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..

REMARKS : BY HUBERT H. Hm.fPHREY, JA.NUARY 8 , 1945

B};FORE: YEN 1 S CLUB OF TEE FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH

TOPIC : PROBLEMS CONFRONTING US IN THE .E.UROP.l!:AN THEA'ThR OF 1fAR

Problems confrontin us in the .l!..uropei-:1 '£hea.ter of -~Ja.r ay be iviteci

into three roups:

(/) ~1ite obTiously , the first is t •t of milita.r~ stra.te'1 a.nd or,a.niza.tion

Tith tne ultiaa.te objective of com~lete efeat of our ene~es .

r~; The secon zr0blem is that of relief and rehabilitation for the libera.tet

area.s ant

'fhe third. , ciiplomat i c reh.tionships which exist first of all "'etween the

a jor poKers the selYes a.nd , seconcily, the relationshi,s of the jor o~ers to the

liberated countries.

One of the h~sic axio s of int rn•tion~l ~ l i tios is the direct relation-

s' i 't:et en war and diplomacy . It is "lith this in .., ind that I sa.y that ailitary

decisions mad¢n Europe by Hussia , Britil.in and the United States 2.re 111t all ti es

preju~icsci or a.ffectet by the iplo~atic decisions or lack of tecisions . It is

believed. in so•e quarters that the slo~- on in Russia. 1 s action on the Ea.stern

front , particularly in reference to the Polish ant Baltic sectors , was tue to the

failure of diplo~a.tic unity on the art or P.ooseYelt , Churchill an St111lin . rhere

;ra.s still the question of the Polish state or the co position of its c;oTt:rmlent .

rhere was yet the question of the Baltic st~tes a.nd their inclusion into the SoTiet

Union . All of these problems are yet tc be settled. .

It may not be just coinoi ence that the Ger n break- throu'h •;•ir.st

t e A erioan First ArJAy c111me at a time vrhen the allies lTere haTin' terrific

tipl oaatic problems in Gr~~ce 111nd Bel~iu • The unity of the Unitea Nationa wa.s

receiTin' its first severe teat in the early months f tnis 1inter a.ni history-

will reoorQ that the lack of iplo atic harmony ~rotuced a.n opportunity f r German

offensiTe action . rhere is re&son to believe th.t the Russian offensiTe throuc,h

Pelana will not ta.ke place until the Polish question has been teciaet a.nt ay I

say teoitet b. suG. s . .anner that it is satiliif~Lctory to the S Tiet Union .

- 2-

HaTin~ listea as the second ~jor proble• c ~~r r.tint us in the ~urope~n

Theater of ~~r the relief ani rehabilitation of the liberatea areas , I think it is

only proper that some analysis be mate of the actiTities of UNNRA ana ilitary

t oTerJUtent in th se areas Yfhere the Allie& h•.Te ariTen out the Nazis . News from

Ru nia~Bultaria seens to be rather &caroe . That which trickles throu h reTeals

that were it not for the iron trip of wilitary authority, there ~ould be teneral

chaos ani reTolution • •

The ru.anian peasantry has always been poor ana three

years of.Nazi occupa.tion has tone nothin~ to relieTe the situation . Ri~:kt now

Russia has a fairly free hanli in the .l!Jastern ~.U .. ans and is not per.111.i ttin~ local

~i&turbanoes to in any way jeop~rtize her ilitary operatioas.

T•e tra,ic &cene of a liberatea area is to be fount in Greece . Her

population , already deci•ated by war and.ai&ease , ana her country raTishea by

the Nazis , liberation a.pparently offere• nothin' but freeto• for treater chao• .

The liberation of Greece was a British enterprise ana the ~intenance of oraer

ha.s beco•e a British proble• . In Greece , as in other areas , the shorta,e of

fooi , clothin~ and inliustrial protucts is beyona belief .

UNNRA has not been too successful sither in Greece or in Italy. what

the difficulties are iii not clear at this ti.ce . T e trickle of food which

arriTes cannot 111eet the needs of the •i tua.tion . 'rhere i& no doubt that

trans,ortation is still a major handic•p. There is also difficulty in rejuTenat-

in' the industrial ~nt a~rioultural life of the countries .

The major proble~ confrontin' the Unitea~ation• in the ~ro ean £heater

is one of ' oTernmental institutions and the diplo•atic relations between the

•ajor Allies and the liberate& countries . Hitht here it should be state& that

~hat is drastic~lly neete is another meeti~t of Roosevelt , Churchill ana Stalin.

The closer the Unite& Nations oo•e to Tictory the ore obTious ana apparent

become &o•e of their tifferenoes . v·e haTe always ltad. these tifferences a.na there

is n~ reason to belieTe th~t the war woula •inimize them. I d.o not belieTe that

merioans .should be untuly •lar ea oTer •inor differences lTith Russia . If it

rrill be but re.amberea th~t it was not until 1933 that we eTen reco~izea the

- 3-

S Tiet Uni n as a atate ~ne th~t bitterness throu,h isunaerst~niin' ~na

aeliberate perpetr~tion of f~laeHooa has been the p~ttern be~een Russi~ ~n

A erie~ , then it beoo es •ore obTious why aifferenoes y occur . I woula s~y

that we AaTe to keep in i•t what Russia ~nts ~• neeis . I woult list them

in this nanner:

1 . A pr~ctic~l pro'r~m of collective security ~s outlinea in the Uuab~rto•

O~ks propoaal , est~blishint the Security Council.

2 . B raer st~tes which are friendly to the SoTiet Union ~rd 'oTer ants in

those stttes which \Till n t serve ~s enta of ~ti-SoTiet forces .

3 . An outlet into the Mediterr~ni~n .

4 . A rectification f her bouna~ries with Pol~nt ~nt Ru.~i~ .

5. The inclusion of the Baltic st~tes into the SoTiet Union .

I woul s~y th~t these are the major te.ands of the SoTiet Unicn , none

of which are in any way i•p uible of solution ana ~ll f lThich fit Tery nicely

into a r.ore secure ant st~ble Russia . It is to be reme.heret th~t husaia has been

~.A in a~ society opposet to its institutions of ,overnment ~• eoonoaica . The

Russian lea ership has been fearful . This psycholo'1 of fear has • tiTatet her t

be hi,hly nationalistic , sensitiTe and at ti es , Militant . The ~swer to a fear

psychosis is the est~blishaent of co ditions which promote ant ~aranty aecurity .

Hussia , aore than any other i jor power because of her past history

and because of eTidence f intri~e a,ainst her , is 'oi ' to demanQ co titions of

security ana obtain them, eTen if she h s to do it throu~h a syste~ f alliances

~nd outri,ht abaorption of nei,hborin~ states . The best assurance of a coopera-

tiTe ana peaceful Hussia is t~o establishment of an international r,anization

stron enou'h to ~aranty the peace .

The major political aan,er arisin' in ~urope is not th~t of Co~~nism

but is rather the treater tan~er of the olfi R i,htiat rulin!:; forcea of the past

seekin. to &am. u the chan 'e that is certain to SVTeep over the continent-. rha t

i• what happened in Greece an~ totay the people of thens are payin' for tbe

p~litical obstinacy ant co serT&tism f the ola ruli•' ,roaps by their blooa .

• -4 ..

There is one thin~ certain -- this war will not leaTe Lurope unchantet. Those

who ,uitet the testiny of burope prior to 1939 are , with feff exceptions, in tistraoe

ant hatet by their people . Rumania is not toint back to its Kint Carol ant ta•

Lupeaou. Polan& is not toint back to the Iilitary aictatership of Pilsuaski r the

~soist mintei leatership f Beck . The Greeks are not toint to settle for the

meiiocrity ant questionable obility of Kin' Geor,e the Secon& . Tlte Italians

lt-.Te ne> tesire to S€e Muasolini supplantet by an even ore eTil r;enius ant France

has already shown her scorn for the political opportunism of ller !eaters of the 301 s.

~~ It appears that Aurope is (oin' to the left. This QOes not necessarily

~!f~ •e ean· Co .. unism or ~ooialism but it oea represent a revolutionary ohante in the

thinkin .~ of a ~reat part of the peoJJle . It ae10.ns tha.t iR the old T;orlt purely

priTate ant monopolistic, capitalistic enterprise is losint troun • I think the

best exa•ple of this whole aoYement can be fount in France 's DeGaulle who syabolizea

to a ,re•t extent the oTe•ent towart the left. Before that, DeGaulle was a member

of the French Military Hierarchy. He vras eTen reported. to haTe been a Hoyalht ,

yet totay DeGaulle 's state•ents reTeal that he is capable of acce1tin~ the

n~tionalization of French key intustries . EveA the co~serTatiTe •int in Erance feels

that DeGaulle 's protrar of nationalization is acceptable.

In spite of hand.ioaps, French lea~erskip is now workin' the political

airaole of 1944. It is the re-establishll.ent of France as a ujor power . It bas

no" been inclu ei as one of the •embers of tRe Security Council ant an actiYe and

French, British, Russi ns and ARericans haTe one co on denoainat r

that superoedes all obstacles an all differences , ~olitical an~ econoaic. The

de•ant f r world or,anization for peace sprin~s fro~ eTery ele•ent and every troup

in each ant eYery country. The separatia . ana nati nalis• that was so characteristic

of the 30 's has been bled. rrhite ey the tra,ety of the 40 ' s. There is real concern

oYer the nature of the peace th .t "ill haTe to be written ant the tifficulties th~t

will be encounteret in rebuildint ; ieYastatet worlt.

~~~ m tf-· ... __ 7da-, -~ • .)

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