8.1 Support systems in animals

8.2 Support systems in plants

Support system in invertebrates and Support system in invertebrates and vertebratesvertebrates

1. Support system is very important to all animals. Without support system, the body would just collapse.

8.1 Support systems in animals

1. Two parts of the support system are: a) the skeletal b) the muscular system

3. Three basic types of skeleton are: a) hydrostatic skeleton b) exoskeleton c) endoskeleton

Hydrostatic Hydrostatic skeletonskeleton

- - supported by supported by liquid, whichliquid, which

consist mainly of consist mainly of water in their water in their

cells and spaces cells and spaces between their between their body organs.body organs.

Ex:Ex:

sea animonessea animones

and and

earthwormearthworm..

1

ExoskeletonExoskeleton- - hard material hard material

which forms which forms the outside the outside

of their bodies.of their bodies.

-outer covering of -outer covering of insect is called the insect is called the

cuticle and it is made cuticle and it is made of chitin (a substance of chitin (a substance

similar to cellulose)similar to cellulose)

2

Ex:Ex:

Insect such as Insect such as grasshoppersgrasshoppers and and

ccockroachesockroaches, and , and crustaceanscrustaceans such as such as prawn and crabs.prawn and crabs.

2

EndoskeletonEndoskeleton- the skeleton is - the skeleton is inside the body and inside the body and muscles muscles are attached to it are attached to it (internal skeleton).(internal skeleton).

Ex:Ex:

FishFish, , horsehorse, , catcat, , snakesnake etc. etc.

3

Endoskeleton in all Endoskeleton in all vertebratesvertebrates

1.1. All All vertebratesvertebrates have have endoskeletonsendoskeletons which consist of bones and cartilage.which consist of bones and cartilage.

2.2. However, However, aquatic vertebrates have aquatic vertebrates have smaller endoskeletons smaller endoskeletons compared to land vertebrates of compared to land vertebrates of the same body massthe same body mass..

3. This is due to support from buoyancy.3. This is due to support from buoyancy.

4. Buoyancy4. Buoyancy is the force from water which is the force from water which allows an object to float.allows an object to float.

The whale has smaller endoskeleton compared to elephant

Large land vertebrate eg. Elephant need bigger and stronger bones to

support their body weight.

Whale need smaller bones compared to elephant. Their body weight is

supported by water buoyancy.

8.1 Support systems in plants

1. Plants are classified as woody or non-woody.

plants

woody Non-woody

Trees Trees shrubs shrubs

2. The wood tissue provide support to wood plants.

3. Woody plants with a single stem: trees4. Woody plants that develop branches close to

the ground: shrubs

Mango tree Bougainvillea shrubs

shrubs

Example of trees and shrubsExample of trees and shrubs

treestrees Shrubs / Shrubs / Herbaceous

Durian treeDurian tree Bougainvillea Bougainvillea

Mangosteen treeMangosteen tree Hibiscus plantHibiscus plant

Mango treeMango tree Rose plantRose plant

Rambutan treeRambutan tree Balsam plant

Yam plant, paddy plant Yam plant, paddy plant etc..etc..

- Non-woody plants depend on the water Non-woody plants depend on the water stored in the cells of the stem for support.stored in the cells of the stem for support.

- When there is not enough water in these When there is not enough water in these cells, the plants wilt. cells, the plants wilt.

5. In the tropical rainforest, very little light reaches the forest floor.

6. So, plants have to compete with one another for light.

7. They survive under this conditions by adopting a climbing habit.

8. Some of these plants can be seen growing on other trees and on fences after the forest have been cleared.

Various support system in plantsVarious support system in plants

1. Plants depend on their stems and roots for support.

2. However, some plants such as the large trees, mangrooves and climbers develop structures for additional support.

Support system in plant

1

3

456

7

8 2

Buttress rootsProp roots

Clasping roots

tendrilsthornsprickles

Air sacs

Stilt roots

- Taproot system of large trees does not provide good Taproot system of large trees does not provide good support.support.

-Many of these large trees have Many of these large trees have buttress buttress rootsroots at the base of the stem to at the base of the stem to provide extra provide extra supportsupport..

Ex: Ex: - The rain treeThe rain tree- The flame of forestThe flame of forest

1 Buttress roots

2 Prop roots

- - Prop rootsProp roots of banyan develop from of banyan develop from the branches and grow downwards into the branches and grow downwards into the ground to give the treethe ground to give the tree extra support extra support..

- Ex: - Ex:

- The maize plant- The maize plant

3 Clasping roots

- - Clasping rootsClasping roots enable the plant to enable the plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support.climb by growing around and clasping its support.

- Ex: - Ex: - OrchidsOrchids- Money plantsMoney plants- Pepper plantsPepper plants

4 Tendrils

- - TendrilsTendrils is a coiled structure which develops from is a coiled structure which develops from the stem or leaf.the stem or leaf.

- - Tendrils Tendrils wind themselves around the support and wind themselves around the support and

help the plant to climbhelp the plant to climb..- Ex: - Ex: - Cucumber plantCucumber plant- Garden pea plantGarden pea plant- Pumpkin plantPumpkin plant

5 Thorns

- Thorns - Thorns is a modified branch and it cannot is a modified branch and it cannot be easily removed from the stem.be easily removed from the stem.

- The bougainvillea has The bougainvillea has thorns thorns which are which are used as organ of support for climbing.used as organ of support for climbing.

- Ex: - Ex: - Bougainvillea plant- Bougainvillea plant

6 Prickles

- - PricklesPrickles is an outgrowth of the is an outgrowth of the epidermis and can be easily removed from epidermis and can be easily removed from the stem.the stem.

- Ex: - Ex:

- Rose plant- Rose plant

7 Air sacs

- The brown alga is common on rocky shores. It is The brown alga is common on rocky shores. It is alternately exposed and covered by the air tides every alternately exposed and covered by the air tides every day.day.

- This alga hasThis alga has air sacs air sacs for support because air for support because air sacs provide buoyancy..sacs provide buoyancy..

- Ex: - Ex: - Brown alga- Brown alga

8 Stilt roots

- Stilt rootsStilt roots develop from the main stem develop from the main stem of the mangrove trees.of the mangrove trees.

- branches and grow downwards into the ground branches and grow downwards into the ground to give the treeto give the tree extra support extra support..

- Ex: - Ex: - The mangrove plant- The mangrove plant

Ambulatory aidscane

crutches

Walking frame

Support system in plantsSupport system in plants

Woody plantsWoody plants Non-woody plantsNon-woody plants

Buttress rootButtress root TendrilsTendrils

Stilt rootStilt root ThornsThorns

PricklesPrickles

Clasping rootsClasping roots

Prop roots ? Air sacs ?

..Name type of support Name type of support system for the system for the

followingfollowing