, MSc, ERICo Velenje
Technicians & students: Jana Janša, Irena Tavčar & Peter Železnik
CASIROZ (2002-2005) & other EU & bilateral projects:
NAT-MAN (2000-2003), BIODIBERIA (2002) &
bilateral project Molecular ecology of ectomycorrhizae intemperate forests
(with Dr. M.P.Martín, Real Jardín Botanico, Madrid, Spain
Co-financed by:
Ministry of Education, Science & Sport (MESS),
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry & Food (MAFF),
Ministry of Environment: Bureau for Nature
Present collaborators: