Software Development Training Program

KaZIM HUSSAIn

Operators

Operators can be used to combine or alter the program values. There are three types of operators: -

1. Unary Operators 2. Binary Operators 3. Ternary Operators

Unary Operators Unary Operators are that operators which

require one operand to perform calculation.

-4; 5++;

++ -- + ! - ~

Increment and Decrement Operator

++ --

The ++ and – are increment and decrement operators. The increment operator increases its operand by one; the decrement operator decreases its operand by one.

Increment and Decrement Operator

The expression a = a + 1;

can written using increment operator as:a++;

Similarly the statement a = a – 1;

Is equal to following:a--;

Increment and Decrement Operator

The operator a++ first assign the value and then increment a by one.

These operators can be used as: ++a; --a; In this case the increment and

decrement is done before assignment.

Initial value of

a

Expression

Final value of

b

Final value of

a

5b = a+

+5 6

5b = +

+a6 6

5 b = a-- 5 4

5 b = --a 4 4

Examples

Bitwise Inversion Operator

This operator performs bitwise inversion on integral types. This operator works by converting all the 1 bits in a binary to 0s and all the 0 to 1s.

~

Bitwise Inversion Operator

For example binary representation :01001101

Using the ~ operator convert into following

10110010You may notice that all the 0 bits are

converted into 1s and all the 1 bits are converted into 0s.

Bitwise Inversion Operator

For a positive value the result is always negative and increase the value by one.

For example:

~15 returns -16~1128 returns -1129~0 returns -1~8888888 returns -8888889

Bitwise Inversion Operator

For a negative value the result is always positive and decrease the value by one.

For example:

~-15 returns 14~-1128 returns 1127~-1 returns 0~-88888 returns 88887

Boolean Complement Operator

The ! Operator inverts the value of a boolean expression. So

!true results into false!false results into true

!

Binary Operators Binary Operators are that operators which

require two operand to perform calculation.

4/2;5>=7;

* / % + -

Arithmetic Operators

Binary OperatorsComparison Operator

Bitwise Operators

& ^ |

< <= > >=

== != is as

Short Circuit Logical Operators

&& ||

Assignment Operators

= *= /= %= +=

-= &= ^= |=

Binary Operators

Arithmetic Operators

Basic arithmetic operators are addition(+), subtraction(-), multiplication(*), and division(/). All behave the same, as you would expect for all numeric types. Modulus(%) operator returns the remainder of a division operation.

* / % + -

Comparison Operator

These are also called relational operators. They determine the relationship that one operand has to the other. The outcome of these operators is always a boolean value.

< <= > >=

== != is as

Comparison Operator

Operator Result

== Equal to

!= Not equal to

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal to

<= Less than or equal to

Bitwise Operator

The bitwise operators provides bitwise AND, XOR and OR operations respectively. These operators can be apply to both integer types and boolean types. These operators compare each bit of first operand with the corresponding bit of the second operand and give results according to following rules.

& ^ |

Bitwise Operator (&) For AND operation 1 AND 1 results 1.

any other combination produces 0.

Op1 Op2 Op1 AND Op2

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

Bitwise Operator (|) For OR operations, 0 OR 0 produces

0. any other combination produces 1.

Op1 Op2 Op1 OR Op2

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 1

Bitwise Operator (^) For XOR operations, 1 XOR 0

produces 1, as 0 XOR 1 does, any other combination produces 0.

Op1 Op2 Op1 XOR Op2

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Bitwise Operator

The &,^ and | behave in the same way when applied to boolean.

Bitwise Operator (&) For AND operation true AND true

results true. any other combination produces false.

Op1 Op2 Op1 AND Op2

false false false

false true false

true false false

true true true

Bitwise Operator (|) For OR operations, false OR false

produces false. any other combination produces true.

Op1 Op2 Op1 OR Op2

false false false

false true true

true false true

true true true

Bitwise Operator (^) For XOR operations, true XOR false

produces true, as false XOR true does, any other combination produces false.

Op1 Op2 Op1 XOR Op2

false false false

false true true

true false true

true true false

Short Circuit Logical Operators

The short circuit logical operators && and || provide logical AND and OR operations on boolean types similar to the & and | operators.

However they have a valuable additional feature.

&& ||

Short Circuit Logical Operators

For an AND operation, if first operand is false, the result is false without checking the other operand.

For an OR operation, if first operand is true, the result is true, without checking the other operand.

Example

int a = 5;bool b = ( (a>8) && (a==5) );

The first expression (a>8) returns false so the second expression (a==5) never executes and false is stored in b.

Example

int a = 5;bool b = ( (a>3) | | (a==2) );

The first expression (a>3) returns true so the second expression (a==5) never executes and true is stored in b.

Assignment Operators

= *= /= %= +=

-= &= ^=

Example

int a = 6;int b = 7;a+=b; result a=13a*=b; result a=42a/=b; result a=1a&=b; result a=6a^=b; result a=1

Ternary Operators

Ternary Operators are that operators which require three operands to perform calculation. There is only one ternary operator in C#.

?:(5>3) ? Value1 : Value2If (5>3) results true then Value1 is

assignotherwise Value2 is assign

Example

int a = 5;

int b = a == 5 ? 6 : 1;result b = 6;bool c = a<5 ? false : true;result c = ? //what

Operator Precedence

Precedence Associativity

Operator PrecedenceCategory Operators

Primary (x) x.y f(x) a[x] x++ x-- new typeof sizeof checked unchecked

Unary = - ! ~ ++x --x (T)x

Multiplicative * / %

Additive + -

Shift << >>

Relational < > <= >= is as

Equality == !=

Logical And &

Logical XOR ^

Logical OR |

Conditional AND

&&

Conditional OR

||

Conditional ?:

Assignment = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=

Examples

int a = 9;int b = 12;int c = a & b + a | b;result c = 13;

int a = 9;int b = 12;int c = a | b + a & b;result c = 13;

Examples

int a = 9;int b = 12;int c = a & b + (a | b);result c = 9;

int a = 9;int b = 12;int c = a + b * 2 – a / 4 ;result c = 31;

Examples

int a = 9;int b = 12;int c = a + b * (2 - a) / 4;result c = -12;

int a = 9;int b = 12;int c = a + b * ((2 - a) / 4);result c = -3;

Escape Sequences

\’ – Single quote \” – Double quote \\ – Backslash \b – Backspace \n – New Line \r – Carriage Return \t – Tab

Math classMethods Description Example

Abs(x) Returns the absolute value of x Math.Abs(-45) is 45Math.Abs(45) is 45

Round(x) Rounds a value to the nearest integer

Math.Round(4.9) is 5Math.Round(4.2) is 4Math.Round(4.5) is 4

Ceiling(x) Returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to the x

Math.Ceiling(5.4) is 6Math.Ceiling(5.9) is 6

Floor(x) Returns the largest integer less then or equal to x

Math.Floor(5.4) is 5Math.Floor(5.9) is 5

Max(x,y) Returns the larger of two number Math.Max(5,9) is 9Math.Max(5,-9) is 5

Min(x,y) Returns the smaller of two number Math.Min(5,9) is 5Math.Min(5,-9) is -9

Math classMethods Description Example

Pow(x,y) Returns x raised to the power y Math.Pow(4,2) is 16

Sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x Math.Sqrt(9) is 3Math.Sqrt(5) is 2.23606797749979

Truncate(x)

Returns the integral part of x Math.Truncate(38.4) is 38Math.Truncate(38.485487) is 38

Exercise

Average Min, Max Separate the digits