Post on 23-Aug-2014
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Bio security -A Foundational Principle
to Poultry Primary Breeders
Tilapia Workshop18 June 2009
Bill StanleyVeterinary Health DirectorDVM, MAM, MRCVSDiplomate ACPV
Disease: Clear and Present Danger!
BBC Focus December 2005
Primary Breeders
Current Global Market Shares
Total World PS Market- 379 million
52%
26%
6%
10%
3%
3%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Aviagen
Cobb
Cobb-Tyson
Hubbard
Hybro
Other
Markets in the Future……
Growing to Meet Your Needs
Future ConsumersPOPULATION
(millions)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
Asia &Oceanic
LatinAmerica
USA &Canada
Europe MiddleEast &Africa
Per Capita Consumption
5.57.3
24.928.0
43.5 46.3
14.616.4
6.4 7.5
05
101520253035404550
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
Asia &Oceanic
LatinAmerica
USA &Canada
Europe MiddleEast &Africa
kilo
gram
s
352m
362m
“The USA, EU, and Brazil account for only 38% of the world’s population, but account for 63% of global chicken consumption”
Main Growth in per capita consumption2005 2013 Increase Human
Population (2007)
Increased Chickenmeat
required
USA 43 kg 47 kg 4kg 303m 1.2m tonnes
Brazil 32 kg 38 kg 6kg 191m 1.1m tonnes
Mexico 22 kg 28 kg 6kg 109m 0.6m tonnes
China 7.8 kg 10.8 kg 3kg 1.3bn 3.9m tonnes
India 1.5 kg 3.5 kg 2kg 1.1bn 2.2m tonnes
PRODUCTION(million metric tons)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
2004
2013
Asia &Oceanic
LatinAmerica
USA &Canada
Europe MiddleEast &Africa
Future Regional Production
8.4m 45%
1.4m 13%
4.1m 26%
2.3m 43%
2.8m 17%
• Asia is by far the greatest opportunity for volume growth
– China – 3.8 mmt (38%)– India – 2.5 mmt (154%)
• Latin America– Brazil – 2.2 mmt (25%)– Mexico – 0.7 mmt (34%)
• Europe– Western Europe – steady or declining– Russia – 0.7 mmt (68%)
• MEA– MEA high production costs,
vulnerable to meat imports– Africa, high potential - one day!
Why is biosecurity important?• Disease prevention• Why prevention vs reaction?
– Culling – Production losses– Costly medication– Broilers may not be marketable– Product quality suffers– Poultry companies may suffer
• Responsibility to supply chain• Loss of income
Biosecurity - Production costs
Effect of Disease on Breeder Performance (20k Breeders) %Production Consequences Disease Category
Example Pathogenicity Mortality Egg Prod.
Hatch
A ILT Severe +10 -30 -10 B IB Intermediate +5 -15 -5 C MG Mild +1 -5 -1
Adapted from Gifford et al. (1986)
Background• Diseases to control/prevent
• Diseases of poultry• Avian Influenza• Newcastle Disease• Mycoplasma
• Zoonoses of man• Salmonellosis• Avian Influenza• Campylobacter• E. coli• Listeria
Pedigree Selection
Genetic Improvement
GGPGGP
Grandparent StockGrandparent Stock
Parent StockParent Stock
BroilersBroilers
ProcessingProcessing
ConsumersConsumers
Industry Structure
Pedigree Selection
Genetic Improvement
GGP
Grandparent Stock
Parent Stock
Broilers
Processing/Retailers/Food ServiceConsumers
4 yearsHealth&
GenesFeedbackInterest groupsScience
ResourcesRegulation Research and Development
Improved stockBreeding programme
Control lines Development lines
The Production Process
Focus of Prevention in Primary Breeding
Vertical Transmission of Diseases
GGPsGGPs
GPsGPs
PSPS
Through Hatching Eggs
BroilersBroilers
Potential Sources for Disease
Source flocks(vertical)
Housing People
FeedOther poultry& livestock
Water
HatcheryEquipmentWild birds
Litter
Insects
Rodents
Background
• Introduction of modern farming practice– Increase / decrease disease risk by:
• All in / all out• No multi-age sites• Large numbers of birds in a small area.• Day old chicks of a high health status• Same Age and antibody status
In Practice• Audit (HACCP)
– Critical points• Day old chick quality
• People carry diseases.
• Equipment carries diseases.
• Nothing fully protects against a contaminated environment.
• Biosecurity is only as strong as the weakest point.
BACTERIOLOGY LIMITS
Hatcheries Limits Good Acceptable UnacceptablePer metre cubed Per metre cubed Per metre cubed
Bacterial Air Counts 0-200 201-500 >501Fungi 0 >1
Surface counts per 100cm^2 0-200 201-400 >401Box rooms / wash rooms 0-300 301-500 >501
SettersSurface counts per 100cm^2 0-100 101-200 >201
Water per ml tvc Good Acceptable UnacceptableMains 0-100 101-300 >301
After Uv must be<before UV 0-300 301-500 >501Ecoli 0 1
Pseudomonas 0 1
Pedigree Cleanouts per 100cm^2Petri films
Good Acceptable UnacceptableWalls,stanchion fanshafts 0-1200 1201-2000 >2001
Floors 0-2000 2001-4000 >4001Nestboxes 0-1000 1001-2000 >2001
Pedigree eggrooms Good Acceptable UnacceptableEvaluate with previous sampling Achieved below previous 20% increase 40-100% increase
Petri control sterile >1
GP Cleanouts per 100cm^2 Good Acceptable UnacceptableHylite
Walls floors stanchions <3000 3001-5000 >5001Fanshafts <5000 5001-10000 >10000Nestboxes <1500 1501-3000 >3001
Swab control 0-100 >101
Gp Eggrooms per 100cm^2 Good Acceptable UnacceptableHYLITE
Wall ground height <10000 10001-12000 >12001Floor <10000 10001-12000 >12001
cooler fan <10000 10001-12000 >12001swab control 0-100 >101
In Practice• Components
– Physical Barriers– Biological Barriers
• Vaccines • Probiotics
– Pharmacological Controls• Antibiotics• Coccidiostats
In Practice• Physical Barriers
– Farm location– How isolated – Local concentration poultry farms– Fencing – Internal organisation– Controlled access– Footwear/clothes
DUMFRIES
GLASGOW
PERTH
DUNDEE
EDINBURGH
CARLISLE
Scotland
England
Newbridge Office
Elite Hatchery
Elite & Trials
Farming Sites
GP Farms
Egg Depot
DUNBAR
Veterinary Laboratory
UK Facilities
In Practice• Physical Barriers
– Farm size – small farms / large farms– barrier (showers, etc) – House design– Other farm livestock– Insects – Wild birds– People
In Practice• Biologicals (Vaccines)
– Not 100% protection– Mistakes in storage/ administration– Changes in challenge (IB variants)– New or emerging diseases – Immunosupressive effects of vaccine– Vaccinal stress – Reduced uniformity
In Practice• Pharmaceuticals
• Antibiotics.• Coccidiostats
– Limited by• Resistance patterns• Risks of residues• Consumer concerns• Legislation
In Practice• Feed and Water
– Continual input– Raw material selection, decontamination– Some pathogens are difficult to kill– Feed handling– Drinking water
• 2ppm chlorine ( Cl- )
• UV treatment• Chlorine dioxide ( ClO2)
– Drinking systems must be clean
• Build rodent-proof houses • Eliminate harborage
areas• Dispose of mortality and
feed spills• House management and
sanitation• Inspection, baiting, and
trapping
Rodent Prevention
Monitoring
– To ensure diseases are not present
– To ensure vaccines work
– Effectiveness of Biosecurity
– To trigger an effective investigation
Monitoring– Biosecurity
– Monitoring system should be more sensitive than the diseases of concern.
– Good monitors are micro-organisms that have no effect on health status.
– REV seroconversion
– CAV seroconversion
– TVCs after clean out
Monitoring• Effectiveness
– Mortality– Production – Processing plant
– Health Status– Serology– Bacteriology– Virology
– Inputs– Feed– Water– Staff
App B/Age GGP/GP Sample type Tests PerformedCleanout Farm Cleanout check ( Farm general hygiene check) Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)
issued 15/05/06 Water taken from mains, before and after UV Total Viable Countswalls/floors/weighing stations/stanchions Salmonella
At Hatch 5 merconium / 6chicks/ 1fluff per hatcher/ per code Salmonella per supply premise
50 dead in shells per supply premise per week PFBHO 1993 DEFRA SalmonellaOn Arrival chick box liners max 60 / dead on arrival max 60 Salmonella1-4 days All mortalities Salmonella
6w60 vents per strain in 2 tubs/2 dust/6 drag in 2 tubs per house/boot
samples Salmonella
14w60 vents per strain in 2 tubs/2 dust/6 drag in 2 tubs per house/boot
samples Salmonella90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
20 per house CAV / IBV18w 90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
20 per house AE ( URGENT)DEFRA PULLORUM TEST RSAT on farm
21w 90 BLOODS GGP / 60 BLOODS GP PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa16 dry throat swabs per house MG/MS PCR To be tested if suspects on serology
24w 2 dust/ in 2 tubs/5 paired boot swabs in 2 tubs Salmonellaeggroom Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)
water: mains and post UV Total Viable Count90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa
20 per house ART/IB/ND/IBD/REO10 per house Adeno virus If not pos test every three weeks until pos
27w/33w/39w/45w/51w 90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology5 paired boot swabs in 2 tubs Salmonella
30w/36w/42w/48w/ 2 dusts in 2 tubs/ 5 paired boot swabs in two tubs Salmonellaeggroom Hylite ( detects live or dead bacteria)
90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa16 dry throat swabs per house To be tested if suspects on serology
30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa 54w 2 dusts in 2 tubs/ 5 paired boot swabs in two tubs Salmonella
20 Bloods per house ART/IB/ND/IBD/REO30 bloods per house AI/EDS Elisa
8-10 bloods per house REV/BLS 57w 90 BLOODS PER HOUSE MG/MS Elisa
2 dust/6 drags in two tubs Salmonella
In the majority of poultry disease outbreaks people are the main culprits!
People
• All Employees • Education and Discipline• Part of the daily routine• Control of movement
AVIAGEN LTD – BIOSECURITY MATRIX
All visits by all non-Aviagen Ltd employees must follow the visitor protocols. After contact with livestock, poultry or other potential sources of contamination, all clothing and footwear must be cleaned before it is worn on or to an Aviagen Ltd site. Vehicles transporting people and equipment between facilities should follow this schedule with appropriate cleaning and disinfection between visits. G Hogarth & B Thorp must be notified prior to visits1, plus the following:-
Pedigree Facilities - A Thomson Grandparent Facilities - R Mackie Veterinary Laboratory - G Domingue GGP/Trials Farms - T G Taylor Cupar Feed Mill - R. Sanderson (ABN) Hatcheries & Egg Depot - A Rushby
Pedigree Facilities2 Production Facilities Trials Broiler Farms2 Feed Mill
Other TO FROM (See in red above)
Pedigree Farms Pedigree Hatchery
Cratewash
(GGPS, GPS, PS) Commercial Hatcheries4
Egg depot3, Arbor France, Ross EPI
Eaglesfield Barnton1
Cupar (Bio-secure Area) Vet Lab4
CE (Carcase) Unit
Avian Influenza areas
7 nights
7 nights
7 nights
7 nights
Non-Aviagen poultry, Asenby, Barnton, BUT, Quarantine Farms, Aviagen Trials Broiler Farms, CE Unit
5 nights
3 nights
Overnight Same Day
Aviagen owned chickens of known high health status (GPs) Feed Mills, Other Intensive Livestock, Inside Vet Laboratory4
3 nights 2 nights Overnight Same Day
Aviagen Ltd Farms (GGPS, GPS, PS), Commercial Hatcheries4, Egg Depot3
2 nights Overnight Overnight Same Day
Aviagen Ltd Pedigree Farms2 Pedigree Hatchery, Crate Wash
Overnight Overnight
Overnight Same Day
Feed delivery, egg collection, internal stock transfer vehicles plus, emergency maintenance, company and government veterinarians (LVIs and Veterinary Officers) are permitted multiple site contacts in strictly managed and agreed sequence. 1 Visitors to Quarantine farms, Barnton Farm and Asenby Hatchery are only permitted only after special authorisation from GSH/BHT. 2 The sharing of transport to drop off and collect farm staff from more than a single Aviagen Ltd pedigree facility is forbidden 3 The Egg Depot may be visited after a farm visit provided that farm is in production and supplying the Depot routinely 4 After visiting a production site samples may be dropped off and collected at hatcheries and the vet lab. Visitors may enter reception and other designated areas but not the main part of facility. A restriction notice from the vet department will take precedent over the above schedule.
PROTOCOLS FOR CONTACT WITH CHICKENS
• Entry to Farms, Hatcheries, and facilities restricted:
– Farm and Hatchery Staff– Health Monitoring Team & Vets– Genetic Selection Team– Area Farms Managers– Company Tradesmen– Hatchery staff and sexers– Approved Visitors
VISITOR ENTRY TO FARMS
• Advance approval from management• Only one farm or hatchery visit per day• Stool samples no Salmonella isolation• No contact with livestock previous week• Pre-visit questionnaire/ Passport system• Shower, change into clothes, hat and shoes
provided• Visitor BookFarm managers turn away any visitor failing
to meet criteria.
PROTOCOLS FOR CONTACT WITH CHICKENS: Essential Personnel
• Staff monitoring
– Weekly Samples
– Reporting Sickness
– Reporting Foreign Travel
• Restrictions on the ownership of birds
Salmonella philosophy• No Salmonella sero-type tolerated• Continual monitoring - legislation• Additional monitoring to limit effects if a
breakdown in biosecurity• No assumptions on status
– inputs – barriers
• Everything and Everyone tested
Feed Processing
FEED DECONTAMINATION
• Heat Treatment – Mixed feed: 85 C for 12 minutes– Post pelleting oil: 90 C holding temp.
• Dedicated, enclosed production area
FEED BIOSECURITY - after production
• Enclosed dedicated production and outloading area
• Dedicated transport vehicles and drivers
• Agreed route planning• Vehicle hygiene programme• Staff training on biosecurity
FARM HYGIENE PROTOCOLS• Cleanout
– Equipment removal– Litter removal
• Washing – Pressure washing• Disinfection- Government-approved disinfectants• Fumigation - formaldehyde
– Building, equipment– Water System - 140 ppm free Chlorine– Feed Bins - dismantle/brush/fumigate
FARM HYGIENE PROTOCOLS
• Pre-placement Inspection– Environmental Samples
• swabs• feed bins• personnel• farm water samples
– Must conform to laid down targetsFloor 5000 - CFU/100 cm2 TVCWalls 500 - CFU/100 cm2 TVC
• No Salmonella
Monitoring - Salmonella• Hatchery
• Testing every placement/every order/• every hatch/ every day/every farm– Plenum– Hatcher tray paper liners– Cull chicks
• Sanitation Effectiveness Testing– vaccine injectors, walls, floors, drains, air
handling units, incubators & water supply• Personnel Monitoring
Salmonella monitoring - farm• Legal requirements
– Dead on arrival (Max.60)
– Box liners ( 10/500)
– First week mortality ( Max. 60)
– 60 cloacal swabs and 3 dust per house every 6 weeks to 22 weeks
15000 samples/month
• Aviagen– Cloacal swabbing
every 3 weeks (5%-100%)
– Dust ( 2)– Drag swab ( 6 in 2
tubs)– Egg room hygiene
• 50000 samples/month
Monitoring - Salmonella
• Results to date• Consistently supply Salmonella free day old
chicks.
• Salmonella testing our biosecurity all the time.
• Assisting in investigating Salmonella monitoring problems in customers.
Summary• Set practical targets for biosecurity
– Decide what diseases to control– Apply an audit– Decide how– Design effective Monitoring system– Ensure Training – Ensure Authority
Compartmentalization Initiative
• Aviagen Compartment• Recognized by OIE• Recognized by customers and country of
import officials• Would allow shipments to go forward in the
face of a UK exotic disease challenge
Disease: Clear and Present Danger!
Thank You!