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BIOMATERIALS FROM NATURE FOR ADVANCED DEVICES AND THERAPIESEDITED BY NUNO M. NEVES AND RUI L. REIS
BIOMATERIALS FROMNATURE FOR ADVANCEDDEVICES ANDTHERAPIES
WILEY - SOCIETY FOR BIOMATERIALS
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BIOMATERIALS FROMNATURE FOR ADVANCEDDEVICES ANDTHERAPIES
Edited by
NUNO M. NEVESUniversity of Minho
RUI L. REISUniversity of Minho
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Neves, Nuno M., editor. | Reis, Rui L., editor.Title: Biomaterials from nature for advanced devices and therapies / edited by Nuno Neves, Rui L Reis.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2016] | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2016017315 | ISBN 9781118478059 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119178071 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Biomedical materials–Therapeutic use.Classification: LCC R857.M3 B5726 2016 | DDC 610.28/4–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016017315
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS xix
PREFACE xxix
PART I
1 Collagen-Based Porous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 3Guoping Chen and Naoki Kawazoe
1.1 Introduction, 31.2 Collagen Sponges, 41.3 Collagen Sponges with Micropatterned Pore Structures, 71.4 Collagen Sponges with Controlled Bulk Structures, 101.5 Hybrid Scaffolds, 121.6 Conclusions, 13References, 14
2 Marine Collagen Isolation and Processing Envisaging BiomedicalApplications 16Joana Moreira-Silva, Gabriela S. Diogo, Ana L. P. Marques, Tiago H. Silva, andRui L. Reis
2.1 Introduction, 162.2 Extraction of Collagen from Marine Sources, 18
2.2.1 Extraction of Collagen from Fish, Jellyfish and Molluscs, 192.2.2 Extraction of Collagen from Other Sources: Marine Sponges, 22
v
vi CONTENTS
2.3 Collagen Characterization, 222.3.1 Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR), 232.3.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), 232.3.3 Circular Dichroism (CD), 232.3.4 Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel
Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 242.3.5 Amino Acid Analysis, 24
2.4 Marine Collagen Wide Applications, 252.4.1 Marine Collagen-Based Biomaterials Properties, 252.4.2 Marine Collagen Applications in Tissue Engineering, 272.4.3 Other Tissue Engineering Applications, 31
2.5 Final Remarks, 32Acknowledgements, 34References, 34
3 Gelatin-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Stem CellBioengineering 37Mehdi Nikkhah, Mohsen Akbari, Arghya Paul, Adnan Memic, AlirezaDolatshahi-Pirouz, and Ali Khademhosseini
3.1 Introduction, 373.2 Crosslinking of Gelatin, 383.3 Physical Properties of Gelatin, 393.4 Application of Gelatin-Based Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering, 40
3.4.1 Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, 403.4.2 Bone Tissue Engineering, 423.4.3 Hepatic Tissue Engineering, 423.4.4 Ophthalmology, 433.4.5 Dermatology, 443.4.6 Miscellaneous Applications, 45
3.5 Gelatin for Stem Cell Therapy, 453.5.1 Embryonic Stem Cells, 453.5.2 Adult Stem Cells, 463.5.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, 48
3.6 Application of Gelatin in Delivery Systems, 493.7 Conclusion and Perspectives, 50Acknowledgements, 50Abbreviations, 50References, 51
4 Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels on a Micro and Macro Scale 63A. Borzacchiello, L. Russo, and L. Ambrosio
4.1 Classification and Structure of Hydrogels, 634.2 Hyaluronic Acid, 65
CONTENTS vii
4.3 Hydrogel Mechanical Properties, 664.3.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, 664.3.2 Stress Strain Behavior, 68
4.4 HA-Based Hydrogel for Biomedical Applications, 704.4.1 Regenerative Medicine, 704.4.2 Drug Delivery, 73
References, 75
5 Chondroitin Sulfate as a Bioactive Macromolecule for AdvancedBiological Applications and Therapies 79Nicola Volpi
5.1 CS Structure, 815.2 Biological Roles of CS, 815.3 Osteoarthritis Treatment, 845.4 Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, 845.5 Tissue Regeneration and Engineering, 855.6 Chondroitin Sulfate-Polymer Conjugates, 865.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 87References, 88
6 Keratin 93Mark Van Dyke
6.1 Introduction, 936.2 Preparation of Keratoses, 986.3 Preparation of Kerateines, 1006.4 Oxidative Sulfitolysis, 1016.5 Summary, 102References, 102
7 Elastin-Like Polypeptides: Bio-Inspired Smart Polymers for ProteinPurification, Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering 106Jayanta Bhattacharyya, Joseph J. Bellucci, and Ashutosh Chilkoti
7.1 Introduction, 1067.2 Recombinant Protein Production Using ELPs as Purification Tags, 107
7.2.1 ELP Expression, 1077.2.2 ELP Purification, 1087.2.3 Tag Removal, 1107.2.4 Biological Evaluation of Purified Protein, 111
7.3 Delivery of Therapeutics with ELPs, 1137.3.1 Systemic Delivery of Soluble ELP-Drug Conjugate, 1157.3.2 Systemic Delivery of ELP with Local Hyperthermia, 1177.3.3 Hyperthermia-Triggered Multivalency, 1177.3.4 Local Delivery by Thermal Coacervation, 118
viii CONTENTS
7.4 Tissue Engineering with ELPs, 1197.4.1 Coacervation of Soluble ELP, 1207.4.2 Covalent Crosslinking, 121
7.5 Conclusions, 122Acknowledgements, 122Abbreviations, 122References, 123
8 Silk: A Unique Family of Biopolymers 127A. Motta, M. Floren, and C. Migliaresi
8.1 Introduction, 1278.2 Main Silk Polymers, 129
8.2.1 Bombyx mori Silk, 1298.3 Fibroin Basic Processing: Regenerated Silk Fibroin, 131
8.3.1 Sericin Removal: Degumming, 1318.3.2 Fibroin Dissolution, 131
8.4 Materials Fabrication of Silk Proteins, 1318.4.1 Two Dimensional Platforms, 132
8.5 Advanced Material Applications of Silks, 1358.5.1 Biomedical Therapies, 1358.5.2 Silks as Photonic and Electronic Devices, 135
8.6 Conclusion, 136References, 137
9 Silk Protein Sericin: Promising Biopolymer for Biological andBiomedical Applications 142Sunita Nayak and Subhas C. Kundu
9.1 Introduction, 1429.1.1 Silks, 1429.1.2 Sericin, 1449.1.3 Biochemical Properties of Sericin, 145
9.2 Sericin Extraction and Processing, 1469.2.1 Directly from Glands, 1469.2.2 Heat Degradation, 1479.2.3 Acid Degradation, 1479.2.4 Alkali Degradation, 1479.2.5 Urea Method, 1479.2.6 Enzymatic Degradation, 147
9.3 Potential Applications of Sericin, 1479.3.1 Dietary Supplements, 1489.3.2 Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties, 1489.3.3 Sericin Bioconjugate, 149
CONTENTS ix
9.3.4 Sericin as Supplement in Animal Cell Culture, 1499.3.5 Sericin as Biomaterials, 150
9.4 Immunogenicity and Toxicity of Sericin, 1529.5 Conclusion, 153Acknowledgements, 154References, 154
10 Fibrin 159Markus Kerbl, Philipp Heher, James Ferguson, and Heinz Redl
10.1 Introduction, 15910.2 Fibrin Clotting, 16010.3 Fibrin Degradation, 16010.4 Fibrin Glue, 163
10.4.1 Modes of Application, 16310.4.2 Modification Options of Fibrin Glue, 16410.4.3 Usage, 166
10.5 Conclusion, 170Acknowledgement, 171References, 171
11 Casein Proteins 176Pranav K. Singh and Harjinder Singh
11.1 Introduction, 17611.2 Structures and Properties of Casein, 178
11.2.1 αS1-Casein, 17911.2.2 αS2-Casein, 18111.2.3 β-Casein, 18211.2.4 κ-Casein, 183
11.3 Interaction of Caseins with Metal Ions, 18411.4 Conclusions, 185References, 186
12 Biomaterials from Decellularized Tissues 190Ricardo Londono and Stephen F. Badylak
12.1 Introduction, 19012.1.1 The Default Tissue Response to Injury in Adult Mammals, 19112.1.2 Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds, 19212.1.3 ECM Scaffolds – The Decellularization Process, 193
12.2 Host Response to Implanted ECM-Derived Biomaterials, 196References, 199
x CONTENTS
13 Demineralized Bone Matrix: A Morphogenetic ExtracellularMatrix 211A. Hari Reddi and Ryosuke Sakata
13.1 Introduction, 21113.2 Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM), 21113.3 From DBM to Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), 21313.4 BMPs Bind to Extracellular Matrix, 21613.5 BMP Receptors, 21613.6 Future Perspectives, 218Acknowledgements, 218References, 218
PART II
14 Recent Developments on Chitosan Applications in RegenerativeMedicine 223Ana Rita C. Duarte, Vitor M. Correlo, Joaquim M. Oliveira, and Rui L. Reis
14.1 Introduction, 22314.2 Chitosan and Derivatives, 224
14.2.1 Synthesis of Chitosan, 22414.2.2 Physicochemical Properties, 22514.2.3 Chemical Modification of Chitosan, 225
14.3 Regenerative Medicine Applications of Chitosan, 22714.3.1 Micro- and Nanoparticles Systems, 22814.3.2 Hydrogels and Scaffolds, 22914.3.3 Membranes and Tubular Structures, 230
14.4 Processing Methodologies, 23114.4.1 Freeze-Drying, 23214.4.2 Electrospinning, 23314.4.3 Layer-by-Layer Deposition, 23314.4.4 Supercritical Fluid Technology, 234
14.5 Final Remarks, 236Acknowledgments, 237References, 237
15 Starch-Based Blends in Tissue Engineering 244P.P. Carvalho, M.T. Rodrigues, R.L. Reis, and M.E. Gomes
15.1 Introduction, 24415.2 Starch, 24515.3 Modification of Starch for Biomedical Applications, 24715.4 Starch-Based Blends, 248
15.4.1 Starch Cellulose Acetate (SCA), 248
CONTENTS xi
15.4.2 Starch Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol (SEVA-C), 25115.4.3 Starch Poly(Lactic Acid) [SPLA], 25115.4.4 Starch Polycaprolactone (SPCL), 252
15.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 254References, 255
16 Agarose Hydrogel Characterization for Regenerative MedicineApplications: Focus on Engineering Cartilage 258Brendan L. Roach, Adam B. Nover, Gerard A. Ateshian, and Clark T. Hung
16.1 The Foundations of Agarose, 25816.2 Structure-Function Relationships of Agarose Hydrogels, 25916.3 Agarose as a Tissue Engineering Scaffold, 26116.4 Agarose in the Clinic, 26616.5 A Scaffold to Build On, 267Acknowledgements, 268References, 268
17 Bioengineering Alginate for Regenerative Medicine Applications 274Emil Ruvinov and Smadar Cohen
17.1 Introduction, 27417.2 Regenerative Medicine: Definition and Strategies, 275
17.2.1 Stem Cells, 27617.2.2 Biomaterials, 277
17.3 Alginate Biomaterial, 27717.3.1 Alginate Composition and Hydrogel Formation, 27717.3.2 Degradation of Alginate and its Hydrogels, 27917.3.3 Biocompatibility, 28017.3.4 Main Applied Forms of Alginate, 280
17.4 Alginate Implant: First in Man Trial for Prevention of HeartFailure, 281
17.5 Alginate Hydrogel as a Vehicle for Stem Cell Delivery andRetention, 28417.5.1 Cardiovascular Repair, 28517.5.2 Osteochondral Repair, 28617.5.3 Immunomodulation, 286
17.6 Engineering Alginate-Based Cell Microenvironments, 28717.6.1 Concept Design, 28717.6.2 Engineering Alginate Scaffold for Cardiac Tissue
Engineering, 28817.6.3 Engineering Alginate Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue
Engineering, 28917.7 Alginate Hydrogel Carrier for Growth Factor Delivery, 289
xii CONTENTS
17.8 Engineering Alginate for Affinity Binding and Presentation ofHeparin-Binding Growth Factors, 29217.8.1 The Concept of Affinity-Binding Alginate Biomaterial, 29217.8.2 Case Study: Myocardial Repair, 29317.8.3 Case Study: Osteochondral Repair, 29717.8.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives, 299
References, 300
18 Dextran 307Rong Wang, Pieter J. Dijkstra, and Marcel Karperien
18.1 Introduction, 30718.2 Structure and Properties, 30818.3 Dextran Derivatives, 310
18.3.1 Dextran Esters, 31018.3.2 Dextran Carbonates, 31218.3.3 Dextran Carbamates, 313
18.4 Dextran Copolymers, 31418.4.1 Graft Copolymers, 31418.4.2 Block Copolymers, 315
18.5 Degradation, 31618.6 Outlook, 316References, 316
19 Gellan Gum-based Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications 320Joana Silva-Correia, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, and Rui Luıs Reis
19.1 Introduction, 32019.2 Gellan Gum and its Derivatives, 322
19.2.1 Low and High Acyl Gellan Gum: Structure and Properties, 32219.2.2 Gellan Gum Derivatives, 323
19.3 Tissue Engineering Applications, 32519.3.1 Cartilage, 32619.3.2 Meniscus, 32719.3.3 Bone, 32719.3.4 Osteochondral, 32819.3.5 Peripheral Nerve, 32919.3.6 Intervertebral Disc, 329
19.4 Final Remarks, 331Acknowledgments, 332References, 332
CONTENTS xiii
PART III
20 Biomedical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 339L.R. Lizarraga-Valderrama, B. Panchal, C. Thomas, A.R. Boccaccini, and I. Roy
20.1 Introduction, 33920.2 Skin Tissue Engineering, 34120.3 Nerve Tissue Engineering, 34420.4 Cardiac Tissue Engineering, 348
20.4.1 Pericardial Patch, 35120.4.2 Cardiovascular Stents, 35120.4.3 Congenital Cardiovascular Defects: Artery Augmentation, 35220.4.4 Heart Valves, 35320.4.5 Vascular Grafts, 355
20.5 Dental Tissue Engineering, 35620.6 Bone Tissue Engineering, 35820.7 Cartilage Tissue Engineering, 36620.8 Osteochondral Tissue Engineering, 36820.9 Drug Delivery, 37020.10 Conclusions and the Future Potential of PHAs in Biomedical
Applications, 373References, 373
21 Bacterial Cellulose 384Hernane S. Barud, Junkal Gutierrez, Wilton R. Lustri, Maristela F.S. Peres,Sidney J.L. Ribeiro, Sybele Saska, and Agniezska Tercjak
21.1 Introduction, 38421.2 BC Dressings, 38521.3 Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative
Medicine, 38821.4 Concluding Remarks, 393Acknowledgments, 394References, 394
PART IV
22 Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels for Protein Purification 403Muge Andac, Igor Yu Galaev, and Adil Denizli
22.1 Introduction, 40322.2 Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels for Protein Purification, 405
22.2.1 Cryogels, 40522.2.2 Magic of Freezing (Mechanisms of Ice Formation and
Polymerization in Cryogels), 406
xiv CONTENTS
22.3 Some Selected Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Cryogels(MIC) for Macromolecules, 414
22.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives, 421References, 423
23 Immunogenic Reaction of Implanted Biomaterials from Nature 429Martijn Van Griensven and Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor
23.1 Introduction, 42923.2 Implantation Leads to Tissue Injury, 43023.3 Inflammatory Responses, 431
23.3.1 Acute Inflammation, 43123.3.2 Chronic Inflammation, 433
23.4 Foreign Body Reaction, 43323.5 Immunogenic Reactions Towards Natural Biomaterials, 435
23.5.1 Collagens, 43523.5.2 Fibrin, 43523.5.3 Hyaluronic Acid, 43623.5.4 Alginate, 43623.5.5 Chitosan, 43623.5.6 Fibroin, 43723.5.7 Combinations, 437
23.6 Final Remarks, 438References, 438
24 Chemical Modification of Biomaterials from Nature 444J.C. Rodrıguez Cabello, I. Gonzalez De Torre, M. Santos, A.M. Testera, and M. Alonso
24.1 Protein Modification, 44424.1.1 Biological Incorporation of Non-Natural Amino Acids
in Target Protein Using a Genetic Modification System, 44524.1.2 Labeling of Expressed Protein by Bioconjugation of
Natural Amino Acids, 44624.1.3 Bio-Orthogonal Reactions of Proteins with
Non-Natural Functional Groups, 44824.1.4 Enzymatic Site-Specific Modification, 44924.1.5 Ligand-Directed Labeling Chemistries, 449
24.2 Lipid Modifications, 45124.2.1 Acetylation, 45224.2.2 Epoxidation and Hydroxylation, 45224.2.3 Hydrogenation, 45524.2.4 Esterification, 456
24.3 Polysaccharide Chemical Modifications, 45724.3.1 Modifications Guided by Saccharide Oxygen Acting as
Nucleophile, 457
CONTENTS xv
24.3.2 Modifications Guided by Saccharide Carbon Acting asElectrophile, 461
24.3.3 Polysaccharides Modificated by Oxidation, 46224.3.4 Reactions of Carboxilic Groups of Polysaccharides, 46324.3.5 Modifications Guided by Saccharide Nitrogen Acting
as Nucleophile, 464References, 466
PART V
25 Processing of Biomedical Devices for Tissue Engineering andRegenerative Medicine Applications 477Vitor M. Correlo, Albino Martins, Nuno M. Neves, and Rui L. Reis
25.1 Introduction, 47725.2 Processing Techniques of Naturally Derived Biomaterial, 478
25.2.1 Gelation, 47825.2.2 Electrospinning, 47825.2.3 Emulsion/Freeze-Drying, 47925.2.4 Wet-spinning, 48025.2.5 Solvent Casting, 48125.2.6 Microparticles Fabrication and Agglomeration, 48125.2.7 Supercritical Fluids, 482
25.3 Processing Techniques of Natural-Based Polymeric Blends, 48325.3.1 Melt Fiber Extrusion, 48325.3.2 Compression Molding and Particle Leaching, 48425.3.3 Rapid Prototyping, 48525.3.4 Hot-Embossing, 485
References, 487
26 General Characterization of Physical Properties of Natural-BasedBiomaterials 494Manuel Alatorre-Meda and Joao F. Mano
26.1 Introduction, 49426.2 Bulk Properties, 495
26.2.1 Bulk Microstructure, 49526.2.2 Porosimetry, 49626.2.3 Water Content, 49826.2.4 Thermal Properties, 49926.2.5 Mechanical Properties, 500
26.3 Surface Properties, 50726.3.1 Wettability and Interfacial Free Energy, 50826.3.2 Topography and Roughness, 509
xvi CONTENTS
26.4 Concluding Remarks, 512Acknowledgments, 512References, 512
27 General Characterization of Chemical Properties of Natural-BasedBiomaterials 517Manuel Alatorre-Meda and Joao F. Mano
27.1 Introduction, 51727.2 Molecular Weight and Elemental Composition, 518
27.2.1 Viscosimetry, 51827.2.2 Mass Spectrometry, 51927.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, 52127.2.4 FT-IR and UV Spectroscopies, 522
27.3 Physiological Degradation, 52427.4 Concluding Remarks, 527Acknowledgments, 529References, 529
28 In Vitro Biological Testing in the Development of New Devices 532Marta L. Alves Da Silva, Albino Martins, Ana Costa-Pinto, Rui L. Reis, andNuno M. Neves
28.1 Introduction, 53228.2 Cytotoxicity Assays, 53328.3 Evaluation of Cell Morphology and Distribution, 533
28.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), 53328.3.2 Fluorescence Microscopy, 53428.3.3 Micro-Computed Tomography (μCT), 534
28.4 Cell Viability Assays, 53528.5 Cell Proliferation Assays, 53628.6 Biochemical Analysis, 537
28.6.1 Glucose Consumption and Lactate Production, 53728.6.2 Protein Synthesis, 539
28.7 Genotypic Expression Analysis, 54128.8 Histological Assessment, 542
28.8.1 Hematoxylin–Eosin, 54228.8.2 Immunodetection of Specific Proteins, 543
28.9 In Vitro Engineered Tissues, 54328.9.1 Bone, 54328.9.2 Cartilage, 547
28.10 Concluding Remarks, 548References, 548
CONTENTS xvii
29 Advanced In-Vitro Cell Culture Methods Using NaturalBiomaterials 551Marta L. Alves Da Silva, Rui L. Reis, and Nuno M. Neves
29.1 Introduction, 55129.2 Bioreactors, 55229.3 Hypoxia, 55329.4 Co-Cultures, 55529.5 Transfection, 55529.6 Nanoparticles and Related Systems, 55829.7 Concluding Remarks, 559References, 559
30 Testing Natural Biomaterials in Animal Models 562Ana Costa-Pinto, Tırcia C. Santos, Nuno M. Neves, and Rui L. Reis
30.1 Laboratory Animals as Tools in Biomaterials Testing, 56230.2 Inflammation and Host Reaction, 564
30.2.1 Host Reaction Models, 56630.3 Animal Models for Tissue Engineering, 568
30.3.1 Cartilage Tissue Engineering, 56930.3.2 Bone Tissue Engineering, 571
30.4 Final Remarks, 574References, 575
PART VI
31 Delivery Systems Made of Natural-Origin Polymers for TissueEngineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications 583Albino Martins, Helena Ferreira, Rui L. Reis, and Nuno M. Neves
31.1 Introduction, 58331.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Natural Polymers-Based
Delivery Systems, 58531.3 Fundamentals of Drug Delivery, 586
31.3.1 Diffusion Controlled Systems, 58731.3.2 Chemically Controlled Systems, 58831.3.3 Solvent-Activated Systems, 58931.3.4 Externally Triggered Systems, 58931.3.5 Self-Regulated Delivery Systems, 589
31.4 In Vitro and In Vivo Applications of Natural-Based DeliverySystems, 59131.4.1 Drug Delivery Systems, 59131.4.2 Protein Delivery Systems, 59331.4.3 Gene Delivery Systems, 600
xviii CONTENTS
31.5 Concluding Remarks, 601References, 602
32 Translational Research into New Clinical Applications 612M. David Harmon and Sangamesh G. Kumbar
32.1 Introduction, 61232.2 Cardiovascular System Applications, 61332.3 Integumentary System Applications, 61632.4 Musculoskeletal System Applications, 61832.5 Nervous System Applications, 61932.6 Respiratory System Applications, 62132.7 Gastrointestinal System Applications, 62232.8 From Idea to Product, 624Acknowledgements, 626References, 626
33 Challenges and Opportunities of Natural Biomaterials forAdvanced Devices and Therapies 629R.L. Reis and N.M. Neves
33.1 Introduction, 62933.2 Challenges of Natural Biomaterials, 63033.3 Opportunities of Natural Biomaterials, 63133.4 Final Remarks, 631References, 632
34 Adhesives Inspired by Marine Mussels 634Courtney L. Jenkins, Heather J. Meredith, and Jonathan J. Wilker
34.1 Introduction, 63434.2 Requirements for a Bioadhesive, 63534.3 Marine Mussels, 63634.4 Bulk Adhesion Testing, 63834.5 Extracted Mussel Adhesive Proteins, 64034.6 Mimics of Mussel Adhesive, 64134.7 Conclusions, 645Acknowledgement, 645References, 645
35 Final Comments and Remarks 649R.L. Reis and N.M. Neves
INDEX 651
CONTRIBUTORS
Mohsen Akbari, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine,Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139,USA
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department ofMechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Manuel Alatorre-Meda, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquartersof the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
Matilde Alonso, G.I.R. BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials andNanobiotechnology), Universidad de Valladolid – CIBER-BBN, Spain
Luigi Ambrosio, Institute for Composite and Biomedical Materials IMCB-CNR,Italy
Department of Chemical Science and Materials Technology DCSMT – CNR,Italy
Muge Andac, Department of Environmental Engineering, Hacettepe University,Ankara, Turkey
Gerard A. Ateshian, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University,New York, NY, USA
xix
xx CONTRIBUTORS
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY,USA
Stephen F. Badylak, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMcGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Elizabeth Rosado Balmayor, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts derIsar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich,Germany
Hernane S. Barud, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University – UNESP, CP355 Araraquara-SP, 14801-970 – Brazil
Joseph J. Bellucci Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University,Durham, North Carolina, USA
Jayanta Bhattacharyya, Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and MaterialSystems, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Aldo R. Boccaccini, Institute for Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,91058 Erlangen, Germany
Assunta Borza Borzacchiello, Institute for Composite and Biomedical MaterialsIMCB-CNR, Italy
Jose Carlos Rodrıguez-Cabello, G.I.R. BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materi-als and Nanobiotechnology), Universidad de Valladolid – CIBER-BBN, Spain
Gabriela D. Carlos, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho, PortugalICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
Pedro Pires Carvalho, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquartersof the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portuga
ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associated Lab, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal
Guoping Chen, Tissue Regeneration Materials Group, International Center forMaterials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
Ashutosh Chilkoti, Center for Biologically Inspired Materials and Material Sys-tems, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NorthCarolina, USA
Smadar Cohen, The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnol-ogy Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
The Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
CONTRIBUTORS xxi
The Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-GurionUniversity of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
Vitor M. Correlo, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
Ana Costa-Pinto, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
Marta L. Alves da Silva, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquartersof the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associate Laboratory
Israel Gonzalez de Torre, G.I.R. BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials andNanobiotechnology), Universidad de Valladolid – CIBER-BBN
Adil Denizli, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe Univer-sity, Ankara, Turkey
Pieter J. Dijkstra, MIRA – Institute for Biomedical Technology and TechnicalMedicine, Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Scienceand Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, TheNetherlands
Alireza Dolatshahi-Pirouz, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department ofMedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,02139, USA
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department ofMechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Ana R. Duarte, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
xxii CONTRIBUTORS
James Ferguson, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Trau-matology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
Helena Ferreira, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
Michael Floren, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado atBoulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309
Igor Yu Galaev, DSM Biotechnology Center, Netherlands
Manuela E. Gomes, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquartersof the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associated Lab, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal
Junkal Gutierrez, Depto. Ingenieria Quimica y del Medio Ambiente, EscuelaPolitecnica Donostia, Pza. Europa 1, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
M. David Harmon, Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecti-cut Health Center, Connecticut 06030, USA
The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physicaland Engineering Sciences, Connecticut 06030, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center,Connecticut 06030, USA
Departments of Materials Science and Biomedical Engineering, University ofConnecticut, Connecticut 06269, USA
Philipp Heher, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Trauma-tology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna
Trauma Care Consult, Gonzagagasse 11/25, 1010 Vienna
Clark T. Hung, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, NewYork, NY, USA
Courtney L. Jenkins, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette,IN
Marcel Karperien, MIRA – Institute for Biomedical Technology and TechnicalMedicine, Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Science andTechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Nether-lands
Naoki Kawazoe, Tissue Regeneration Materials Unit, International Center for Mate-rials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki,Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
CONTRIBUTORS xxiii
Markus Kerbl, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Trauma-tology, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna
Ali Khademhosseini, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine,Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139,USA
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department ofMechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Sangamesh G. Kumbar, Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Con-necticut Health Center, Connecticut 06030, USA
The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physicaland Engineering Sciences, Connecticut 06030, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center,Connecticut 06030, USA
Departments of Materials Science and Biomedical Engineering, University ofConnecticut, Connecticut 06269, USA
Subhas C. Kundu, Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology,Kharagpur-721301, India
Cato T. Laurencin, Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecti-cut Health Center, Connecticut 06030, USA
The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physicaland Engineering Sciences, Connecticut 06030, USA
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center,Connecticut 06030, USA
Departments of Materials Science and Biomedical Engineering, University ofConnecticut, Connecticut 06269, USA
Lorena del Rosario Lizarraga-Valderrama, Applied Biotechnology ResearchGroup, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, LondonW1W 6UW, UK
Ricardo Londono, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicineMcGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
Wilton R. Lustri, University Center of Araraquara- UNIARA, Araraquara-SP,Brazil
Joao F. Mano, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
xxiv CONTRIBUTORS
Ana L. Marques, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
Albino Martins, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
Adnan Memic, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine,Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139,USA
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, SaudiArabia
Heather J. Meredith, School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, WestLafayette, IN
Claudio Migliaresi, Department of Industrial Engineering and BIOtech ResearchCentre, University of Trento, Italy
European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, Trento, Italy
Joana Moreira-Silva, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquartersof the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
Antonella Motta, Department of Industrial Engineering and BIOtech Research Cen-tre, University of Trento, Italy
European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, Trento, Italy
Sunita Nayak, Department of Biotechnology Indian Institute of Technology,Kharagpur – 721301, India
Nuno M. Neves, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
CONTRIBUTORS xxv
Mehdi Nikkhah, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine,Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139,USA
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering (SBHSE), Arizona StateUniversity, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
Adam B. Nover, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, NewYork, NY, USA
Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquar-ters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regen-erative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial daGandra, 4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
Bijal Panchal, Applied Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Science andTechnology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
Arghya Paul, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine,Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02139,USA
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department ofMechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Bioengineering Program,University of Kansas, KS, USA.
Maristela F.S. Peres, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University – UNESP,CP 355 Araraquara-SP, 14801-970, Brazil
A. Hari Reddi, Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration, Department of OrthopaedicSurgery, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, Cali-fornia 95817, USA
Heinz Redl, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatol-ogy, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
Trauma Care Consult, Gonzagagasse 11/25, 1010 Vienna, Austria
Rui L. Reis, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters of the Euro-pean Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine,AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
Sidney J.L. Ribeiro, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University – UNESP,CP 355 Araraquara-SP, 14801-970, Brazil
xxvi CONTRIBUTORS
Brendan L. Roach, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University,New York, NY, USA
Marcia Rodrigues, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s PT Government Associated Lab, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal
Ipsita Roy, Applied Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Science and Tech-nology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
Luisa Russo, Institute for Composite and Biomedical Materials IMCB-CNR, Italy
Emil Ruvinov, The Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnol-ogy Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
Ryosuke Sakata, Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration, Department ofOrthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis, School of Medicine,Sacramento, California 95817, USA
Mercedes Santos, G.I.R. BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials andNanobiotechnology), Universidad de Valladolid – CIBER-BBN, Spain
Tircia C. Santos, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
Sybele Saska, Institute of Chemistry, Sao Paulo State University – UNESP, CP 355Araraquara-SP, 14801-970, Brazil
Tiago H. Silva 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquarters ofthe European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Portugal
Joana Silva-Correia, 3B’s Research Group – University of Minho; Headquartersof the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and RegenerativeMedicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra,4805-017 Barco GMR – Portugal
ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes,Portugal
Pranav K. Singh, College of Dairy Science & Technology, GADVASU, Ludhiana,India
Harjinder Singh, Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, NewZealand
CONTRIBUTORS xxvii
Ana Maria Testera, G.I.R. BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials andNanobiotechnology), Universidad de Valladolid – CIBER-BBN, Spain
Agniezska Tercjak, Depto. Ingenieria Quimica y del Medio Ambiente, EscuelaPolitecnica Donostia, Pza. Europa 1, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
Christy Thomas, Applied Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Science andTechnology, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
Mark Van Dyke, Associate Professor, Virginia Tech – Wake Forest School ofBiomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity, 323 Kelly Hall (0298), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
Martijn van Griensven, Experimental Trauma Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar,Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, D-81675 Munich,Germany
Nicola Volpi, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and ReggioEmilia, Italy
Rong Wang, MIRA – Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine,Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Science and Technol-ogy, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
Jonathan J. Wilker, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette,IN, USA
School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA