•Came to the throne with the death of Edward VI

•1554 – married Philip II the most “Catholic” king of Spain

•Lost the port of Calais due to bad advice from Philip

•Influenced Parliament to repeal the Protestant statues passed during the reign of Edward VI

Failed to produce an heir

Coupled with persecution of Protestants set off wave of horror in England

Executed the great Protestant leaders of Edward’s reign

•John Hooper

•Hugh Latimer

•Thomas Cramer

Burned @ 300 Protestants at the stake

“Marian Exiles”

Mary’s death brought her half-sister, Elizabeth I to the throne.

Her parents• Henry VIII, already 42, had ruled for 24 Henry VIII, already 42, had ruled for 24

yearsyears• Once handsome, tall, & athletic, he’d Once handsome, tall, & athletic, he’d

grown heavier and impatient for a male grown heavier and impatient for a male heirheir

• Both Henry and Anne had mothers Both Henry and Anne had mothers named Elizabeth, so Eliz I’s name is named Elizabeth, so Eliz I’s name is not a surprisenot a surprise

• Henry did not want his only child Mary Henry did not want his only child Mary to rule; England’s only other to rule; England’s only other experience with a woman ruler (12th experience with a woman ruler (12th c.) had been badc.) had been bad

• Anne was made Marquis of Anne was made Marquis of Pembroke with manors, Pembroke with manors, land, and incomeland, and income

• Katharine had to return the Katharine had to return the queenly jewelsqueenly jewels

• Anne became pregnant Anne became pregnant while Catherine of Aragon while Catherine of Aragon still queenstill queen

• Mary demoted by Mary demoted by Elizabeth’s birthElizabeth’s birth

• Baby Eliz’s robe had a train Baby Eliz’s robe had a train that took 4 attendantsthat took 4 attendants

Elizabeth I, Ruler and Legend

Ann Boleyn Beheaded

• Elizabeth still a child

• Only mentioned her mother approx. 2 more times in her life

• Approx. 14 years Approx. 14 years oldold

• Painted 1546-7 Painted 1546-7 for her brother, for her brother, Edward VIEdward VI

• Not a close sister to ElizabethNot a close sister to Elizabeth• Often did not consider Henry Often did not consider Henry

VIII to be Eliz’s father;rather VIII to be Eliz’s father;rather musician Mark Smeatonmusician Mark Smeaton

• Did not trust Elizabeth’s Did not trust Elizabeth’s nominal Catholicism; Eliz also nominal Catholicism; Eliz also a political threata political threat

• Advisors suggesting killing Advisors suggesting killing Elizabeth; husband Phillip Elizabeth; husband Phillip helped protect Elizabeth from helped protect Elizabeth from Mary’s wrathMary’s wrath

1554--Imprisoned by sister Mary1554--Imprisoned by sister Mary1554--Imprisoned by sister Mary

Her Personal Eccentricities• Frugal– war was expensive; 12,000 pounds per

month to feed, arm, pay the fleet; domestic staff underpaid. But she loved for people to give her presents, esp. gold.

• Vain– public image controlled (like now); restricted paintings of her image, proud of long fingers, loved gifts, disliked preachers and advisors reminding her that she was aging; liked speaking to foreign envoys in their own language

• Very interested that the English people like her

• Changed her mind– about parade routes, executions (Duke of Norfolk, Mary, Q of Scots), going to battle

• Religious moderate —disliked both Catholics & Puritans

• Marriage -- Didn’t like Parliament trying to force her to marry, said that the feet should not control the head

• 1559 – Act of Supremacy repealed all anti-Protestant legislation and made Elizabeth head of the English Church

• 1559 – Act of Uniformity ordered the use of a revised Book of Common Prayer

• 1563 – Thirty Nine Articles made a moderate version of Protestantism the official religion

Extreme Catholics, aided by the Jesuits, plotted against her throughout her reign.

Disliked her because she had Protestant sympathies and because she refused to marry Philip II of Spain

Executed fewer Catholics during her 45 year reign than Mary Tudor executed Protestants in her 5 year reign.

Led by Thomas Cartwright

Puritans were angry over

• The retention of Catholic ceremony and vestments within the Anglican Church

• The continuation of the episcopal system of Church governance

• Worked through Parliament to create national church patterned after Calvinist church in Geneva

Congregationalists --

wanted every congregation to be autonomous with neither higher episcopal nor presbyterian control

Elizabeth refused to tolerate this group.

Conventicle Act of 1593 gave the Congregationalists the option of either conforming to the practices of the Anglican Church or facing exile or death

• Real name Mary Stuart• Raised in France• Eliz. didn’t like her personally but

respected her as a queen & relative but they never met

• Married 3 times—to King of France, Darnley, Bothwell

• Reputation in Europe & Scotland ruined when Darnley was blown up; she ran off with Bothwell

• Tudor bloodline and a continual Catholic threat though not aggressive herself; imprisoned in England for her last 19 years.

• Mother to James VI, but they were not close

1583: Plot involving the Spanish ambassador, Bernadino de Mendoza was uncovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s secretary

Mendoza was deported

English support for Protestant cause in France and Netherlands grew massive

1586: Walsingham uncovered the Babington Plot. This time he had uncontestable proof of Mary Stuart’s complicity.

Mary was arrested and with much anguish Elizabeth ordered her execution

February 18, 1587 – Mary Stuart was beheaded.

• Drake stole from Spanish Ships when sailing around the globe in 1580

• Anger over beheading Mary, Queen of Scots, a Catholic

• Phillip could get the English crown now since no Mary

• Phillip was assured by exiled English Catholics that the English would rise up to support an enterprise blessed by the Pope

• Buried in Westminster Abbey

• Ruled as long as Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Clinton, Bushes combined

• Some ready for change

• Succeeded by her cousin, James VI of Scotland, Mary’s son