Post on 17-Nov-2014
sequence• Branches of anatomy• Anatomical positions of human body• Body planes and sections• Axis of movement
AnatomyAnatomy
• (from the Greek anatome, to cut up),
• Is the branch of biology that deals with the structure and organization of living things
SubdivisionSubdivision of anatomy of anatomy• Gross anatomy• Histology• Embryology/developmental anatomy• General Anatomy• Osteology• Arthrology • Kinesiology• Myology• Angiology• Neurology• Cytology
• Systemic anatomy• Regional anatomy• Applied clinical anatomy• Surface Anatomy• Comparative Anatomy• Functional anatomy
Gross anatomy Its the naked eye study of human body
by dissection . Embryology/developmental
anatomy It is the study of human growth and
development. Developmental Anatomy includes the study of both the prenatal and the postnatal developmental changes in an individual.
Histology It is the study of structure with the use of light
microscope.
Cytology It is the study of cell and its contents with the
use of electron microscopes
Arthrology Is the study of joints
Kinesiology it’s the study of principles of mechanics and
anatomy in relation to human movement.
Neurology is the study of nervous system
Osteology Is the study of bones
Myology Is study of muscles
Angiology Is the study of vessels
Applied clinical anatomyApplied clinical anatomy Application of knowledge of Anatomy for clinical
purposes Comparative Anatomy comparison of Anatomy of different species General Anatomy This deals with the common feature of bones,
joints ,vessels, etc with main differences along with the classifications based on different criteria ,also included is introduction of various terms and body systems.
Systemic anatomy Study of system eg nervous system, cardiovascular,
or skeletal system is included under this heading.
SURFACE ANATOMYSURFACE ANATOMY• Surface (marking) projection of deep
structures.• Functional anatomy It is the study of structure of the body in
correlation with their function.• Surgical anatomy This study is based upon the paramount
anatomical facts which are of real practical value to the surgeons.
Radiological anatomyRadiological anatomy Is the branch of anatomy which deal
with the study of the structures and functions of the body using radiological techniques.
Anatomical positions of human Anatomical positions of human bodybody
Terms Related to Position Terms Related to Position • All descriptions of
the human body are based on the assumption that the person is standing erect and facing forwards, upper limbs by the side with the palms facing forwards, and lower limbs together with the toes facing forwards . . This is the so-called anatomic position ..
Body Body planesplanes
The human body is divided into various parts with the elp of imaginary planes
• Terminology– Anterior/ventral
Front side of the body
– Posterior/dorsalBack side of body
– Anterior medial lineThis is the vertical
line that divide the anterior surface of the body in RT and LT equal halves.
– Posterior median line.
This is the vertical line that divide the posterior surface of the body in RT and LT equal halves.
Median Sagittal Plane Median Sagittal Plane • This is a vertical plane
passing through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.
• Planes situated to one or the other side of the median plane and parallel to it are termed as Sagittal plane.
• A structure situated nearer to the median plane of the body than another is said to be medial to the other.
• Similarly, a structure that lies farther away from the median plane than another is said to be lateral to the other.
Coronal Planes Coronal Planes • This plane divide
the body in anterior and posterior halves, which can not be equal. The plane is at right angle to the median plane.
Horizontal, or Transverse, Horizontal, or Transverse, Planes Planes
• The plain is parallel to the ground and divide the body in to upper and lower parts. (not halves) . this may pass through any part of the body.
Oblique plainOblique plain• Any plane which is at an angle
(oblique) to the above fundamental planes is known as oblique plane.
Terms related to sections of the body parts.
Commonly used SectionsCommonly used Sections• Longitudinal
section A longitudinal
section does not always mean to cut some organ parallel to the median or any vertical plane . Such section carries the meaning to cut the organ parallel to its own long axis which may be directed horizontally.
Transverse or cross sectionSuch section is
not necessarily parallel to the transverse plane.
Rather the term implies that the organ is cut across perpendicular to its own long axis.
Oblique Section. These are not present to the right angle to the longitudinal section and deviate from typical horizontal sections.
Axis of the movementAxis of the movement
Axis of movementAxis of movementAxis is an imaginary line around
which a movement takes place. There are three primary axis.Transverse axis,
This passes from side to side, and movement of flexion and extension take place around this axis.
Antero-posterior axisIts direction is from before
backward or from behind forward and movements of abduction and adduction take place around this axis.
Vertical axisThis is vertical to the ground and rotation
take place around this axis.
REFERENCEREFERENCE• Gray'sAnatomy(40thedition)(36thedition).• Clinical Anatomy by Richard S. Snell, (7thedition).• www.google.com