Post on 25-Jan-2017
Poultry Industry
Original Poultry Farms = Small
Size … 100s to 1000s of birds. Vertical Integration = Very Large
Farms … 100,000s of birds!
Disease Lifespan away from birds
Infectious Bursal Disease Months
Coccidiosis Months
Duck Plague Days
Fowl Cholera Weeks
Coryza Hours to days
Marek's Disease Months to years
Newcastle Disease Days to weeks
Mycoplasmosis (MG, MS) Hours to days
Salmonellosis (Pullorum) Weeks
Avian Tuberculosis Years
Longevity of Disease Causing Organisms
The farm is an “ideal environment” for
survival and growth of pathogens.
1989 2003 2004
CSF Belgium SARS, China
FMD, Belgium AI, Belgium
AI, Thailand
2001
Disease is the Major Determinant of
Losses in Livestock and Poultry
Disea
se
Pathogenicity
% Production Consequences
Mortality Egg Prod. Hatch
ILT Severe +10 -30 -10
IB Intermediate +5 -15 -5
MG Mild +1 -5 -1
Adapted from Gifford et al. (1986)
Effect of Disease on Breeder
Performance (20k Breeder)
Financial losses to farmers due to: Mortality, Low
Performance, Medication, Decontamination.
Human infection and death = Salmonella, AI.
How to prevent and control
Diseases
Farm Hygiene
Vaccination
Medication
Biosecurity
These three are often used in various combinations.
Biosecurity Plan (Programme+Procedures)
Biosecurity (“Bio” refers to “life” and “security” refers to
“protection”) = safety of living things.
To the poultry industry…. protecting poultry flocks.
o Prevent endemic and emergency diseases (vND, AI, vvIBD).
o Prevent the multiplication of Pathogens.
o Prevent spread of pathogens from farms into the environment or other poultry.
o Ensure Food Safety of Poultry Products.
If breakdown in biosecurity and disease challenge occurs, ensure chickens are immune competent to limit losses.
Remember! “You are the Best Protection your birds have”.
Economics of Biosecurity
(USA Data)
Layers
($/Dozen Eggs)
Broilers
($/kg)
Cost of disease
Treatment 0.003 0.002
Lost production 0.020 0.030
Vaccination 0.002 0.020
Total 0.025 0.054
Cost of prevention
Total=Procedures & education Better Housing & equipment
0.019 0.016
Remember! Prevention is always cheaper than cure. The expense involved
in biosecurity need not even reach 1% of the total production cost.
1. Form a HACCP Team (3-5 people).
2. Describe the Products (Started Pullets, Fresh Whole Eggs, Manure for Fertilizer and End-of-Lay Hens for Slaughter).
3. Construct a detailed Flow Chart of the production process and conduct on-site verification.
4. List all the potential Hazards associated with each stage of the production process, conduct a Hazard Analysis and consider any Control Measures to control Hazards.
5. Determine Critical Control Points. A Critical Control Point (CCP) is a stage of the production process at which a control measure that is essential to prevent or eliminate a hazard or reduce it to an acceptable level can be applied.
HACCP based Biosecurity
6. Establish Critical Limits for each CCP. Five key aspects need to be defined for each Critical Limit, namely What, How, Where, When and Who?
7. Establish a Monitoring System for each CCP.
8. Establish Corrective Action Plans for CCP Deviations.
9. Establish Record Keeping and Documentation.
10. Establish Verification Procedures.
11. Train staff for HACCP implementation.
12. Commence Monitoring the CCP’s
HACCP based Biosecurity
Farm Location
Local concentration of Poultry Farms: cross-infection between
farms is reduced at least upto 50% if at at distance of 5 km.
Farm Location
Ponds or Lakes attract Migratory Waterfowl.
Minnesota 1950s-1960s: range turkeys, had access to ponds and
lakes contaminated with droppings of wild waterfowl, often experienced AI. AI
disappeared on housing and changing water supply.
High fences prevent intruders (people,
animals) from entering the premises
A 1 m wide strip on either side of the fence must be mowed
so that any rodent or vermin activity can be detected.
Cleaning and Disinfection
Cleanout o Equipment removal.
o Litter removal.
Washing – pressure washing.
Disinfection – use approved disinfectants,
Fumigation – formaldehyde. o Building, Equipment.
o Water system – 140 ppm chlorine.
o Feed bins – dismantle, brush, fumigate.
Cleaning and Disinfection
Lack of Proper
Washing Platform.
Lack of Waste Water Disposal.
Feather dander carries MD virus.
Chicks Delivery
Chick box disinfection.
Transport Hygiene.
Farm Regulations.
Disinfection of returning vehicle and crates.
Quality Chicks
Physical fitness.
Vertically transmitted diseases :
Transovarian-MG- MS, SP-SG, SE-ST (into albumen from oviduct), Reo-, adeno.
Egg shell surface penetration: E. coli, SE-ST.
Hatchery borne diseases - aspergillus, enterococcus, pseudomonas.
Maternally derived antibodies.
Basic pillars of Biosecurity
4. Control
Human Traffic
Remember! Man has two attributes that differentiate him from other animals:
He likes to find shortcuts or even bypass activities which he cannot understand. He likes to do his own thing rather than be told
how to do something.
Biosecurity Passage
The only entry into the Farm – the border between
Dirty and the Clean area (chicken house).
Change Room – Shower Facility.
The only entry into the farm - the border between
dirty and the clean area (chicken houses).
Humans themselves can be infected
Salmonella and some respiratory viruses (AI, ND).
Respiratory viruses and mycoplasma can be carried in man’s nasal passage and discharged by sneezing.
Two men slept as another fed chickens Friday at a Market in Shanghai which announced it would begin sterilizing the shoe
soles of travellers arriving in the city – page 3
Source: China Newspapaer via Reuters
Birds - Sparrows
USA: few years ago MG widespread in finch
population. If finches got inside the house, the
poultry often succumbed to Mycoplasmosis.
Live Poultry Markets, Dealers,
Salesmen
Auctions, Small Sales, Flea Markets, Farmers Markets, Swap Meats.
Small Commercial Producers
Limited resources (money/people/time).
High risk because many movements.
Housing:
o may not be purpose built.
o not owned by the producer (rented).
Limited technical knowledge and access to information
Rodents Control
Seeing rodents during the day means the house is overrun by rodents during the prime night feeding time.
Rodents can increase poultry feed usage by as much as 2%.
Carries Salm (part. S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium and S. arizonae), E. coli, Pasteurella, Coryza, MD, Mycoplasma, capilaria and ascaridia.
Mechanical transmitters of AI & IBD viruses.
Typhimurium actually means fever of mice.
Remember! Rats can travel 100s of
meters in search of a new home.
Rodents Control: build Rodent-proof houses
USA: effluent contaminated river water – drunk by rats
downstream – rats to poultry house – salm infection in chickens.
Rodents Control - Bait
The Mouse Population in a Poultry House can remain “infected”
for at least “10 months” after cleaning and disinfection.
Control Insects: Darkling Beetles
“Life”: 6 months to 2 years.
May “travel” more than a mile per day.
Control Insects: Darkling Beetles
Modern poultry houses offer an ideal habitat for darkling beetles.
Cause significant financial losses:
Transmitting diseases.
Eating feed.
Disturbing birds.
Damaging houses.
A typical house (40x500 ft.) may have over 2 million beetles (1,000 per square yard).
Darkling Beetles cause damage to Housing
Burrow in wood and foam insulation in search
of food and for dark places to populate
Darkling Beetles carry Pathogenic
Organisms - Viruses
MD virus (Eidson, 1966) - induction of tumors associated with MD by inoculating chicks with suspensions of homogenized beetles (Calibeo, 2002).
Harbor and transmit avian leucosis (Eidson et.al., 1965).
Avian reovirus (De Las Casa et.al., 1973).
Fowl pox virus and ND virus (De Las Casa et.al., 1976).
IBD virus (McAllister et.al., 1995).
ILT Virus (Ou, 2010) - ILTV DNA remained on the surface of darkling beetles for at least 42 days after the ILTV farm outbreak.
Darkling Beetles carry Pathogenic
Organisms - Bacteria
Escherichia spp. (De Las Casa et.al., 1968) – 48 serotypes of E. coli were recovered from within 251 beetles, 26 of which were known as pathogens for man and animals (Harein et.al., 1970).
Salmonella (De Las Casa et.al., 1968, Harein et.al., 1970) - Larval or adult beetle inoculated with ST or exposed to ST: chicks fed or pen-mates had positive cloacal swabs within 24 hrs (McAllister et.al., 1994, Roche et.al., 2009).
Clostridia (dermatitis, necrotic enteritis).
Campylobacter jejuni (Strothers et.al., 2005).
Micrococcus spp., Strep. spp. and Bacillus subtilis were the most common G+ bacteria isolated (De Las Casa, 1972).
Darkling Beetles carry Pathogenic
Organisms
Fungi: Aspergillus flavus (De Las Casa, 1972).
Protozoa: Eimeria (Goodwin & Waltman, 1996).
Beetles in thirst will attack chickens by biting birds and chewing on the skin in part to obtain liquid, but also blood (Savage, 1992).
Feed conversion and weight gain of broilers and turkey poults decreased due to the consumption of the adult and larval beetles (Despins & Axtel, 1995).
Water Tank - Covered
Can “spread” E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter.
S. entritidis in Eastern Europe - seeping of dead
bird pit - contaminating subterranean Water.
Disinfect drinking system on regular
basis
Contact time min. 20 minutes at 5
ppm chlorine (2 ppm at bird level).
“UV” treatment.
Remove Biofilm
The “Effectiveness” of chlorine is limited by “Biofilms”
and chlorine does not remove existing biofilms.
Basic pillars of Biosecurity
11. Develop,
Implement and
Monitor Hygiene
Protocols “No small tast” but “Possible”.
Pride of Ownership: Simple clean up methods
can reduce mortality compared with insanitary pens.
Care level Mortality
Minimum care: very little more than feed and water.
42%
Maximum care: thorough clean and sanitation.
7%
Simple clean up methods can reduce mortality compared with insanitary pens (Kansas University – 1924).
200 poultry farms: there was a direct correlation between the appearance of a poultry farm and the performance inside the chicken house (Auburn University).
A 3 m perimeter around building must be kept free of
vegetation to inhibit rodent and wildlife activity.
Contaminated Equipment
“Pasteurella multocida” has been transferred between
farms in poultry blood on the needle of a vaccinating gun.
“MG” spread through contaminated semen in turkeys.
Vaccines and Vaccination
Vaccination – maintain an intact and functional immune system in the chickens.
o Not 100% protection.
o Variants.
o Contaminated vaccination equipment or personnel
Contaminated live vaccines prepared in eggs derived from non-SPF flocks may contain pathogens:
o Adenoviruses, Reoviruses.
o Chicken anaemia.
o Reticuloendotheliosis.
Pharmaceuticals: Resistance. Residues.
Lab Monitoring
Seroconversion:
To ensure vaccines work.
To ensure diseases are not present.
Effectiveness of Biosecurity.
Bacteriology:
TVCs after cleanout.
Staff monitoring.
Distaster can strike anytime unless vigilance is constant.
One world - One Health
Food poisoning linked to parties!
Food poisoning linked to parties!
Healthier bird = Healthier Food Product.
Take Home Message
“Block the bug before it bugs your flock”
With the current disease situation, it is the time to review and re-invent your biosecurity plan based on HACCP (Programmes, procedures and GMP).
Biosecurity for “show?” it must become cultural sense.
Focus on disease prevention, rather than disease detection and treatment.
Still the best… Believe it … Learn it ... and Practice it.
Start now before it's too late! Doing the little things now may prevent the need to do major things later.
Strive for continuous improvement, instead of perfection (Kims Collin).