Post on 18-Dec-2015
Carbon in Life and Materials
6
C
Carbon
12.011
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds: Contain carbon-hydrogen
bonds Often contain N, S, P Major types:
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Are not just living things but can also be made in a lab…example: sugar
www.organicsbydesign.com
www.hermann-uwe.de
Inorganic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds: Substances that do not
have carbon-hydrogen bonds
Not normally found in living things
Examples minerals, metals, and salts
Exceptions to the rule: (all inorganic) Diamonds (C), graphite
(C), carbon dioxide (CO2)
universoulproductions.wordpress.com
www.ndt-ed.org
Carbon forms many different compounds
Large variety of compounds results from the number of bonds that each carbon atom can form
Carbon atoms always share four pairs of electrons in four covalent bonds Single bond Double bond Triple bond
Carbon-based molecules can have many structures
Chains Carbon atoms can
bond together to form chains that are straight or branched
Rings Carbon rings contain
at least 5 carbon atoms
nafaa.pbwiki.com
www.green-planet-solar-energy.com
Isomers
Isomer: compounds that contain the same atoms, but in different places
Both have 4 Carbonsand 10 Hydrogens
Butane Isobutane
cornellbiochem.wikispaces.com
Carbon-based molecules are life’s building blocks
Carbon-based molecules have many functions in living things Similarities
All contain carbon and hydrogen or oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus.
Large molecules
www.rbge.org.uk
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
Life’s Carbon-based molecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
mrscraigsbiology.blogspot.com
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate: contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…examples: sugars, starches, and cellulose. Sugar: glucose C6H12O6
Cells in both plants and animals break down glucose for energy
Starch: many glucose moleculesWhen starch is broken down many glucose
molecules are broken down and used for energy
Cellulose: plant cell wallsCarbohydrate that is composed of glucose
Lipids Lipid: fats and oils that are used for energy and as
structural materials in living things Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Structure different from carbohydrates Animals store chemical energy in fat
Fat…saturated and unsaturated Saturated: all the bonds in the lipid are single, most animal
fats…too much saturated fat could lead to heart disease Unsaturated: one or more bonds in lipid are double
Cholesterol lipid that is part of cell membranes Makes hormones (chemical messengers in your body)
Proteins
Proteins: macromolecules (large) that are made up of amino acids Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, and other elements Many different functions
Function based on order of amino acids 20 different amino acids make up the proteins in your
body Function is based on structure
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids: huge, complex carbon-based molecules that contain information that cells use to make proteins Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus Each cell in your body contains a complete set of
nucleic acids…so each cell has all of the instructions it needs to make the proteins your body needs
DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid
…nucleic acid that contains the genetic code Sides of ladder made of
sugar and phosphate Rungs (steps) are made
up of cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), Thymine (T). C and G always pair A and T always pair
eapbiofield.wikispaces.com
Carbon-based molecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Sugars and starchesEnergy for cellsPlant cell walls
Include fats and oilsEnergy for cellsCell membranes
Function depends on order of amino acidsStructure, transport, immune system, enzymes
DNACarries genetic codeSequence of three DNA bases is the code for an amino acid
Carbon Cycle
eo.ucar.edu
Carbon-based molecules in many materials
Hydrocarbon: a compound made of hydrogen and carbon Found in large deposits (petroleum)
Polymers Very large carbon-based molecules made of
smaller repeating units (monomers) Formation by chemical reactions that bond
monomers together Plastics (polypropylene)…capable of being
molded or shaped…plastics can be recycled