BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE THAT WILL MAKE

COMMUNITIES SAFER

TOOLS FOR IMPROVING EDUCATIONAL SURGES AND MOVE COMMUNITIES

TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE

Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction

A BOOK OF

A BOOK OF

KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Education

And Education

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE

•EDUCATION•MITIGATION•MONITORING•ADAPTATION

POLICY TOOLS FOR RISK POLICY TOOLS FOR RISK REDUCTIONREDUCTION

POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION

POLICY POLICY ADOPTIONADOPTION

RISK ASSESSMENT

• VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY

• EXPOSUREEXPOSURE

• EVENTEVENT

POLICY ASSESSMENT

• COSTCOST

• BENEFITBENEFIT

•CONSEQUENCESCONSEQUENCES

BUILDING A CULTURE FOR NATURAL BUILDING A CULTURE FOR NATURAL DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE

NATURAL NATURAL HAZARDSHAZARDS

NATURAL NATURAL HAZARDSHAZARDS EXPECTED EXPECTED

LOSSLOSS

EXPECTED EXPECTED LOSSLOSS

GOAL: KNOWLEDGE THAT COMMUNITIES CAN USE GOAL: KNOWLEDGE THAT COMMUNITIES CAN USE GOAL: KNOWLEDGE THAT COMMUNITIES CAN USE GOAL: KNOWLEDGE THAT COMMUNITIES CAN USE

FLOODS

SEVERE WIND STORMS

EARTHQUAKES

DROUGHTS

LANDSLIDES

WILDFIRES

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS

CLIMATE CHANGE

SPECIAL SITUATIONS

INCREASED TECHNICAL AND POLITICL CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY TO COPE

INCREASED TECHNICAL AND POLITICL CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY TO COPE

INCREASED OWNERSHIP AND USE OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE

INCREASED OWNERSHIP AND USE OF KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE

IMPROVE COMMUNITY IMPROVE COMMUNITY POLICIES POLICIES

IMPROVE COMMUNITY IMPROVE COMMUNITY POLICIES POLICIES

• AFRICA

• NORTH AMERICA

• SOUTH AMERICA

• EUROPE

• OCEANIA

• CARIBBEAN

• ASIA RUSSIA INDIA CHINA SOUTHEAST ASIA

GLOBAL

GLOBAL

CLIMATE CHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGE

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And EM HI-ED

And EM HI-ED

•A report of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program

•June 20, 2008

• A joint effort of more than a dozen government agencies• for the report, go online to www.usgcrp.gov

•"Heat waves and heavy downpours are very likely to increase in frequency and intensity.”

• "Substantial areas of North America are likely to have more frequent droughts of greater severity.”

• “Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.”

• The strongest winter storms are likely to become more frequent, with stronger winds and more extreme wave heights."

• Soil amplification of earthquake ground shaking is likely to be more pervasive.

• Landslides triggered in earthquakes or by flooding are likely to be more extensive.

• The impacts of tsunami wave run up is likely to be more extensive.

“By the end of this century rainfall amounts expected to occur every 20 years now could be taking place every five years.”

•

y the end of this century rainfall amounts expected to occur every 20 years could be taking place every five years.•Such an increase "can lead to the type of events that we are seeing in the Midwest," said Karl, though he did not directly link the current flooding to climate change.

• “An increase in frequency can lead to more frequent occurrences of flooding events such as those that occurred in the Midwest during 2009.“

y the end of this century rainfall amounts expected to occur every 20 years could be taking place every five years.•Such an increase "can lead to the type of events that we are seeing in the Midwest," said Karl, though he did not directly link the current flooding to climate change.

DROUGHTS

DROUGHTS

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Education

And Education

Drought is the result of the interaction of rainfall, which can be highly variable, and human systems, which can be very vulnerable to changes in rainfall.

Drought is related to climatic variability that usually is occurring far from the community or the area being impacted by drought.

PROLONGED LACK OF PRECIPITATION

DROUGHTS DROUGHTS

LOSS OF SOIL MOSTURE

LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

DEPLETION/POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER

LOSS OF VEGETATION

INSECT INFESTATION

PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF LAND BY DESERTIFICATION

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

• CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSED BY EL NINO AND LA NINA CONDITIONS

• LOCATIONS IN SHADOW OF MOUNTAIN RANGE

EARTHQUAKES

EARTHQUAKES

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Education

And Education

Earthquakes occur as the result of interactions between and within tectonic plates in the lithosphere, which are slowly converging, diverging, or sliding past each other as a result of stresses created by ongoing heat flow within the Earth.

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

SOIL AMPLIFICATION

PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND

FAILURE)

IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN

TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP

LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

• ENHANCED GROUND SHAKING CAUSED BY A SHALLOW FOCAL DEPTH

• ENHANCED GROUND SHAKING CAUSED BY BEING IN OR CLOSE TO THE FAULT RUPTURE ZONE

• AMPLIFICATION OF GROUND SHAKING CAUSED BY SOFT SOILS

• LONG DURATION ACCELERATION CAUSED BY FLING OF FAULT

• BUILDINGS UNABLE TO WITHSTAND LATERAL GROUND SHAKING

• LIFELINE SYSTEMS UNABLE TO WITHSTAND PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH FAULT RUPTURE, LANDSLIDES, AND LIQUEFACTION

FLOODS

FLOODS

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Education

And Education

BUILDING IN FLOOD PLAIN

FLOODSFLOODS

INUNDATION

INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

EFFECTS OF WATER ON STRUCTURE & CONTENTS

INCREASED POTENTIAL FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS, DEATH AND

INJURY

LOSS FUNCTION OF INFRASTRUCTURE

VULNERABILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

Flooding occurs when the local river channels, floodplains, wetlands, and water tables are not able to contain, store, or transmit local precipitation and runoff.

• COMMUNITY’S BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE LOCATED IN THE FLOODPLAIN

• PROLONGED RAINFALL

• EXTENDED DRAINAGE IN A LARGE BASIN

• HIGH VELOCITY FLOW

SEVERE

SEVERE

WINDSTORMS

WINDSTORMS

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And EM HI-ED

And EM HI-ED

BOOK OF KNOWLEDE SEVERE WINDSTORMS

WIND AND WATER INSIDE BUILDING ENVELOPE

SEVERE

WINDSTORMS

SEVERE

WINDSTORMS

UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM

FLYING DEBRIS

UNDERESTIMATING WIND SPEEDS AND STORM SURGE

FLOODING FROM STORM SURGE AND RAIN

QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP

IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

ATLANTIC BASIN TROPICAL STORMS AND HURRICANES: 2010

• Alex (H) June 21

• Bonnie July 27

• Colin Aug 3

• Danielle (H) Aug 21

• Earl (H) Aug.29

• Fiona Aug 30

ATLANTIC BASIN TROPICAL STORMS AND HURRICANES: 2010

• Gaston Sept 1

• Hermine Sept 6

• Igor H Sept 8

• Julia H Sept 12

• Karl Sept 14

• Lisa (Pending)

LANDSLIDES

LANDSLIDES

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Education

And Education

BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES

LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES

SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS

SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS

EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION OR GROUND SHAKING

BARE, OVERSTEEPENED SLOPES

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

LANDSLIDES ALTER LAND SURFACES: 2005

Once tropical forests (a carbon sink) are cleared for cattle ranching or community development, the cleared land can becomes a major source of methane, a greenhouse gas.

• SLOPES COVERED WITH LOOSELY CONSOLIDATED SOIL AND ROCK

• REDUCTION IN SLOPE STABILITY CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION OR EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING

WILDFIRES

WILDFIRES

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And EM HI-ED

And EM HI-ED

BOOK OF KNOWLEDGEWILDFIRES

LIGHTNING

WILDFIRESWILDFIRES

MANMADE FIRES

PROXIMITY OF URBAN-WILDLANDS INTERFACE

WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION

CUTTING FORESTS

DENUDED SLOPES

HOT, DRY WEATHER

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

t

BOOK OF

BOOK OF

KNOWLEDGE

KNOWLEDGE

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Education

And Education

BOOK OF KNOWLEDGEVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

VOLCANIC

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

ERUPTIONS

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Education

And Education

PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA)

IN PATH OF VOLCANIC PLUME AND ASH (AVIATION)

IN PATH OF LAVA FLOWS

IN PATH OF LAHARS

INADEQUATE WARNING ANO EVACUATION

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

AFTER 10,000 YEAR DORMANCY, CHAITEN ERUPTS IN CHILE:

2008

TSUNAMIS

TSUNAMIS

- Perspectives

- Perspectives

On Science, Policy,

On Science, Policy,

And Education

And Education

BOOK OF KNOWLEDGETSUNAMIS

HIGH VELOCITY OF INCOMING WAVES

TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS

DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP AND RUNOFF

VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS

FLOODING

INADEQUATE WARNING SYSTEMS

PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

CAUSES OF RISK

CAUSES OF RISK

CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES

SOLOMON ISLANDS: 2007

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION

HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS

•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGEBOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE

•PREVENTION & MITIGATION•PREPAREDNESS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION

POLICIES FOR RISK POLICIES FOR RISK MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT