Carbon Cycles Through Organisms

autotrophesheterotrophes

All Cells Respire

Plants don’t do photosynthesis FOR animals

They metabolize the sugars themselves!

Respiration Transforms Energy

Anaerobically (without O2):

Aerobically: 4 ATP

38 ATP

It’s catabolic! Its exergonic! It’s redox! It’s enzyme-facilitated!

Recall:

Catabolic & Exergonic - breaking down & releasing energy

Redox - transferring e-

Enzymefacilitated

glucose oxygen releasing nrg forming water

ATP

Fuel the Body to fuel the cells

1. Consume organic molecules

• carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

2. Digest them, releasing energy• catabolic rxn

3. Cells transform released energy

into a useable form; an energy currency• a vehicle to pass energy around

• a short term energy storage molecule

ATP - Adenosine TriPhosphate

• A modified nucleotide adenine + ribose + PO4

- AMP

AMP + PO4- ADP

ADP + PO4- ATP

• adding the P is key! phosphorylation

ATP stores energy

PO–

O–

O

–O PO–

O–

O

–O PO–

O–

O

–OPO–

O–

O

–O PO–

O–

O

–OPO–

O–

O

–O PO–

O–

O

–O PO–

O–

O

–O

~ Each PO4- more difficult to add

• negative to negative• a lot of stored energy in each bond (most in the third)

AMPAMP ADP ATP

~ Final P group pops off easily & transfers energy

• bonding of P groups is unstable

• instability makes ATP a great energy donor

Phosphorylation Transfers Energy

PO–

O–

O

–O PO–

O–

O

–O PO–

O–

O

–O7.3kcal

+PO–

O–

O

–O

• ATP ADP : Releases energy

• Use to fuel other reactions : Phosphorylation– released PO4

- transferred to another molecule

destabilizes the other molecule by stealing e-

– phosphorylation facilitated by enzyme kinase

ADPATP

ATP is unstable ~ good energy donor

~ poor energy storage too reactive; transfers P easily

~ a renewable resource

ATP / ADP are cycled

A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second

ATP

ADP P+

Phosphorylation Occurs in Glycolysis

Phosphate transfer activates the breakdown of glucose

glucoseC-C-C-C-C-C

P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P

P-C-C-C C-C-C-P

hexokinase

phosphofructokinase C

H

P

C

P

CATP2

ADP2

PGAL - Phosphoglyceraldehyde….. becoming Pyruvate

Glycolysis ‘sugar’ + ‘break apart’

Occurs in cytoplasm (cytosol)

of all organisms

10 step biochemical pathway

Enzyme - facilitated

Reactant: 6 C glucose

+ 2 ATP

Product: two 3C pyruvate

+4 ATP

+ 2 NADH

NADH?

2 ATPe-

e-

NADH

Got fructose? Enter pathway here Invest 2 ATP

PGAL

phosphorylate

2 NADH

e-

e-

4 ATP

Again, NADH??

Start here

Electron Transfer Molecules

*NAD+ coenzymes NADH ^FAD cofactors FADH2

oxidizing reducingdonates e- accepts e-

*Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ^Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Anaerobic options

Pyruvate options

PLANTS & ANIMALS YEAST

BACTERIAMUSCLE CELLS

ALL ORGANISMS

Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation

3 C Pyruvate acetlyaldehyde + CO2 2 C ethanol

Anaerobic Resp v1 : alcoholic fermentation

Ethanol is toxic to yeast at about 12% limiting the alcohol content of naturally fermented products

somebacteria& yeast

Fermentation v2: Lactate

3 C Pyruvate 3 C lactate (lactic acid)

(No CO2)

Fermentation v2: Lactate