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Birth Defect Risk Following Birth Defect Risk Following Assisted Reproductive TechnologyAssisted Reproductive Technology
Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
Cheil General Hospital & Women’s Healthcare center, Seoul, Korea
Sunhwa Cha M.D.Sunhwa Cha M.D.
ART preceduresART precedures Ovarian stimulation
Gonadotropin high hormonal milieu
Oocytes retrieval Conventional IVF vs ICSI In vitro culture Embryo transfer
Perinatal outcomes after IVF ↑ Preterm birth
↑ low birth weight ↑ high order multiple birth(Beral and Doyle, 1990; Helmerhorst et al., 2004; Jackson et al., 2004)
? Birth defects Morin et al., 1989; Verlaenen et al., 1995; Isaksson et al., 2002; Zadori et al., 2003
Hansen et al., 2002; Barlow, 2002; Lambert, 2002; Mitchell, 2002; Kovalevsky et al., 2003; Powell, 2003;
Hansen et al., 2004
Possible mechanisms for the risk of an abnormal pregnancy associated with ART
medications or physical procedures that are involved could injure a normal gamete or embryo
an abnormal gamete, ordinarily incapable of fertilization, will be helped to achieve fertilization and will give rise to a child with birth defects.
Possible mechanisms for the risk of an abnormal pregnancy associated with ART
medications or physical procedures that are involved could injure a normal gamete or embryo
an abnormal gamete, ordinarily incapable of fertilization, will be helped to achieve fertilization and will give rise to a child with birth defects.
Perinatal outcomes after IVF ↑ Preterm birth
↑ low birth weight ↑ high order multiple birth(Beral and Doyle, 1990; Helmerhorst et al., 2004; Jackson et al., 2004)
? Birth defects Morin et al., 1989; Verlaenen et al., 1995; Isaksson et al., 2002; Zadori et al., 2003
Hansen et al., 2002; Barlow, 2002; Lambert, 2002; Mitchell, 2002; Kovalevsky et al., 2003; Powell, 2003;
Hansen et al., 2004
Risk of Birth Defects in Pregnancies Associated with Reproductive Technology
27th Annual Meeting Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Ontario Provincial Perinatal Database 2005 년 , 66,258 delivery by ART Overall rate of birth defects Risk of CVS, GI, MSK, NTD or facial defects Compared between different types of ART Reference group : all spontaneously conceived babies Logistic regression for maternal age, fetal gender, smoking, materna
l complication
• Study Design
Prevalence rate of birth defects with ART 2.68% vs non-ART population 1.94% : 1.69-fold higher (95% CI 1.01-2.51) GI defects : OR 11.21 (3.67-28.26) CVS defects : OR 2.62 (1.17-5.03) MSK defects : OR 1.74 (0.43-4.68) No NTD or facial defects
The risks of birth defects for different types of ART 2.72% for IUI 3.25% for IVF 2.23% for Ovulation induction
27th Annual Meeting Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Risk of Birth Defects in Pregnancies Associated with Reproductive Technology
In vitro fertilization is associated with an increase in major birth defects FS 84;1308-1315, 2005
Iowa Birth Defects Registry : 1989-2002 Major anomaly
90 of 1,462 IVF (476 from ICSI, 335 from cryopreserved embryo, 415 from ZIFT) conceived children (6.2%)
17 of 343 IUI conceived children (5.0%) 369 of 8,422 naturally conceived children (4.4%).
The birth defect rate was increased after IVF when the analysis was limited to term singletons.
Cardiovascular and musculoskeletal defects and known birth defect syndromes were increased after IVF.
Among IVF-conceived children, there was no difference in birth defect rates after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or after transfer of cryopreserved embryos.
In vitro fertilization is associated with an increase in major birth defects FS 84;1308-1315, 2005
In vitro fertilization is associated with an increase in major birth defects FS 84;1308-1315, 2005
The prevalence of major congenital malformationsduring two periods of time, 1986–1994 and 1995–2002 in newborns conceived by assisted reproduction technology System for all infants (live births, stillbirths and terminations of pregnancy)
delivered after 20 weeks’ gestation who achieved a fetal weight of at least 500 g. The control groups consisted of all spontaneously conceived babies (live births,
stillbirths and terminations of pregnancy) born
1st Period Total of 31,007 babies were born 278 were conceived by standard IVF 26 of the IVF infants had major malformations Prevalence rate of 9.35%, which was 2.3-fold higher than that in the general
population (4.05%).
Eur J Med Genetics 2005;48:5-11
The prevalence of major congenital malformationsduring two periods of time, 1986–1994 and 1995–2002 in newborns conceived by assisted reproduction technology
Second period 53,208 infants were born 1632 were conceived by ART 147 ART infants had major malformation Prevalence rate of 9.0%,which was 1.75-fold higher than in the general
population (5.18%)
Characteristics of the ART infants with major malformations showed that 70.3% were born preterm, 76.5% had low birth weight, 58.6 were twins, and 11.7% were triplets.
Infertile couples should be adequately counseled regarding the real risk of having a child with malformations or a preterm or low birth weight infant
Eur J Med Genetics 2005;48:5-11
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: Risk forCongenital Malformations after Different IVF Methods
1982-2001, Sweden 16280 IVF born baby 811 babies with congenital anomaly (5%) All infants registered 2,039,943 80,881 had congenital anomaly (4%)
Birth Defects Res 2005;73:162-9
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: Risk forCongenital Malformations after Different IVF Methods
Birth Defects Res 2005;73:162-9
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: Risk forCongenital Malformations after Different IVF Methods
Birth Defects Res 2005;73:162-9
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Sweden: Risk forCongenital Malformations after Different IVF Methods
Birth Defects Res 2005;73:162-9
Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects—a systematic review
Twenty-five studies were identified for review. Two-thirds of these showed a 25% or greater increased risk of birth defects in ART infants
28638 ART infants, 1989-2003 The results of meta-analyses of the seven reviewer-selected studies and of
all 25 studies suggest a statistically significant 30-40% increased risk of birth defects associated with ART
HR 2005;20:328-38
A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Studies ComparingMajor Malformation Rates in IVF and ICSI Infantswith Naturally Conceived Children
Forty-four studies published in English since 1990 where the major malformation rate for IVF or ICSI cases was compared to an appropriate control group were reviewed, 19 studies met all the selection criteria
In 19 studies, the major malformation rates ranged from 0-9.5% for IVF; 1.1-9.7 for ICSI; and 0-6.9% in the control group
When ICSI was compared to IVF, and multiple births compared to singleton, there were no statistically significant differences
JARG 2004;21:437-43
Overall about 29% increased risk of major malformation in ART infants
A Meta-Analysis of Controlled Studies ComparingMajor Malformation Rates in IVF and ICSI Infantswith Naturally Conceived Children
JARG 2004;21:437-43
Type of birth defect after ART Hypospadia
Wennerholm et al., 2000; Ericson et al.,2001; Klemetti et al., 2005
G-U tract defect Hansen et al., 2002; Klemetti et al., 2005 Neural tube defects Ericson et al.,2001
Musculoskeletal defects Hansen et al., 2002;
Chromosomal defects Hansen et al., 2002;
Cardiovascular defects Hansen et al., 2002; Koivurova et al., 2002
Increased risk of blastogenesis birth defects, arising in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, after ART
Disorders of blastogenesis abdominal wall defects, vertebral segmentation defects, tracheoesophage
al fistula, diaphragmatic defects, neural tube defects, anal atresia, renal agenesis, caudal regression sequence, laterality defects, sirenomelia, sacrococcygeal teratoma, holoprosencephaly, acro-renal field defect and amelia
Discussion
Recent studies shows ART may increases birth defect Cause of increased rate of birth defect in children born
after IVF is unknown
Discussion – Possible causes ICSI may increase risk
Fertilizing spermatozoa is artificially selected and injected into oocyte
Does not have to be competent to bind oolemma or activate oocyte
Processing ot freezing and thawing human embryos : opportunities to damage the embryo, leading to birth defects
Discussion-Possible causes Genomic imprinting
Differential methylation of cytosine leading to expression of only one of two parental alleles
Defects in imprinting : cause over- or under expression of certain genes leading to birth defects
Ex) Beckwith-Wiedemann SD, Angelman SD more prevalent in IVF children
Embryo culture media : imprinting defects in the embryo Reduced sperm concentration and abnormal genomic imprinting i
n spermatozoa has been reported
Discussion - Possible causes Genetic problem of infertile couples
Inherent genetic problem may reduce fertility and subsequent birth defects
IUI vs IVF shows no difference IVF vs ICSI vs Cryo ET shows no difference
Discussion Limitations
Birth defect studies can be limited by detection and reporting bias
Parent treated with IVF might prone to using health care system for their child – more detection
Self-reported birth defect is lower
Inconsistency among epidemiologic studies Inappropriate sample size and accompanying low
statistical power(Both ART and birth defects are rare event)
Incomplete ascertainment (Population-based ART registry)
Inadequate control of confounding factor (age, folic acid, protocol, new technique)
Inconsistent criteria for diagnosis of abnormality
Discussion With the growing numbers of patients undergoing infertility
treatments, the systematic evaluation of obstetric and perinatal outcomes, long-term follow up is needed
Multicenter analysis for birth defects after infertility treatment are warranted.
Thank you for your attention