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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Indonesia
BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARKMANAGEMENT ADVISORY BOARD
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners – vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to ‘The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize’, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiative’s searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajosé Satizábal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board, and in particular
guidance and inputs o Jeri Jepas, Angelique Batuna, and Alwin Rondonuwu. All photo credits courtesy o Bunaken National P
Management Advisory Board. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board, Indonesia. Equator Initiative C
Study Series. New York, NY.
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PROJECT SUMMARYBunaken National Park Management Advisory Board isa landmark case or local co-management o a marineprotected area in Indonesia. The initiative brings togethergovernment agencies, international partners, and localcommunities in the collaborative management o theBunaken National Park in North Sulawesi. The park comprises more than 8,000 hectares o coral ree, extensiveseagrass beds, and vast mangrove orests, as well as aroundtwenty-two dictinct villages. The 30,000 residents o thesecoastal and island communities are represented on the
management board by the Bunaken Concerned Citizen’sForum (Forum Masyarakat Peduli TN Bunaken).
In partnership with the Indonesian Department o NatureConservation, the board has designed a practical andecient user ee system that generates revenues or theprotected area and its residents, unding a joint patrolsystem as well as a number o community developmentprojects.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004
FOUNDED: 2000
LOCATION: North Sulawesi, Indonesia
BENEFICIARIES: 22 villages inside Bunaken National Park
BIODIVERSITY: Bunaken National Park
3
BUNAKEN NATIONAL PARKMANAGEMENT ADVISORY BOARDIndonesia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 6
Biodiversity Impacts 8
Socioeconomic Impacts 9
Policy Impacts 10
Sustainability 11
Replication 11
Partners 11
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unaken National Park (BNP) is located in North Sulawesi, Indonesia.
ocated near the centre o the Coral Triangle, the park is a globally
mportant conservation area with a wide range o coastal and marine
cosystems that provide habitat to 390 species o coral as well as
many sh, mollusc, reptile and marine mammal species. Covering a
otal area o 79,056 hectares, the park is comprised o a northern and
outhern section: the north consisting o ve islands and a coastal
rea between Molas and Tiwoho (the Molas-Wori Coast), and the
outh consisting o the coastal area between Poopoh and Popareng
illages (the Arakan-Wawontulap Coast).
ocal population pressures
Unlike many marine protected areas, BNP is located close to a large
rban centre, namely Manado, with its population o over 400,000
esidents. This proximity has presented the local population with
pportunities in the orm o steady tourist interest. The park also
as a unique bathymetry that has attracted scuba divers the world
ver. The absence o a continental shel means the coastline drops
irectly down to the continental slope, providing divers with a
nique glimpse at rarely seen marine biodiversity and spectacular
nderwater geological structures. This same proximity to Manado,
owever, has presented challenges in the orm o eective patrolling,
pillover pollution, and unsustainable demand or mangrove and
marine resources.
he national park itsel is home to over 30,000 residents, the majority
whom depend on natural resources or their livelihoods and
ubsistence needs. Settlement o the region dates back more than
ve generations, long beore the park was ormally established
wo decades ago. Twenty-two villages are spread across the ve
slands, with eleven villages on the coastline. The vast majority o
he local population makes their living through arming, shing, or a
ombination o the two. Farmers raise crops such as coconuts, sweet
otatoes and bananas. Those in the shing sector harvest a wide
ariety o sh or cultivate seaweed or export to oreign markets.
A less signicant number are employed by the tourism indust
dive guides, boat operators and eco-lodge sta. A tension e
however, between the livelihood needs o this growing populaand the needs o the marine ecosystems.
A unique marine sanctuary
Bunaken National Park contains over 8,000 hectares o coral
extensive seagrass beds, and vast mangrove orests (in the l
case, particularly in the Arakan-Wawontulap area). The seag
beds are ound in calm, shallow areas between the shore and
rees. Seagrass beds are important habitats or sand-dwelling m
species (e.g. sea snails, sea cucumbers, eels and shrimp), nurserie
Background and Context
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uvenile ree sh such as black-tip sharks and wrasses, and eeding
rounds or dugongs and green sea turtles. The coral rees beyond
he seagrass beds house a rich diversity o species o sh, turtles,
ea snakes, and invertebrates. The main type o ree in the park is
ringing ree, which grows along the edge o the shoreline, but patch
ees and barriers rees are also common.
he waters o the park contain more than 2,000 species o sh, several
undred species o hard coral, and over 30 species o mangroves.On land, the only remaining orest in the park is ound on the high
lopes o Manado Tua Island, where a small endemic population o
he critically endangered crested black macaques reside.
Creation o Bunaken National Park; initial problems
unaken National Park was established to protect and conserve the
igh diversity o terrestrial and marine lie within its unique coastal
cosystems, to protect the migration paths and eeding grounds o
ndemic marine species such as whales, dolphins, dugongs, and sea
urtles, and to balance conservation activities with the economic
eeds o the local population.
he park was established in 1991, under the authority o the Indonesian
Department o Nature Conservation in the Ministry o Forestry. The
ark had a management oce with a sta o approximately 40
ncluding the park head, park rangers and administrative sta). As
national park, it received an annual operating budget averaging
USD 100,000 per year – enough to pay or salaries, oce operational
osts and at most one waterborne patrol per month. Under this
argely “top-down” management regime, the park suered a slow
ut continuous degradation throughout the 1990s. A number o
hallenges plagued the park rom early on in its development.
rimary among these were a range o serious and persistentnvironmental threats, including blast shing, cyanide shing,
vershing, coral mining, mangrove deorestation, orest clearing
or agriculture, high-impact tourism, coastal development projects,
s well as short-sighted and ill-conceived solid waste management
ystems. Mangrove loss was particularly intractable. Mangroves
re traditionally used by the local population or building material,
rewood, ood and medicine. While mangroves can o course be
arvested sustainably, deorestation was being driven by livelihood
nsecurity as well as a growing commercial market in Manado or
mangrove products. Mangrove loss was translating to soil erosion,
he invasion o pests and weeds, and a lack o protection or juvenile
sh, mollusks and shrimp.
Other underlying challenges early in the park’s management
ncluded overlapping legal and jurisdictional authorities due to a
ack o coordination among government agencies and authorities in
he park, a lack o consultation with and engagement o both local
ommunities and private sector partners, conficts between the latter
takeholders on appropriate benet sharing arrangements, declining
evels o conservation unding, unclear and oten contradictory
oning systems, and, importantly, ineective enorcement systems
or park rules and regulations.
A response rooted in local participation
In response to all o these challenges, to increasing demand
a number o stakeholders or more air and equitable managem
o the park, and to growing momentum rom Indone
decentralization and reorm process, the Bunaken National
Management Advisory Board (BNPMAB) was established in 2
BNPMAB is a partnership o government, community, private se
and non-governmental representatives. Pivotal in its creationto its ongoing implementation is the Bunaken Concerned Citiz
Forum (Forum Masyarakat Peduli TN Bunaken - FMPTNB), w
represents all 30,000 villagers living in the park. The advisory b
has undertaken the ushering in o a new era o co-managem
o Bunaken National Park that includes local commun
and ecotourism operators in resource management and
enorcement.
Specically, BNPMAB was created to: coordinate the activities
policies o relevant government agencies with the park managem
authority; raise unds or conservation programs within
park (mainly through an entrance ee system); communicat
conservation program to a wide range o stakeholders; carry
participatory zoning; and coordinate joint patrols by local villa
water police, and park rangers. BNPMAB serves as a orum to aci
dialogue between stakeholders and make policy recommendat
The board aims to be responsive to the issues raised by park u
and local communities. It also plays an active role in public
and disseminating lessons learned rom the co-managem
arrangement to other marine protected areas in Indonesia
beyond.
Central to the roll-out o the initiative was participatory zona
o the park, in which it was divided into nature recovery zo
(comprising core, recovery and rehabilitation), utilization z(limited and intensive), and support zones (water, land and pu
Zones were demarcated based on their respective economic
conservation potential as well as constraints and opportunit
successul management. The zones were also developed thro
a participatory planning process which not only included
prioritized the needs and input o local communities.
The board has been remarkably successul in eradicating destru
shing, coral extraction, and mangrove deorestation w
simultaneously saeguarding the natural resource base that sus
local livelihoods and incomes. One o the organization’s pri
innovations was its entrance ee system, launched in 2002, w
until 2008, generated an average o USD 110,000 per year. Revehave both improved local incomes and provided a unding
rom which to nance conservation activities.
“The advisory board has undertaken theushering in of a new era of co-managemenof Bunaken National Park that includes locacommunities and ecotourism operators inresource management and park enforceme
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Key Activities and Innovations
he Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board has aision o the sustainable management o the park in a manner that
lso benets local communities. The stated objectives o BNPMAB
ocused on the need to raise conservation nancing necessary or
ustaining the marine protected area; raising awareness o this
mong the various park stakeholders; coordinating eorts o the
arious government agencies with the park management authority;
nd sharing the experiences o Bunaken management with other
marine protected areas in the region.
Participatory zonation exercise
One o the rst activities overseen by the advisory body was the
participatory zonation o the park. This would underpin many o he conservation and development activities that have undertaken
ince 2000.
Nature conservation zones: Three nature conservation zones were
emarcated throughout the park – core, recovery and rehabilitation
ones. Core zones are or the absolute and unequivocal protection o
n area or ecosystem. Examples in the park include the high slopes
o Manado Tua where crested black macaques dwell in natural
orests; the old growth mangrove stands in Arakan-Wowontulap;
nd the integrated mangrove, seagrass and coral ree ecosystems
n Bunaken and other islands. No human activity is permitted, with
he exception o research, biological monitoring and environmental
ducation. ‘Intentional’ violations o core zone rules carry a sti penalty o a maximum 10-year jail term and ne o Rp. 200 million
over USD 20,000), while ‘unintentional’ violations are punishable by
maximum jail term o one year and a ne o Rp. 100 million (USD
0,000). Recovery zones are or areas that require time to recover
rom past damage, such as deorestation, overshing, and coral
blasting. Human activity is again limited to environmental education
nd research. Lastly, rehabilitation zones, while quite similar to the
atter, are sites that require restoration rom past damage where
ctive replanting and reseeding o native plant species is taking
place.
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Utilization zones: Utilization zones, which have been divided into
mited and intensive use, have been created with tourism and
ransportation services in mind. Limited use zones accommodate
ourist activities that do not alter or impact the environment such
s nature walks, diving, and snorkeling. Intensive use zones on
he other hand are used or a broader range o tourism activities
hat require development, such as upgrading accommodations,
estaurants, shops, jetties and other inrastructure. This zonation is
urrently limited to Liang Beach and Pangalisang Beach on Bunakensland. As with the nature conservation zones, penalties are doled
ut to dierent degrees o severity depending on whether the
iolation was intentional or unintentional.
upport zones: Support zones – water, land and public – pertain
o traditional livelihoods and natural resource use by local
ommunities. Water support zones allow local communities to
ndertake traditional marine resource management activities,
ncluding traditional shing, regulated mangrove harvesting,
nd seaweed harvesting. The clearing o mangrove orests or
onversion into shing ponds and destructive shing practices
uch as blast shing are expressly prohibited. Land support zones
llow or housing, community development and inrastructure
rojects, agriculture (with controlled use o pesticides, herbicides
nd commercial ertilizers), and the limited exploitation o orest
roducts. Lastly, public support zones allow or small to medium
ized pelagic shing as well as transportation, with the exception o
nter-island passenger ships.
Park management and fnancing conservation
With these zones in place, BNPMAB has ocused on a diverse range
management activities. Institutional strengthening has helped
o engage a wider range o stakeholders in the park’s decision-
making processes, including local government and law enorcementuthorities. The engagement o local communities has entailed
eveloping inormation systems, communications and outreach
orts, including publicly displaying inormation about park
management in local villages and maintaining an extensive radio
roadcast system. Community development programs are planned
nd implemented using a village conservation und; inrastructure
nd acilities have also been developed or ecotourism, in
ccordance with principles o proper ecological stewardship. This has
ncorporated the creation o eective waste management systems.
n carrying out these activities, the board has also served a role in
onfict resolution between the park’s stakeholders, communicated
he interests o local communities to relevant authorities, and
rovided reporting to the central government, governors, mayors,
regents, and the house o representatives o North Sulawesi.
The majority o the organization’s energy, however, is ocuse
management o the park entrance ee system and ensuring
wide coverage and eciency o patrols conducted by park ran
marine police and local communities. The collaborative
entrance ee system was introduced thanks to the introduc
o ground-breaking provincial laws and subsequent agreem
with the Indonesian Department o Nature Conservation. The
system was developed based on an accurate easibility assessm
o the willingness o visitors to pay to access a unique ecosys
particularly i prots were earmarked or conservation eorts. I
practical and ecient system that does not inconvenience visi
dive operators or patrol teams, as it is a one-time ee. Rough
percent o entrance ee revenues are allocated to BNPMAB
conservation programs, while the remaining 20 percent is distribequally to the local government authorities in North Sulawesi,
to Minahasa district, Manado city and Jakarta. Entrance ees h
helped to nance the joint patrol system which can be cred
with decreases in a number o environmentally damaging s
practices. Patrols employ over 30 villagers rom across the
where they are ‘teamed up’ with marine police and park ran
Revenues rom entrance ees are also allocated through the vi
conservation und to village development projects in clean w
access, roads and transportation, school construction, mang
restoration projects, and a diverse portolio o conservation activ
“Environmental conservation cannot be achieved by one group of people alone. It requires
commitment across sectors and a fundamental shift in how we as a people and a country view
our natural heritage.”
Alwin Rondonuwu, Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board
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Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSBunaken National Park is covered with mangrove orests, which are
oncentrated in Mantegahe, the Molas-Wori coastal area, and in the
Arakan-Wawontulap coastal area. There are 29 species o mangrove
n the park, the dominant species being Rhizophora sp, Avicennia sp,
nd Sonneratia sp. In addition to mangrove orests, beach orests can
be ound growing rom ossil coral outcroppings on shorelines, or
behind the mangroves on nearly all o the islands. Common trees
nclude bitung (Barringtonia asiatica), a waxy-leaed tree with sweet-
melling white fowers, screw pines (Pandanas sp.), and ‘pohon
ketapang’, which are grown by local people as a shade tree. The
errestrial plant population o the park has changed somewhat sincehe advent o small plot arming by local people. Native plants and
rees such as bamboo, woka palms (Livistona rotundiolia), rattans
Calamus spp.), wild sugar palms ( Arenga sp.) and gs (Ficus spp.)
have oten been replaced by agricultural crops, such as coconut
palms, mangos, cassava, banana, and kenari nut trees. Mangroves
nd beach orests alike provide habitat and nesting grounds or a
diverse array o fora and auna.
Two threatened endemic terrestrial species
A relatively pristine – albeit small – tropical rainorest sits on top o
Manado Tua Island. This orest contains a shrinking population o
rested black macaques. Crested black macaques are endemic tohe northeastern tip o Sulawesi and ound nowhere else on earth.
Threatened by ongoing deorestation and land conversion, this
pecies is critically endangered. According to the last population
ount, conducted in 1996, between 70 and 160 macaques reside in
his shrinking orest. Crested black macaques are also an essential
part o this orest ecosystem, as they are a primary vehicle or the
distribution o native tree seeds. Another rare and threatened
errestrial species ound in the park – mainly on Manado Tua,
Bunaken Island and Montehage – is the tarsier, one o the world’s
mallest primates. Known or its large eyes and disproportionately
elongated ngers, tarsiers reach little more than 10 grams in w
at ull maturity. While small populations o tarsier survive in the
they are threatened by deorestation and sale in the internat
pet trade market.
Bird and marine species diversity
There are at least 30 species o birds that reside in the mang
o Bunaken National Park, including a number o shore and
birds such as terns, egrets and shing eagles. Frigate birds, he
storks, osprey, hawks, rails, sandpipers, pigeons, doves, kings
swallows, and drongos are also common. Reptiles such as mo
lizards, venomous and non-venomous snakes, skinks and geckoalso commonly ound in the park. In the waters o the park, a
variety o rare and unusual sh species such as ghost pipe
rogsh, and pygmy seahorses can be ound alongside a numb
endangered species, including coelacanths (so-called “living os
Manado is home to one o only two extant species o coelacanmenadoensis,) green and hawksbill turtles, dugongs (sea cows), o
(killer whales) and sperm whales. The park also contains a varie
sharks – including white tip ree sharks (Triaenodon obesus), blac
ree sharks, (Carcharhinus melanopterus), and, occasionally, sch
o hammerhead sharks – estuarine crocodiles, banded sea k
(Laticauda sp.), ve species o sea turtles – green, hawksbill,
ridley, loggerhead and leatherback – and dolphins.
Participatory patrol system; ecosystem restoration
BNPMAB has mobilized a highly eective joint patrol system w
brings together 52 villagers, 18 park rangers and 6 marine p
ocers. This environmental monitoring and patrol system
operates on a 24-hour a day basis, and is unded entirely by reve
rom park entrance ees. The patrol system has eectively elimin
destructive shing practices and was a major reason or the
percent increase in live coral cover between 2001 and 2003. A re
survey registered over 400 species o hard coral in the park – m
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han ve times the number o coral species ound in the entire
Caribbean. The survey singled out the BNPMAB patrol system as one
o the key drivers o this diversity.
The patrols are charged with regulating enorcement o the park’soning systems. Park zonation outlaws a number o destructive
shing techniques, particularly those known to result in by-catch.
One example o the latter is ‘sero’ net traps, which are banned due to
he high number o dugongs and sea turtles that become entangled
n the devices. Deep-set shark nets have also been banned to
prevent coelacanth by-catch. Where violators o these rules have
been caught over the past three years, the patrol has released 32
green and hawksbill turtles, as well as a number o dugongs.
Beyond the patrol, entrance ee revenues have been used to und
a number o conservation activities, including extensive replanting
o mangroves and the rehabilitation o damaged ree areas. Local
community members have also been mobilized into beach clean-up teams to deal with waste management and garbage problems
within the park. Environmental education has underpinned much
o this work, linking Bunaken with similar marine management
experiments across south-east Asia.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
More than 30,000 people in 22 villages reside inside Bunaken
National Park. The majority are armers and shermen, and depend
on natural resources and the environment or employment and
ivelihoods. On the islands o Bunaken and Siladen, the population
is primarily involved in coconut plantations, seasonal agricul
as well as hook-and-line and pole shing. On the island o Man
Tua, the population is mainly employed in line and net s
On Mantehage, the local population works in rice cultivation,
shing and seaweed arming. Local populations in other areasimilarly employed in these sectors.
Prioritizing local livelihoods
The Bunaken Concerned Citizen’s Forum (FMPTNB) represen
30,000 villagers and occupies one o three seats on the BNPMAB b
To keep even the most remote villages inormed on manage
issues and livelihood development programs – and to keep villa
connected with each other – the orum runs a 36-station, park-
VHF radio network. This active involvement o the local comm
in park management has allowed or the improvement o
livelihoods without damaging the environment, and helpe
spread the principles o democracy, accountability, representaand transparency in unds management. Communities were dir
involved in zonation o the park, allowing or prioritization o
needs and a reduction in conficts between resource users. Th
hour patrol team has virtually eliminated destructive shing prac
within the marine protected area, which has had a tremen
impact on villager livelihoods. Fish stocks and other marine sp
have been protected, and are now able to regenerate at na
rates, providing traditional shermen with a sustainable and l
term source o income.
9
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Domestic visitors International visitors Revenue (USD)
Fig. 1: Visitors and revenue, 2001-2008
ource: Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board, 2009.
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Equitable beneft-sharing
Another way in which local incomes and livelihood options have
mproved is through a small grants program or each village – the
illage conservation und – nanced using revenues rom the park’s
ntrance ee system. With 30 percent o entrance ees dedicated to
his small grants program on an annual basis – USD 30,000 in 2002
lone – all local residents are able to benet rom tourism in the park.
Grants are provided or community-based projects that are in theublic interest, and have included mangrove reorestation, English
ourses or school children, construction o public wells, sanitation
ervices, landing docks, and paved ootpaths.
n terms o more direct tourism benets, FMPTNB works in close
ollaboration with the North Sulawesi Watersports Association
NSWA) to ensure the growing ecotourism industry in the marine
rotected area advantages the local population. NSWA holds a
ommitment to hiring as many local sta as possible or positions
s dive guides, resort sta, and boat captains. The association also
rioritizes shermen rom within Bunaken National Park or their
urchasing o sh products. Currently, over 1,000 villagers are
irectly or indirectly employed by the marine ecotourism industry.NSWA unds beach clean-ups and requently pays or the printing
nd distribution o environmental education materials or local
chools. Lastly, the company operates a scholarship program that
unds disadvantaged children to attend high school and university.
ivelihood diversifcation and environmental education
MPTNB also works with a range o partners – notably USAID’s
Natural Resources Management Program – to develop projects
that improve non-tourism livelihood opportunities. One exa
o a successul project in this regard has been the use o disca
coconut shells to produce charcoal. This coconut shell cha
not only provides a reliable uel source, but oers an alternativ
cutting down mangrove orests or rewood. In a related pro
a group o local women have been trained in the production
use o energy-ecient clay cooking stoves that utilize the coc
charcoal. Project participants have improved their incomes
reduced health problems associated with smoke inhalation wood-burning stoves. Other projects are currently being devel
around seaweed mariculture and mangrove crab cultivation.
BNPMAB also operates a ‘Bunaken Volunteers Program’ w
attracts young international volunteers with knowledg
marine conservation to develop environment curriculums
local elementary schools. The curricula, which ocus on coral
mangrove ecosystems, have a signicant eld component, w
have helped engage local youth in hands-on conservation eo
POLICY IMPACTS
BNPMAB and FMPTNB have pioneered a number o new direcor Indonesian protected area management, including in
management arrangements, decentralized entrance ee syst
participatory development o park zonation, and joint patrols w
directly involve local villagers in enorcement. Following a three
trial period, the Department o Nature Conservation issued a de
proclaiming Bunaken National Park as a model or other nat
parks in Indonesia. This same department has developed a num
o technical guidance manuals based on the Bunaken National
model.
10
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Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYhe push or a collaborative management system o Bunaken
National Park began in 2000, and was driven by the parks’ two
rimary user groups - the FMPTNB and NSWA. In part due to the
widespread changes in governance that Indonesia was experiencing
t that time, BNP was granted a special waiver by the Department
Nature Conservation to implement a co-management system,
ncluding a decentralized user ee system that allowed the park to
et its own ee structure and retain all revenues at the local level or
management o BNP. The co-management system and decentralized
ntrance ee system were the rst o their kind in Indonesia, and were
rounded in provincial law. Since that time, the central governmentas recognized the strengths o this system and declared Bunaken’s
o-management system a model or all Indonesian national parks to
spire to.
eyond this strong legal and institutional basis, the co-management
rrangement is sustainable rom a social perspective, as it has
iven each o the primary park stakeholders a strong role in
management and an incentive to remain actively involved. For the
illage stakeholders in particular, this initiative represents the rst
pportunity many o them have ever had to voice their opinions and
nfuence policy.
rom a nancial perspective, BNPMAB is also sustainable and isorging ahead with a diversied portolio o sustainable unding
ptions. To date, nancial sustainability has largely been secured
hrough the park’s entrance ee system. Other components o the
NP unding portolio include national government park unding
currently USD 100,000 per year), in-kind support rom the local
ourism sector (worth over USD 30,000 in 2002, including boat and
iver support or monitoring, ree rehabilitation and conservation
ducation programs), an international volunteer program (valued
t USD 30,000 in 2003), local government budget support (totaling
USD 40,000 in 2002, including health and inrastructure projects
within the park) and national and international grant support.
additional sources o unding that are currently under develop
include visitor center merchandising and a potential endowm
und.
REPLICATION
Established as “centre o excellence” by the Indonesian Departm
o Nature Conservation, BNPMAB has become a model o
management o marine areas, and a site or peer-to-peer lear
and replication both nationally and internationally. The park
hosted knowledge exchange visits rom seven national par
Indonesia, as well as a marine protected area in Viet Nam, the UNBohol Marine Triangle project, the El Nido marine protected
rom the Philippines, and a range o marine protected area mana
rom Thailand, Malaysia, and the United States. BNPMAB has
provided input into the development o the Namena Marine Res
in Fiji. Most recently, BNPMAB developed a 10-day marine prote
area management course or other regional groups to learn rom
Bunaken co-management experience.
The International Coral Ree Action Network (ICRAN) has recogn
Bunaken’s strong commitment to sustainable tourism in selec
it as their Asian marine protected area demonstration site
sustainable ree tourism. BNP has also been selected as one o
marine protected areas to participate in a pilot study to devbusiness plans or Asian marine protected areas under the ausp
o the World Commission on Protected Areas Southeast Asia M
Working Group.
PARTNERS
BNPMAB is a multi-stakeholder partnership. The board coordin
the activities and policies o various government agencies with
park authorities, and supports them in ormulating and un
conservation and monitoring programs. There are teen sea
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he board, with seven held by government institutions (tourism,
sheries, and environment departments rom the city, district,
rovincial and national level) and eight by non-government
nstitutions (representing academia, environmental NGOs, private
ector, and the communities represented by the FMPTNB).
n this partnership model, government agencies create policies that
upport conservation and ecotourism, marine police support with
norcement o zonation laws, non-governmental organizationsupport with monitoring and conservation, universities with
esearch, private sector partners with ecotourism management, and
ommunities in carrying out conservation and livelihood strategies
n the ground.
Bunaken National Park Oce: Disseminates the conservation
mission o the BNPMAB to all stakeholders; represents central
government and has legal authority over the park.
Environmental Impact Control Department (provincial):
Coordinates policies o the national park oce and Manado
government oces. Contributes ideas on relevant issues,
makes appropriate recommendations, and helps the board to
negotiate business sector licenses related to environmental
impacts.
Environmental Impact Control Department (district): Represents
and provides inormation on the policies and interests o
the department; lobbies regional government in support o
BNPMAB programs and provides technical input on coastal
development and pollution issues.
Tourism Department North Sulawesi: Represents the
government’s interests in tourism development, with the
authority to grant licenses to businesses wishing to operate
in the park. A key player in promoting sustainable tourism
development in the park.
Concerned Citizen’s Forum or Bunaken National Park:Represents the aspirations o local communities and brings
their priorities to the board; advocates or community interests
such as benet-sharing, alternative incomes and conservation
awareness; acts as a channel o communication between
the board and the community; coordinates logistics or park
patrols; promotes and implements the board’s program
the grassroots level. The orum was a key player in desig
a participatory zonation process that could be understoo
villagers, divers, dive operators and government ocials,
is directly involved in the coordination and control o the
patrol system. The orum also helps to select and admin
the board’s small grants program or village improvement
plays an increasingly important role in negotiating succe
management arrangements.• Manado Environment Department: The one Manado
level agency that sits on the BNPMAB board; ensures
all management initiatives are environmentally-riendly
accommodated by law.
• University o Sam Ratulangi – Faculty o Fisheries and Ma
Science: Represents the scientic community and prov
scientic technical advice to BNPMAB.
• Ministry o Marine Aairs and Fisheries: An important mem
on the board due to the valuable sheries within the park
this national agency’s role in regulating them. Has been a
in keeping “outside” shing operations rom obtaining lice
to sh within the park and thereby compete with local villa
• Indonesian Forum or The Environment (Wahana Lingkun
Hidup Indonesia - WALHI): This orum o local environme
NGOs helps BNPMAB to spend unds appropriately in relatio
community needs and activities. Co-ordinates communica
between stakeholders, and provides suggestions to imp
decisions.
• North Sulawesi Watersports Association (NSWA): Represent
park’s other primary user group: the marine tourism indu
The NSWA was ormed in 1997 by seven environmen
concerned dive operators, and has grown to include 15
resorts, the vast majority o those operating in Buna
Perhaps more than any other group, NSWA was the prim
driving orce behind the move towards more eective, inclucollaborative management o the park in 2000. At the co
the NSWA’s eorts to protect Bunaken’s rich but threate
marine resources is an innovative program o ‘3E’s: Employm
Education and Enorcement.’
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Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:
FURTHER REFERENCE
Bunaken National Park Management Advisory Board website
Arin, T., and Kramer, R. A. 2002. Divers’ Willingness to Pay to Visit Marine Sanctuaries: An Exploratory Study . Ocean & Coastal Managem
45, pp.171–183.
Newman, C. M. and LeDrew, E. 2005. Towards Community- and Scientifc-Based Inormation Integration in Marine Resource Manageme
Indonesia: Bunaken National Park Case Study . Environments Journal Volume 33(1), pp. 5-24.
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