Post on 20-Feb-2018
7/24/2019 Capsicum Technical Bulletin
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7/24/2019 Capsicum Technical Bulletin
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Technical
Bulletin
No.
22
(Revised
Edition)
CorrectCitation:ProtectedCultivationofCapsicum
October2011
No.ofcopies : 1000
Publishedby : Dr.AmrikSinghSidhu
Director
!!"R
BangaloreAuthors: Dr.ShankaraS"e##ar
Dr.B.Balakrishna
Dr.$.%ra#hakar
$r.&.Srinivas
Dr.Anil'umarNair
$r..S.Ravikumar
Dr.iria
aneshan
Dr.De#iSharma
Dr.D.&.Sudhakar
Rao
Dr.S.D.Doiode
Dr.$.R."egde
Dr.$.S.Rao
Compiled
and Dr.B.Balakrishna
Editedby : $r.%.B.addagimath
AssistedBy : $s.$anasaB.
$s.Ai*asha.+.
Coveresi!n, $r.autamBasak
and
-a*out $r.%.B.addagimath
"ndian
"nstitute
of
#orticultural
$esearch
"essaraghatta lake%ost /00.
Tele3hone, , 102442025
1024414145
+a6 , 102421
E$ail , director7iihr.ernet.in8e#site , htt3,99:::.iihr.res.in
%rintedat,%recision+otot*3eServices%h,4/044511
P$E%ACE
CAPSICUM
(Sweet
Pepper
or
Bell
Pepper),
also
popularly
called
as
Simla
Mirch
in
India
is
one
of
the
leading
vegetales
grown
in
open
7/24/2019 Capsicum Technical Bulletin
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conditions
as
well
as
under
protected
conditions!
Because
of
its
economic
importanceasahighvaluevegetalecropothindomesticandoverseas
mar"etsduetomoreconsumerpreferencesanduseinvariousculinary
products,#ualityproductionofcapsicumistheneedoftheday!$hishas
led
to
production
of
capsicum
under
protected
conditions
to
meet
the
standards
of
different
mar"ets
prompting
popularity
of
this
crop
as
an
enterprise
in
uran
and
peri
uran
areas!
$he
crop,
once
the
domain
of
only
the
rich
and
elite
farmers
has
today
ecome
a
successful
and
profitaleenterpriseforsmallandmarginalfarmersalso!$hecreditofthis
hasto
gototheconsortedeffortsofthescientistsfromII%&,Bengaluruandfew
othersta"eholders inrefining the technologyofproductionof thiscrop
suiting
to
Indian
conditions
and
ma"ing
the
technology
farmer
friendly
and
easily
adopted
y
all
categories
of
farmers!
'f
late,
production
of
capsicum
in
protected
conditions
under
polynet
houseshaseenfacingmanyproductionandcropprotectionprolems
ecause
of
emergence
of
new
challenges
li"e
emergence
of
new
pests,
soilorne
diseases,
micro
nutrient
deficiencies
etc
and
a
non
organied
sector
ofthiscropisalsofacingtheprolemofmar"etaility!$oovercomemany
ofsuchprolemsateamofscientistsfromII%&,Bengaluruundertoo"a
studyonidentificationprolemsinproductionandmodifyandrefine the
e*isting
technology
with
the
financial
support
from
+ABA&,
Bengaluru!
$his
pulication
is
the
product
of
the
research
and
e*tension
efforts
of
the
scientistsoftheinstituteinthisendeavor!$hispulicationgivesanall
account
of
production
of
capsicum
under
protected
conditions
and
is
averygoodhandoo" toevenaeginnerofcapsicumcropproduction!I
amsurethatthispulicationwouldserveasaguideoo"toallcapsicum
growers,entrepreneurs,e*tensionpersonnel,researchersandstudents,input
suppliers,
mar"eters
and
financial
institutes!
I
appreciate
the
efforts
of
r
B
Bala"rishna,
r,
M
Praha"ar
r
Shan"ar
S
%ear
Mr
-Srinivas
and
all
other
contriutors
for
providing
the
most
re#uired
essential
input
for
this
pulication!
I
also
appreciate
the
pains
ta"ing
efforts
of
r
B
Bala"rishna
and
Shri
P!B!.addagimath
for
editing
and
in
ringing
out
thispulication!Iplaceonrecordsthefinancialassistanceprovidedy
+ABA&,Bengalurufor thispro/ect!
ate012!13!4154
Place0Bengaluru
A.S.Sidhu
(irector
II%&,
Bengaluru)
CON&EN&
1. !ntroduction
2. Selectiono;Site
5. reen
house
structures
4.
7/24/2019 Capsicum Technical Bulletin
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5)-and3re3aration
/. +umigation
. +ertili=erA33lication
>. A33licationo;neemcakeand#io3esticides
. -a*ingo;dri3line
. $ulching
and
S3acing10. Trans3lanting
11. %runing
12. Training
15. Dri3irrigationand+ertigation
14. !ntegrated
3ests
and
diseases
management
1)
%ests
management2)Diseasesmanagement
5)Ste3sto#e;ollo:edduringuseo;3esticidesand
insecticides
4)
%esticide
residues
in
ca3sicum
gro:n
in
3ol*
house
1/. "arvesting
and?ield
1. %ost
harvest
management
1>. S3ecialti3stoachievehigherand@ualit**ield
1. -ist
o;
3esticides
and
chemicals
used
in
commercial
cultivation
o;
ca3sicum
Protected
Cultivation
of
Capsicum
1."ntroduction
!ndiaisalando;diverseagroclimatic=onesandeacho;these
=oneso;;eragreat3otential;orcultivationo;:iderangeo;cro3sacross
all
seasons.
&egeta#les
;orm
maor
and
im3ortant
3art
o;
our
dietar*
re@uirements:hichare:idel*gro:nintheruraland3eriur#anareas.
"itechhorticultureincluding3rotectedcultivationo;highvalueande6otic
vegeta#leshas#een
on
the
increase
targeting
high
end
domesticande63ort
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market.;latedue
tothe3o3ulation
3ressure;ragmen
tation o; land
holdings and
ur#ani=ationhaveledtodeclineincultiva#leareamoresoinur#anand
3eriur#an
areas.
%roduction
o;
vegeta#les
under
3rotected
cultivation
s*stemresultsine;;ectiveuseo;thelandresources#esides#einga#le
toincreasethe3roductiono;@ualit*vegeta#les#oth;orthee63ortand
domestic
markets
#*
o;;setting
#iotic
and
a#iotic
stresses
to
a
great
e6tentthatother:iseis3revalentino3encultivation.nder3rotected
cultivationca3sicumsare:idel*gro:nduetohigher3roductivit*and
economic
;easi#ilit*.
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2040
tons
3er
hectare
in
a#out
4/
months.
!n
greenhouse
the
cro3
duration
o;
green
and
colored
ca3sicums
is
a#out
>
10
months
and
*ieldsa#out0100t3erhectare.Theadvantageso;3rotectedcultivation
are
"igher3roductivit*resultinginincreased*ield
%rovides
#etter
gro:ing
environment
to
3lants
%rotects;romrain:indhightem3eraturesandminimi=esthe
damageo;insect3estsanddiseasesthere#*im3rovingthe@ualit*
and*ield
+acilitates*earround3roductioncou3led:ith
*ieldenhancement
#*25timescom3aredtoo3encultivation.
Researchanddevelo3mento;greenhouse93rotectedcultivationo;
vegeta#les:as initiatedat !!"RBengaluru in the*ear2000and the
com3lete3ackage;or3rotectedcultivationo;ca3sicum:asdevelo3ed
#*200/.Sincethenman*;armersandentre3reneurshaveado3tedthe
2
3rotected
cultivation
o;
vegeta#les
es3eciall*
coloured
ca3sicum
on
commercialscaleandare#eing#ene;ited.Someo;the3ointsthathave
to#econsidered;orsuccess;ulcultivationo;thecro3have#een
enumeratedinthe;ollo:ing3ages.
2.'electionof
'ite
Selectiono;
site;ortakingu3o;
3rotectedcultivation
isacriticalste3and
thishasto#edone
:ith
utmost
care.
%laceshavinghighrain;allandhumidit*arenotsuita#le;oritscultivation
sincethisencouragesman*;oliardiseases.Alsotheareas:ithhigh
:indvelocit*arenotsuita#lesincethe*arelikel*todamagethestructure
andthe3ol*eth*lenesheet;re@uentl*there#*enhancingthemaintenance
costo;thestructure.Avoidthelocationorarea:hereheav*rains
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accom3anied
:ith
gust*
:inds
are
3revalent
to
avoid
damage
to
the
3rotectedstructure.8elldrainedsand*loamsoilshavinggood3ercolation
ismostsuita#letogro:ca3sicum.Thesoil3"o;to>andE
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sta#ili=ed40meshn*lonnetis3rovidedonallsideso;thenethouse.
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make
an
entr*
into
the3ol*house.
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and
sha3e
needs
to
#e sele cted.
"*#rids3re;era#l*
should
have
long
gro:ing3eriodo;
10months.+ruits
should have
characterssuchas;ourlo#esuni;ormcolourandri3ening:ith#etter
shel;li;e.
,.2.
Nursery
raisin!
ood@ualit*seedsarere@uired;or3roducing#etterseedlings.
Theseedlings
areraisedin
3rotra*so;
cells or
cavities.
A#out
1000 to
2
0
0
0
0
seedlingsare
re@uired to
3lantoneacre;or:hich10200gmo;seedsisre@uired.
The3rotra*sare;illed:ithsterili=edcoco3eatandseedsare
so:noneseed3ercelltoade3tho;Icmandcovered:iththe
samemedia
The;illedtra*sarestakedonea#ovetheotherandcovered:ith
3lasticsheetstillgerminationo;seeds.
Seedsgerminate ina#outa:eekJs timea;terso:ing.The tra*s
areshi;tedtonethouse93ol*houseand lightl*:atered.A;ter1/
da*so;so:ing$onoammonium3hos3hate(12,1,0)(5g9-)and
22da*sa;terso:ing1,1,1(5g9-)solutionhasto#edrenched.
Theseedlingsin3rotra*saredrenched:ith
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da*s.
S3ra*imidaclo3rid70.2ml9-andchlorothelonil71gm9-#e;ore
trans3lantingo;seedlings.Al:a*sadda#out0.5ml9-o;:etting
agent3erlitero;:ater:itheachs3ra*o;3esticide.
/
-.andpreparation
Thelandshould#ethoroughl*3loughedandsoilshould#e#rought
to
;ine
tilth.
8ell
decom3osed
organicmanureat
therateo;202/kg
3ers@mtrismi6ed
:ith soil. ne
a33lication is
su;;icienttogro:
three ca3sicum
cro3s
successivel*.
Raised
#eds
are
;ormed
a;ter
#ringing
soil
to
;ine
tilth.The#edsi=eshould#e0100cms:ideand1/22cmsheight.
Bet:eenthe#eds:alkings3aceo;4/cmsto/0cmneedto#e3rovided.
.%umi!ation
Thecro3#edsaredrenchedusing43ercent;ormaldeh*de(74-9
2
treating :ith
;ormalin care
should#etakento
:earmaskgloves
and
a3ron.
+our
da*sa;ter;ormalin
treatment the
3ol*eth*lenecover
is
removed
the
#eds
are
raked
re3eatedl*
ever*da*
to
remove
the
tra33ed
;ormalin
;umescom3letel*3riortotrans3lanting.+ormalintreatmentcan#e
re3eateda;terthreecro3c*clesor:henevernecessar*.+umigation
m o;
#ed)
and
covered
:ith
#lack
3ol*eth*lene
mulch
sheet.
8hile
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:ith;ormaldeh*dehel3stominimi=ethesoil#ornediseases.Basamid
canalso#eused;orsoilsterili=ation.
/.%ertilierapplication
A
#asal
;ertili=er
dose
o;
20,2/,20
N%'
is
re@uired
3er
acre
and
isa33liedtothe#edsuni;orml*#e;oretrans3lantinginthe;ormo;0kg
calciumammoniumnitrate12/kgsu3er3hos3hateand52kgmurateo;
3otashor40kgsul3hateo;3otash.
.Applicationofneemca3eand4icrobialBio5controlA!ents
+i;teen
da*s
#e;ore
trans3lanting
neem
cake
has
to
#e
enriched
:ith
#io
agents
like
$richoderma
harianam
and
Pseudomonas
lilacinous.
Neem
cake
o;
a#out
200
'g
is
3o:dered
and
slightl*
moistened.$richoderma
harianam,
Pseudomonas
lilacinousand
Paecilomyceschilmdosporiaeacho; t:okgaremi6ed thoroughl* to
the
neem
cake.
The
mi6ture
is
covered
:ith
:et
gunn*
#ags
or
dr*
grassandle;t;or10da*s.Avoiddirecte63osuretosunlightandrain;all.
A;ter
10
da*s
this
enriched
mi6ture
o;
neem
cake
and
#ioagent
along
:ith00kgo;neemcakehasto#ea33lieduni;orml*tothe#eds;oran
areao;oneacre.Thisishighl*use;ultoreducethe3ro#lemo;soil
#orne3athogensandnematodes.AospirillumorAoctoacteror&A$
:hichisanitrogen;i6ing#acteriacanalso#ea33lied tothegro:ing
#ed.
6.
ayin!
of
drip
line
%laceone1mminlinedri3lateralatthecentero;the#edhaving
emitting3ointsat
ever*50cminterval
:ithdischargerate
o;
2
ltr9hr
or
4
ltr9hr.Runthedri3s*stem
to check each
emitting3oint;or
uni;ormdischarge
#e;orecoveringthe
#eds:ith3ol*thenemulch.
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6
10.4ulchin!and'pacin!
Black3ol*eth*lenenonrec*cledmulch;ilmo;50100micronthick
1.2m:ideisusedtocoverthe3lanting#eds."oleso;/cmdiameter
are
made
on
the3ol*eth*lene;ilmas
3er the
recommended
s3acing
(4/cm
6
50cm).The3lanting
#eds
are
covered:ith
the
;ilm
#*
securing
the
edges
o;thesheet;irml*inthesoil.$ulching3racticeconserves:atercontrols
:eeds reduces in;estationo;3estsanddiseasesand results inhigher
*ieldandgood@ualit*3roduce.
11.
&ransplantin!
The3lanting
#edsare:ateredto
;ieldca3acit*#e;ore
trans3lanting.
Seedlingso;505/
da*s
old
are
used
;ortrans3lanting.
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themulched#edsdail*duringa;ternoon#*usinghose3i3e;ora:eek
continuousl*isessentialtoavoidmortalit*duetoheattra33ed#*mulch
sheet.
12.Prunin!
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11
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management inca3sicumaregiven#elo:.Themaor ;ocushas#een
givenonado3tiono;integrateda33roachinmanaging3estsanddiseases
thathel3toreducethe3esticideloadcosto;chemicalsandavoidthe
resurgenceo;3estsanddiseases.
1-.1.
"nsect
Pest
and
4ana!ement
1.
&hrips
'ymptoms:Thri3scauseu3:ardcurlingo;leavessuckssa3andreduce
lea;
gro:th
3lant
gro:th*ieldand
marketvalueo;
3roduce.
!t
also
reduceslea;area
and hinders
a#sor3tion o;
nutrientsand:ater
#* the 3lants.
!ncreased
in;estation
leads
to
#lackening
and
dr*ing
o;
leaves
andirregular;ruit#earing.
4ana!ement:
Remove
a;;ected
3lant
3arts
including
leaves
;lo:ers
and;ruits.'ee3the3lotsclean#*removingallthedro33ed3lant3arts.
S3ra*%ongamiaoil(/ml9-)orNeemseedskernele6tract(NS'E
4C)or%ongamia9Neemsoa3develo3ed#*!!"R(>gm9-)or;i3ronil
(1ml9-)
or
chloro3*ri3hos
(2
ml9-)
or
ace3hate
(1./g9-)
or
!midaclo3rid
(0./ml9-).Drenchingo;soilusingchloro3*ri3hos(4ml9-)orimidaclo3rid
(0./ml9-).
2.4ites
'ymptoms:
?oung
larvae
and
adults
;eed
on
leaves
#ud
and
;ruits
suck
sa3
;rom
3lant
3arts
:hich
in
turn
causes
do:n:ard
curling
o;leaves.Thesi=eo;lea;;ruitand3lantsgetsreduced;ruitand;lo:er
1(
dro3
a;;ecting
the
marketvalueo;the
7/24/2019 Capsicum Technical Bulletin
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3roduce.
This
3est
in;estationincreases
:ith increased
tem3erature
cou3led:ithhigh
humidit*.
4ana!ement:Removethe3estdamaged3lant3artsincludingleaves
;lo:ersand;ruitsands3ra*%ongamiaoil(/ml9-)or%ongamia9
Neemsoa3(10g9-)ordico;ol(2ml9-)or:etta#lesul3hur(2ml9-)or
a#amectin(0./ml9-l)orecomiteor3ro3argiteorchloro3hena3*r(1ml9
-)or;ena=a@uin(1ml9-).
(.
Aphids
'ymptoms:N*m3hsandadulta3hidssucksa3;romlea;veinsand
*o unger leave s
resultinginreduced
3lantgro:thand
decreasein*ield.!ts
in;estation
not
onl*
causes
curling
o;
leaves #ut also
s3reads viral
diseases.
4ana!ement:'ee3
a
close
:atch
on
the
3lants
at
regular
intervals
;or
a3hidsJ
in;estation.
S3ra*
%ongamia
9
Neem
soa3
(10
g9-)
or
imidaclo3rid(0./ml9-)orthiometho6am(0./g9-)ordimethoate(2ml9-).
,.%ruitborer
'ymptoms:+ruit#orersarever*activeduringnight.Theadultsla*
eggson;ruits;lo:ersandleavesinlargenum#erandthen*m3hsthat
1,
comeouto;eggs
;eed
on
;ruits
and
leaves causing
heav*destructiono;
7/24/2019 Capsicum Technical Bulletin
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cro3s
and
severel*
a;;ectsthe@ualit*
o;the3roduce.
8henever night
tem3eratureislo:
cou3led:ithcoolandhighhumidit*thein;estationisincreased.Since
eggs
are
laid
in
grou3
the
larva
also
;eeds
gregariousl*
on
leaves
at
one
3lace:hichcan#eeasil*identi;iedanddestro*ed.
4ana!ement:%ickanddestro*n*m3hsandadultinsects.enerall*
eggsarelaidandhatchingrou3s:hichiseas*toidenti;*;romadistance.
"ence
the*
should
#e
identi;ied
and
destro*ed
immediatel*.
S3ra*
thiodicar#
(1ml9-)
or
car#ar*l
(5g9-)
or
indo6car#
(1ml9-)
or
r*na6*3*r(0./ml9-)orchloro;en;ur(1./ml9-)or;i3ronil(1ml9-).!nadditiontothe
s3ra*sgro:nu3adultsshould#esu#ectedtomethom*l#aiting9:hich
isasa;ehealth*ande;;ective3ractice.
9Methomylbaitingprocedure:%re3areami6tureo;10kg3add*
huskand1kgagger*solutionand
store;orhrs.AddIkgmethom*l
to
the
mi6ture.
Small
si=ed
#alls
o;
mi6ture
are
made
:hich
are
s3read
neartheroot=oneo;the3lantsandalsoaround3ol*house9nethouseto
avoidin;estationo;;ruit#orer.!tshould#ea33liedduringnighthours
andthedomesticor3etanimalsshouldnot#eallo:edtomoveinand
aroundnet93ol*houseovernight.
-.
Nematodes
'ymptoms:Nematodesarecommonl*seeninsolanaceouscro3s:hen
gro:n54timescontinuousl*inthesame;ield.!nitiall**ello:ingo;
leaves
can
#e
o#served
;ollo:ed
#*
reduction
in
lea;
si=e
count
and
1-
drastic
reduction
insi=eo;;ruits.8hen
in;ected3lantis
u3rooted and
o#servedsmalland
#ignodes;illed:ith
7/24/2019 Capsicum Technical Bulletin
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large
num#er
o;
nematodesnodules
can#eo#servedon
rootsde3endingonthelevelo;in;estation.
4ana!ement:o;orcro3rotation:ithnonsolanaceouscro3slike
marigold
s:eet
corn
and
ca##age
to
avoid
nematode.
Bio3esticidesenrichedNeemcake(ase63lainedearlier)is to#ea33lied700kg9
acre4/da*s#e;oretrans3lantingtothe#eds.A33l*car#o;uran(;uradan)
granules720kg9acreatthetimeo;3lanting.'ee3aclose:atchon
nematodein;estationo;the3lants3articularl*in2ndand5
rdcro3.
Theinsecticidesshouldal:a*s#emi6ed:iths3readerorsticker
:hile
s3ra*ing.
The
3lants
;rom
to3
to
#ottom
should
come
in
contact
:ith
s3ra*
;or
#etter
result
and
care
should
#e
taken
to
com3ulsoril*
covertheentire#od*:ith;ullclothesmaskglovesanda3rons:hile
s3ra*ing.
1-.2.iseasesand4ana!ement
1.
ampin!
off'ymptoms:
!n; ection takes
3laceatthe#aseo;
the*oungseedlings
ust a#ove the
ground
level
:hichleadsto:iltingand
1
laterdeatho;seedlings.An*damagecausedtoseedlings:hile
trans3lantingcanalsoleadtodam3ingo;;orseedling:ilt#esides;resh
in;ection
in
main
;ield
or
in;ection
that
is
carried
;rom
nurser*.
4ana!ement:Drenchcar#enda=im(1g9-)ormetala6*l$L
(2g9-)or
co33ero6*chloride(5g9-)orca3tan(5g9-)drenchedtothe#aseo;the
3lantata#out2//0ml93lant.
2.Poderymilde
7/24/2019 Capsicum Technical Bulletin
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'ymptoms:
The
disease initiall*
a33ears
as
tin*
*ello:
s3ots
on
sur;aceo;lea;and
3o:der
like
materialon the lo:er
sur;aceleadingtoa
3o:der *gro:th
coveringtheentire
lo:er
sur;ace
o;
lea;
:hich
leads
to
dr*inganddro33ing
o;leavesatlater
stages.Thedisease
reducesgro:tho;
leavesand;ruits
leading to lo:
@ualit*
and
@uantit*
o;
the
3roduce.
4ana!ement:S3ra*%ongamia9Neemoil(>ml9-)Msul3hur8D0
(2g9-)or:etta#lesul3hur(2g9-)orhe6acona=ole(0./ml9-)or
m*clo#utanil(1g9-)ordinoca3(1ml9-)ora=o6*stro#in(0./ml9-)or
3encona=ole(0./ml9-)or;lusila=ole(0./ml9-).
1/
(.
Cercospora
leaf
spot
'ymptoms:
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resultingindro33ing
o;lea;.
4ana!ement:
S3ra*chlorothalonil(2./g9-)ormanco=e#(2./g9-)or
car#enda=im(1g9-)
,.Phythopthera
'ymptoms:
This
disease a33ears
during;ruitingand
;lo:ering stage
resulting in tin*oil
likes3otonlea;
sur;ace
resulting
in
rottening and
#lackeningo;3lants.
-ater3lant:eakens
anddiesin25da*s.
"eav* and
continuousrain;alls
cou3led:ithhigh
humidit* ;avour
1
disease
a33earance
and
its
@uick
s3read.
%h*tho3thera
disease
is
relativel*moresevereinnethouses:hichma*leadto4003ercent
cro3damage.
4ana!ement:
S3ra*co33erh*dro6*chloride(5g9-)or#ordeau6
mi6ture(1C)ormetala6*l$L(2g9-)ordimethomor3hMmanco=e#(1
g
M
2./g9-)
or
;oset*l
aluminium
(2g9-)
or
a=o6*stro#in
(0./ml9-).Severel* in;ected3lant3artsshould#edestro*ed.!t is#etter toavoid
ca3sicumcultivationinseverel*a;;ectednethouses.
-.
;iral
diseases
'ymptoms:&iraldiseasesaretramsmittedthrougha3hidsandthri3s
leadingtou3:ardand
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do:n:ard
curling
o;
leaves
:ith*ello:s3otinthemiddle
o;lea;andsometimeson;ruit
also."eav* in;estation leads
to
dro33ing
u3
o;
leaves
stunted
3lant
gro:th
and
reduces
@ualit*
and
@uantit*
o;
;ruits.
&irus
a;;ected
;ruits
are
unmarketa#le.
4ana!ement:ro:nurser*#edsundern*loncover(/0mesh)3ro3er
managemento;a3hidsmitesandthri3s:hichactsasdiseasetransmitting
vectorsanddis3osalo;diseased9in;ected3lantscontrolin;estationso;
viral
diseases.c*
'teps
to
be
folloeddurin!
use
of
pesticides
and
insecticides
%esticide
residues in
3roducesent
4ana!ement
of
Pesticide
$esidues
16
;ormarketingshouldnotcrossthesa;et*level($R-)o;the
res3ective
3esticides.
Al:a*s
cover
*our#od*:ith
3rotective
:ares vi=.
masksgloves
and a3ron
:hile
s3ra*ingthe
chemicals
toavoidhealth
ha=ards.
o;orcro3rotation(innet93ol*housea;tercontinuousgro:ingo;
samecro3):ith;ield93ole#eansmarigoldca##agecauli;lo:er
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s:eetcornandalso:ithan*other3ro;ita#lecro3includings:eet9
Euro3eancucum#erorgreen3easas3ermarketvalue.
Thedoorso;3ol*house9nethouseshouldal:a*s#eke3tclosedto
3rotect;rom3estsdiseasesand;oreignmaterials.
$inimumnum#ero;entr*ore6ito; theessential:orkingsta;;
and
others
onl*
need
to
#e
entertained.
d*
Pesticide
residues
!n3ol*house
cultivation o;
ca3sicu m high
3lant
densit*
monocro33ing o;
susce3ti#le
genot*3es and
increased
la#our
activities make
20
3lantsmore3rone to3estsanddiseases likemites thri3s:hite;lies
3o:der*
milde:
and
nematodes.
Thus
chemical
control
o;
3ests
#ecome
necessar*ando;tenseverals3ra*so;insecticides9;ungicidesaregiven
evenatnearharveststageso;thecro3.!na3ol*housethevolatili=ation
and:inddri;tlosseso;3esticidesarelesser:hichma*resultinhigher
initialde3ositso;3esticideresiduesonthe3lantandsoil:hiledegradation
o;3esticideresiduesma*#ehigherduetohigheraveragetem3eratures.21
"nsecticide &ar!etPest 'afeaitin!
period+days*
4$+E
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Alsoa3ol*housegenerall*re;lects#ack45Co;thenetsolarradiation
incidentu3on itallo:ing the transmittanceo; the3hotos*ntheticall*
activesolarradiationOintherangeo;400>00Nm:avelength.Thus
there:ill#elesser&radiationincidentu3onthecro3inagreenhouse
thanino3en;ieldinthesameareaes3eciall*i;ashadenetisalsoused.
Sincemost3esticidesare°rada#lethereislikelihoodthat3esticides
:ill
3ersist
;or
a
longer
time.
!t
is
thus
im3ortant
to
evaluate
the
3ersistenceo;3esticideresiduesinthesecro3sunder3ol*houseconditions
so thatsa;e:aiting3eriod;or im3ortant3esticidesused in3ol*house
cultivationma*#eesta#lished.Thereisno in;ormation inthisareaat
nationallevelandver*littlein;ormationisavaila#leevenatinternational
level.!!"RBengaluruhasesta#lishedthat3esticidestendto3ersist;or
a
longer
time
in
cro3s
gro:n
in
3ol*house
:hen
com3ared
to
cro3s
gro:nino3en;ieldinthesameseason.Thusitisim3ortantthat:aiting
3eriodo;3esticides#eesta#lisheds3eci;icall*;orca3sicumgro:nunder
3ol*house
conditions
and
accordingl*
use
o;
3esticides
ma*
#e
recommended;orchemicalcontrolo;3estsinthiscro3andtomakethe
3roducesa;e;orhumanconsum3tionatharvest.iven#elo:isalisto;
sa;e:aiting3eriodo;some3esticides thathave#een:orkedout ;or
ca3sicumgro:nin3ol*house.
"o:evertherearealoto;otherinsecticidesvi=.thiametho6am
r*na6*3*r
indo6acar#
ecomite
dico;ol
;i3ronil
3ro3argite
etc.
and
;ungicidesvi=.manco=e#metala6*lhe6acona=oledimethomor3h
car#enda=imdi;enacona=olea=o6*stro#in:hichareusedinthiscro3
orarerecommended;oruse.
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a#amectinetc.have#eendeterminedunder3ol*houseconditions.
1.#arvestin!andyield
Earl*morninghoursare#estsuited;orca3sicumharvest.reen
ca3sicumcan#e
harvestedat//to
0 da*s a;ter
trans3lanting*ello:
ca3sicumat>0>/
da*s:hereasred
ca3sicumat00
da*s.+ruitscan#e
harvested
once
in
5
to4da*s.?ello:andred;ruitscan#eharvested:henthe*havegained22
/003ercento;
the colour
develo3ment.
A;terharvest;ruitsshould
#eke3tincool3lace
andavoiddirect
e63osuretosunlight.
The;ruitsshould#e
handled
care;ull*
#*ado3tingcli3harvesttechni@ueandscu;;ingshould#eminimi=ed.The
average*ieldo;ca3sicum3eracreis5040tons.
1/.Post#arvest4ana!ement
1/.1)radin!
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@ualit*
;ruits
are
selectedandare
cleaned:ithclean
dr*andso;tclothto
remove:aterdro3sor:etnessor3o:der*residueso;3esticides9
;ungicidesi;an*;oundonthe;ruits.ood@ualit*;ruits:ith25lo#es
:eighing
1/0
gram
are
graded
as
B
grade
;ruits.
ood
@ualit*
;ruits
:ithuni;ormmaturit*colorsha3esi=eand ;ree ;romde;ectss3ots
#ruisesordeca*and3esticideresiduesshould#eused;or3acking:hile
;ruitssho:ingsignso;sunscaldmechanicalorinsectdamageordiseased
missha3edanddamaged;ruitsshould#ediscarded.enerall*;ruits:ith
54lo#es:eighing1/0gramandmorearegrou3edasAgrade;ruits.
2(
nl*thegraded;ruitsare3ackedinthecartoon#o6es.
1/.2.
Pac3in!
and
stora!e
raded;ruitsshould#e3ackedin3l*thick)in
single
or
in
multi3le
la*ers
:ith
3a3er
shreds
as
cushioning
material
;orlong distance
trans3ort. The
o3timumconditions
;or storage o;
ca3sicum is>P0P
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;ertili=ers
like
%SB
Aospirillum
Aotoacter,
etc.
to
enhance
soilhealth.
An*damageo;netor3ol*sheetinthestructureshould#e
immediatel*re3airedto3revententr*o;3estsanddiseases.
The3ol*house9nethouseshouldhavedou#ledoors*stem:hichis
2-
the
sa;est
:a*
to
3revent
the
entr*
o;
3ests
and
diseases.
The
doorsshould#econstructed3re;era#l*a:a*;romroadside.
Seedlingsraisedin3rotra*shaveto#etrans3lanted:ithin505/
da*s
a;ter
so:ing
on
the
main
raised
3lanting
#eds
(192
;t
a#ove
thegroundlevel).
Regular3runinghasto#e;ollo:edtoretaint:othirdhealth*
#ranches
and
retain
one
;ruit
:ith
good
sha3e
and
si=e
in
each
#ranchandremovede;ormed;ruitsi;an*ataver*earl*stage.
Branches
are
3ro3erl*
tied
:ith
3lastic
t:ine
and
other
end
tied
tothesu33orting!gridtogivestrongsu33ortandtoavoid#reakage
o;#ranches9;ruits.
Dri3irrigationand;ertigationschedulesshould#e;ollo:edregularl*.
Avoid3estsanddiseaseincidence;orado3ting3ro3h*lactic
measures.
se
3ro3er
and
recommended
@uantit*
and
dosage
o;
3esticides
and
insecticides
to
control
the
incidence.
$aintainh*gieneconditioningreenhouseanddis3oseo;;therotten
;allenandin;ected3lantde#ris9;ruitsandregularl*3re;era#l*
ever*da*duringeveninghoursa;tercom3letingalltheo3erations
o;theda*.seclean3lastic#agstocollectandcarr*thesematerials
tothe3laceo;dis3osaltoavoidthes3reado;in;ection.
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?ieldshouldconstitute/03ercento;Agrade;ruits(54lo#es
1/010gms).De;ormedand irregularsha3ed;ruitsare3inched
outat*oungerstageand;ruits:ith/0>03ercentcolourshould
#eharvestedgradedand3acked3ro3erl*.
2(2
&able
1.
ist
of
some
of
the
pesticides
and
chemicals
used
in
commercialcultivationofcapsicum
'l.No. Chemicals %ormulations &radenames8Products
A Pesticides
1 !midachlo3rid 200
S-9
1>.C
S-.C %otent
(S!)
5/. Su3er
2 +i3ronil /E< Regent
5 /CS% DhruvtaraStar:in
/ Dico;ol 1./C
E< +atal
( /8% -arvin
14
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1
$anco=e#
>/8%
Dithane$4/
!ndo;il
$4/
2/
2
'l.No. Chemicals %ormulations &radenames8Products
5
4
/
>
10
11
12
15
14
1/
1
1>
1
$*clo#utanil
"e6acona=ole
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