Post on 09-May-2015
description
Gabriella ChiellinoeAmbiente Srl
Carbon footprint and Carbon footprint and Ecological Ecological FootprintFootprint
CO2 and Global warming
Global climate changeIncreased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere since the revolution industry.
The temperature riseIt represents one of the most important indicators that we are living beyond the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances.
Decreased emissionsAn effort by the productive sectors to reduce emissions and the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is vital to combat climate change in progress.
Consumption of resources
Population is growingSince XX century population is growing quickly.
Life style is changingIn Europe and America expecially, people are living beyond the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances.
Resources are scarceTo make goods we need to use resources that are not always renewable.
The differences
CARBON FOOTPRINTAssessment throughout the life cycle of a product / process related to the impact category "global warming " (in terms of CO2 eq.)
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINTThe ecological footprint is a statistical index used to measure request for human nature and its factories. It relates the human consumption of natural resources with the earth's capacity toregenerate them.
WATER FOOTPRINTThe WF is a geographically explicit indicator showing volumes of water consumption and pollution and the locations
First part: Carbon footprint
CARBON FOOTPRINT
FIRST PART
Applicable law
Screening study Complete studyunder the rulesUNI EN ISO 14040:2006 UNI EN ISO 14044:2006
EPD Environmental Product Declaration
Time + internal resources for data retrieval
Testing a possible third body on internal methodology
Certification of a possible third body in accordance with standard
Comunication
Comunication / Ecodesign
Comunication
Carbon markets
BINDINGThe trading of greenhouse gas emissions has been established through the EU Directive 2003/87/EC to fulfill their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.Annex I of Directive:•Combustion installations exceeding 20 MW•Petroleum Refineries•Coke ovens•Etc.
VOLUNTEERThere are independent verification and validation services to voluntary projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, for the issuance of VERs (Verified Emissions Reductions), or "emission reduction units".
Objective: environmental communication
What happended with CO2?
The whole life on earth is based on photosynthesis of chlorophyll:
Reactions during which green plants produce organic substances -mainly carbohydrates -from carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light. This series of chemical reactions within the anabolic processes (synthesis) of carbohydrates and is totally opposed to the reverse process of catabolisi (oxidation).
Reaction of the molecules6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6 H2O (Water) + light → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2 (Oxygen)
And then?
The “food chain” or “net chain” (better) provides to feed animals and the uman:
Dynamic balance
The CO2 cycle on earth (but also water cycle, nitrogen cycle etc.) are in dynamic balance during the years.
Only with other sources not renewable (fossils) this dynamic balance is altered with many pollution problems.
Carbon footprint: measure
CF measures the impact that human activities have on the environment in terms of amount of greenhouse gases produced, measured in units of carbon dioxide (CO2 equivalent).Production
ActivitieskWh energym3 waterMaterials / resources
AdministrativekWh energym3 methane
TransportationKm covered
WasteKg produced
Processing tonnes of CO2 equivalent
SimaPro 7.3.0. Analyst
Carbon footprint: measure
Processing
Method of calculation
Categories of impact
Mid-PointEvaluate the causes of the
damage
End-PointEvaluate the
damage
Acidification Eutrophication Global Warming Thinning of the ozone layer Photochemical oxidation Land use Fossil Fuels Ecotoxicity Ionizing radiation
Human Health Ecosystem quality Decay of natural
resources
SimaPro 7.3.0. Analyst
Example of results
Explanation of categories
Decay of natural
resources Ecosystem quality Human health
The results are expressed as:
Equivalent unitsCO2 eq.kg SO2 eq.kg CFC-11 eq.
"Eco-points"Normalized equivalent units around them, with a percentage of the total European currency.
Example with different kind of beverages
bottles!
Reduce and compensate emissions
The calculation of carbon footprint provides tons of CO2 equivalent produced in a year
The Company may decide to reduce emissions with a reduction plans (technological improvements, logistics etc.).
So they may decide to compensate (offset) for remaining emissions (in part or entirely).
Total CO2
CO2
reduced
CO2 offset
A number of tonnes of CO2
Projects
Project Choice
Purchase of credits corresponding
1 ton = 1 credit
Emissions offset
Publication on the register
Cancellation of debt certificates
Environmental Communication
Forest managemet Energy saving
Biogas from landfills
1 ton = 1 credit Public Register Credits Certificates
Our experience
Calculation of CO2 equivalent
Projections of the reduction with improvement initiatives
Communication on the company website and 1.000.000 of paper carnet
Withdrawal of claims and posting to register eCO2care
Calculation of CO2 equivalent to 20 emitters
Second part: Ecological footprintFirst part: Carbon footprint
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
SECOND PART
Introduction
It measures the area of biologically productive land and sea needed to regenerate the resources consumed by a human population.Using the ecological footprint, it is possible to estimate how many virtual "Planet Earth" is needed to support humanity if everybody lived according to a certain lifestyle.
First approach
In detail
To calculate the ecological footprint of men’s consumption (goods,cereals, meat, fruits, vegetables, roots and tubers, legumes, etc.) you put in report the amount of each good consumed with aconstant yield in kg / ha (kilograms per hectare).The result is a surface.
We have different behaviour
The situation: our world
Density of world’s population
Effective growth and forecast of world’s population
Why is it important?
We need to do green choices
Scenarios
Methodology Overview
The 2010 National Footprint Accounts use over 5,000 data points for each country, each year, derived from internationally recognized sources to determine the area required to produce the biological resources a country uses and to absorb its wastes, and to compare this with the area available.
Biocapacity is measured by calculating the amount of biologically productive land and sea area available to provide the resources a population consumes and to absorb its wastes, given current technology and management practices.
Equivalence factors, and the specific land use types included in the Ecological Footprint: cropland, grazing land, fishing ground, forest land, carbon uptake land, and built-up land.
DATAREPORT
EQUIVALENCE FACTORS
Methodology Overview
An example of methodology of calculation
Report
Regarding some studies, even with modest projections for population growth, consumption and climate change, by 2030 humanity will need the capacity of two Earths to absorb carbon dioxide waste and keep up with natural resource consumption.
Standard’s path
Global Footprint Network has released the Ecological Footprint Standards 2009 and has begun the 2012 Standards update process.
The 2009 Standards build on the first set of internationally recognized Ecological Footprint Standards, released in 2006, and include key updates – such as, for the first time, providing standards and guidelines for product and organizational Footprint assessments.
Ecological footprint is still a young method
Problems
Both the Carbon Footprint and the Ecological footprint must develop to comply on a global level, so that the results are actually comparable.
The drafting of standards goes in this direction, although it is also necessary to standardize the methodology of data collection, processing not only of themselves.
Future
Environmental problems need to be measured and possibly solved with effective methods.
Carbon footprint and Ecological footprint, using their indicators can direct us to take effective action to minimize impacts and changing lifestyles, and industrial production.
Second part: Ecological footprintFirst part: Carbon footprint
WATER FOOTPRINT
THIRD PART
Water Footprint
The Water Footprint (WF) is a measure of human appropriation of freshwater resources
•Blue WF refers to consumption of blue water resources (surface and ground water). •Green WF is the volume of green water (rainwater) consumed, which is particularly relevant in crop production. •Grey WF is an indicator of the degree of freshwater pollution and is defined as the volume of freshwater that is required to assimilate the load of pollutants based on existing ambient water quality standards.
The WF is a geographically explicit indicator showing volumes of water consumption and pollution and the locations
Water Footprint
Water Footprint - Product
• the volume of fresh water used to produce the product
• summed over the various steps of the production chain. when and where the water was used: a WF includes a temporal and spatial
dimension
Water Footprint - Consumer
the total volume of water appropriated for the production of the
goods and services consumed equal to the sum of the water footprints of
all goods and services consumed dimensions of a Water Footprint
(Volume, where, when, Type of water use)
Global average Water Footprint: 1385 m3/yr per capita
Countries United Kingdom
Italy Cameroon Kenya USA Canada Japan France Germany
Average Water Footprint(m3/yr per capita)
1258 2303 1245 1101 2842 2333 1379 1786 1426
Part of footprint falling outside of the country
(%)
75,2 60,7 5,4 17,4 20,2 20,7 76,9 46,3 68,8
Water Footprint - Nation
Water footprint of national consumption total amount of water that is used to produce the goods and services consumed
by the inhabitants of the nation. two components:
internal water footprint – inside the country. external water footprint – in other countries.
Water footprint of national consumption =
= water footprint within the nation + virtual water import – virtual water export
Water Footprint - Nation
Water Footprint
Rappresentation of virtual water balance per country and direction of gross virtual water flows related to trade in agricultural and industrial products over the period 1996-2005.Only the biggest water savings (> 5 Gm3/yr) are shown.
Water Footprint
Rappresentation of global water savings associated with international trade in agricultural products (1996-2005). Only the biggest water savings (> 5 Gm3/yr) are shown.
Water Footprint - Business
Operational water footprint the direct water use by the producer – for producing, manufacturing or for
supporting activities Supply - chain water footprint
the indirect water use in the producer’s supply chainvirtual water import – virtual water export
total volume of freshwater that is used directly and indirectly to run and support a business
temporal and spatial dimension: when and where was the water used. three components:
green: volume of rainwater consumed blue: volume of surface or groundwater consumed grey : volume of polluted water
Water Footprint
WF and CF
Water footprint and carbon footprint are complementary tools
Water footprint Carbon footprint
measures freshwater appropriationspatial and temporal dimensionactual, locally specific valuesalways referring to full supply-chainfocus on reducing own water footprint(water use units are not interchangeable)
measures emission GHGno spatial / temporal dimensionglobal average valuessupply-chain included only in ‘scope 3 carbon accounting’many efforts focused on offsetting(carbon emission units are interchangeable)
WF and LCA - CF
For companies, water footprint assessment and LCA are complementary tools.
WF assessment is a tool to support formulation of a sustainable water management strategy in operations and supply chainLCA is a tool to compare the overall environmental impact of different products
WF is a general indicator of water use; application of WF in inventory phase of LCA is one particular application.
Water footprint Life Cycle Assessment
measures freshwater appropriationmulti-dimensional (type of water use, location, timing)actual water volumes, no weighing
measures overall environmental impactno spatial dimensionweighing water volumes based on Impacts
WF Assessment
In general, the approach is based on:
And the assessment…
WF Assessment
Sustainability of the
cumulative
water footprints in
different catchments
Sustainability of theWFs of specific processes
Sustainability of theWFs of specific products
WF Assessment
Step 1 – Sustainability Criteria
Environmental Environmental flow requirements
Environmental green water requirements Ambient water quality standards
Social Basic human needs – min. drink-water, food security, employm. Rules of fairness – fair allocation, water user & water polluter
principle Economic
Efficient allocation and use of water
WF Assessment
Step 1 - Environmentale Flow requirements
Catchment level
Monthly level
Generic rule of thumb: 80% of natural runoff, on a monthly basis
Use data from generic global methodology, but replace with better studies give better local estimates
WF Assessment
Step 2 – Hotspots
Environmental sustainability criteria Green water footprint < available green water Blue water footprint < available blue water Grey water footprint < available assimilation capacity
If we consider the Grey WF criterion:
Grey Water Footprint < runoff Assimilative capacity non fully used
Grey Water Footprint = runoff Fulle assimilative capacity of the river used
Grey Water Footprint > runoff Pollution exceed the assimilative capacity of the envorinment
WF Assessment
Step 3 - 4 – Primary and secondary impacts
Primary impacts Changes to hydrology Changes to water quality
Secondary impacts Effects on abundance of certain species Effects on biodiversity Effects on human health Effects on employment Effects on distribution of welfare Effects on income in different sectors of economy
ISO Standard on WF
• Water Footprint: Requirements and Guidelines”• International standard for water footprinting (ISO 14046)
This International Standard specifies requirements and guidelines to assess and report Water Footprint based on LCA
• Terminology, communication
• Important stages to consider
• Consistency with ISO 14000 series including environmental metrics such as Carbon footprint, LCA (ISO14040), Greenhouse Gases quantification and communication (ISO14064, ISO 14067) and Environmental communication (ISO14020)
• Review/Validation
• Reporting
• Towards industry and practitioners
ISO Standard on WF
The proposed International Standard will deliverprinciples, requirements and guidelines
for a water footprint metric ofproducts, processes and organisations
based on the guidance ofimpact assessment as given in ISO 14044
It will define how the different types of water sources (for example ground, surface, lake, river…) should be considered, how the different types of water releases should be considered, and how the local environmental conditions (dry areas, wet areas) should be treated.
For products: it will apply the life cycle approach and will be based on the same product system as specified in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044
For organisation: it will consider the guidance given by ISO 14064 for GHG The standard will also address the communication issues linked to the WF
Shared responsability
Consumers or consumer or environmental organizations push businesses and governments to address water use and impacts along supply chains
Some businesses act voluntarily in an early stage, driven by
consumers or investors
Governments promote businesses in an early phase and implement regulations in a later phase
Governments, companies, consultants and accountants use same standard definitions and calculation methods
International cooperation, through UN and other institutions...
Current Development
• Increasing communication on waterPublication of « Water Footprint » results of products in the news,…
• Increasing demand for standardsE.g., “The company said it was the world’s first food company to add an H2O label to
product packaging and that it had developed its own calculation model because no internationally established formula and product label yet exists. […] we need to ensure that there are consistent standards across the board,” - Carbon Footprints to Water Footprints (The New York Times, April 17 2009)
• Multitude groups active in water World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Water Footprint Network (WFN) UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative Alliance for Water Stewardship (AWS) World Resource Institute (WRI) Water Environment Federation (Water Quality) ...
WF reduction and offsetting
Reduce
Reduce by avoid: do not undertake water - using activities altogether
Reduce by improved production: replace one technique by another technique that results in a lower or even zero Water Footprint
Offset
Compensate the residual water footprint by making a reasonable investment in establishing or supporting projects that aim at a sustainable, equitable and efficient use of water in the catchment where the residual Water Footprint is located
WF reduction and offsetting
Ultimate perspective
Agricolture Industry
Green WF
Decrease greenwater footprint (m3/ton) by increasing green water productivity (ton/me) in both rain - fed and irrigated agricolture. Increase total production from rain - fed agricolture
Not relevant
Blue WF
Decrease blue water footprint (m3/ton) by increasing blue water productivity (ton/m3) in irrigated agricolture. Decrease ratio blue/green water footprint. Decrease global blue water footprint (e.g. by 50%)
Zero blue water footprint: no losses trough evaporation - full recycling - only blue water footprint related to the incorporation of water into a product cannot be avoided
Grey WF
Reduced use of artificial fertilisers and pesticides; more effective application. Grey water footprint can go to zero through organic farming
Zero grey water footprint no pollution - full recycling, recapturing heat from heated effluents and treatment of remaining return flows
Reducing humanity WF
Consumers
Reduction of the direct Water Fooprint
•water saving toilet, shower-head, etc.
Reduction of the indirect Water Fooprint
•substitution of a consumer product that has a large water footprint by a different type of product that has a smaller water footprint
•substitution of a consumer product that has a large water footprint by the same product that is derived from another source with smaller water footprint
Ask product transparency from businesses and regulation from governments
Reducing humanity WF
Companies
Shared terminology & calculation standards
Product transparency•water footprint reporting / disclosure•labelling of products•certification of businesses
Quantitative footprint reduction targets – benchmarking
Reduction of the operational water footprint•water saving in own operations
Reduction of the supply-chain water footprint•influencing suppliers•changing to other suppliers•transform business model in order to incorporate or better control supply
chains
Reducing humanity WF
Investors
Reduce risk of investments:
•physical risk formed by water shortages or pollution•risk of damaged corporate image•regulatory risk•financial risk
Demand accounting and substantiated quantitative water footprint reduction targets from companies
Reducing humanity WF
Governments
Embed water footprint assessment in national water policy making
Promote coherence between water and other governmental policies
Reduce the own organizational water footprint•reduce the water footprint of public services
Promote product transparency
•support or force businesses to make annual water footprint accounts and to implement water footprint reduction measures
•e.g. through promoting a water label for water-intensive products•e.g. through water-certification of businesses
International cooperation
International protocol on water pricing
Minimum water rights
Tradable water footprint permits
Water - labelling of water-intensive products
Water-certification of industries and retailers
International nutrient housekeeping
Shared guidelines on water-neutrality for businesses
Initiatives
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