British Exploration and Colonization

Separatists, Speculators, and Sundry Other Settlers

English Exploration

• 1497 – John Cabot (Giovanni Caboto)

• Northwest Passage

“Don’t Touch my Golden Hind.”

• Sir Francis Drake

• Golden Hind

• 1577-1580

• San Francisco

Reasons for Colonization

• Economic– Overcrowding

• Enclosure movement

– Unemployment– Mercantilism

• Religious– Spread Protestantism– Puritans and

Separatists

Gilbert and Raleigh

• Humphrey Gilbert– 1578– Newfoundland

• Charter

• Walter Raleigh– 1584 - Roanoke

– “Virginia”

Roanoke

• 1587• 114 Settlers• John White • Virginia Dare• Returned 1590• “Croatoan”

Jamestown

• London Company= Virginia Company

• Joint stock company

• Entrepreneurs

• 1607– Godspeed– Discovery– Sarah Constant

Jamestown - Problems

• Drought

• Disease

• Bad climate

• Laziness

John Smith

John Smith

• Chesapeake Bay

• Powhatan

• Pocohantas

• Martial law

Development of Jamestown

• John Rolfe

• Tobacco

• Headright system

• Changes– Women– Blacks (Indentured servants)– Representative Government

• “Rights of Englishmen”• Governor• Council• House of Burgesses

Development of Jamestown

Royal Colony

1624

New England:The Mayflower, Massachusetts Bay,

and Much, Much More!

The Pilgrims

• Calvinists– Puritans

– Separatists

• Holland• Plymouth Company• 1620• Mayflower

– William Bradford

– William Brewster

The Mayflower Compact

• Full text here

• Social Contract Theory

The Plymouth Colony

• Squanto

• Thanksgiving

• Founders Day

Massachusetts Bay

• Massachusetts Bay Company

• Great Migration (1630’s)

• John Winthrop– “

The Model of Christian Charity”

– City on a Hill

“We must consider that we shall be as a City upon a

Hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.”

Puritanism

• Calvinism

• Predestination

• The “Elect”

• “Congregationalists”• High literacy rate

“There is a twofold liberty, natural (I mean as our nature is now corrupt) and civil or federal. The first is common to

man with beasts and other creatures. By this, man as he stands in relation to man simply, hath liberty to do what he lists: it is a liberty to evil as well as to good . . . The other kind of liberty I call civil or

federal; it may also be termed moral, in reference to the covenant between God

and man, in the moral law, and the politic covenants and constitutions,

amongst men themselves. This liberty is the proper end and object of authority,

and cannot subsist without it; and it is a liberty to that only which is good, just,

and honest.”

Government Under Winthrop• Governor of the colony

• Theocracy

• “Freemen”• General Court

• Heretics

• “On Liberty”– Natural– Civil

Rhode Island

• Roger Williams

• Arrived 1631

• Separation of Church and State

• Banished 1635

• Narragansett Bay

• Providence“I desired it might be a

shelter for persons distressed for conscience”

Rhode Island• Anne Hutchinson

– Banished 1637– Pocasset—Portsmouth

• Other dissenters– Newport– Warwick

• Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1644)

• Instrument of Government

• “Rogue’s Island”

Connecticut• Rev. John Davenport

– Quinnipiac– Renamed it New Haven.

• Thomas Hooker– Hartford

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)– Constitution

Pequot War

• 1637

• Pequot

• Mohegan

• Genocide

New Hampshire and Maine• New Hampshire

– John Mason– Followers of Anne

Hutchinson founded Exeter

• Maine– Ferdinando Gorges– Under control of

Massachusetts– Never a colony by itself

North vs. South

North• Religious• Equal distribution of land• Small towns• Family-centered

South• Secular• Unequal land distribution• Plantations• Individualism

The Middle Colonies

England’s Dispute with the Dutch

• John Cabot’s claim

• Separated New England from the Southern Colonies.

• Dutch traded with the English colonies

• New Amsterdam

Invasion of the Dutch Colonies

• Dutch West India Co.

• Charles II

• Duke of York

• Peter Stuyvesant

New York

• Duke of York– Proprietary colony

• New Amsterdam New York City

• Duke’s Laws• Charter of Liberties

and Privileges

New Jersey• 1664• John Lord Berkeley• George Carteret

– Isle of Jersey– “New Jersey”– “Elizabethtown”

• East Jersey (Carteret)– Puritans– Newark

• West Jersey (Berkeley)– Quakers

Pennsylvania• William Penn • Quakers

– “Society of Friends”– Founded by George Fox– “Inner light”– Pacifistic

• Pennsylvania– Literally “Penn’s woods”– “Holy Experiment”

• Religious toleration• Philadelphia

Maryland• George Calvert

– Lord Baltimore– 1625 - Became Catholic

• Cecil Calvert– 2nd Lord Baltimore– 1633 - Founds colony

• Henrietta Maria (wife of Charles I) + Blessed Virgin Mary = Maryland

• St. Mary’s Township

Maryland and Catholicism

• Minority in colonies

• English Civil War– 1642-1646– Catholicism banned

• Maryland Toleration Act– 1649– Freedom of worship to

Christians

The Carolinas

• Barbados– Limestone– Sugarcane– Slavery

• 1663 - Carolina chartered by 8 proprietors

• 1670 - Charles Town (Charleston) founded by Barbadians

• Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina– John Locke– 1670

• 1729 – Split into North and South Carolina

Georgia• James Oglethorpe

– Philanthropist (prison reform)– 1732 – George II granted charter

• Purposes– Refuge for debtors– Utopian experiment

• Secular• Enlightenment ideals

– Defense against Spanish Florida

• Utopia failed (human nature can be a real bugger)• 1752 – Oglethorpe abandoned charter

Foundation of the ColoniesColony Name

Year Founde

dFounded By

Became Royal Colony

Virginia 1607 London Company 1624

Massachusetts

1620 Puritans 1691

Maryland 1634 Lord Baltimore N/A

Connecticut c.1635 Thomas Hooker N/A

Rhode Island 1636 Roger Williams N/A

Delaware 1638 Peter Minuit and New Sweden Co. N/A

New Hampshire

1638 John Wheelwright 1679

North Carolina

1653 Virginians 1729

South Carolina

16638 nobles with royal charter from Charles II

1729

New Jersey 1664Lord Berkeley and Sir George Cartaret

1702

New York 1664 Duke of York 1685

Pennsylvania 1682 William Penn N/A

Georgia 1732 James Oglethorpe 1752