Post on 25-Nov-2015
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Biodiversity focus on functionFelix WckersCentre for Sustainable Agriculture
Biodiversity fbIOocBIBus on functionFelix WckersCentre for Sustainable Agriculture
Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel: Agriculture and nature conservation must find ways to work together hand-in-hand." Biodiversity
Agriculture and the EnvironmentOn the landscape level:Larger fieldsLoss of non-crop elements
On the field level:Fewer crop varietiesIncreased use of agrochemicalsLoss of Biodiversity
Source: RSPB, BTO, DEFRAAgri Environment Schemes
Chart1
100100100
102.8102.9102.8
105.8106.7102.8
108.3108.3100
111.3108.7100.8
113.1108.2105
113103.8107.9
114.7105.1109.5
111.798.7102.6
107.393.396.5
113.2100.895.5
114.1102.391.4
10794.281.8
106.298.380.1
108.498.679.2
106.196.773.6
102.288.568
101.888.664.8
107.694.765
107.796.667.3
107.490.768.2
102.282.964.8
102.180.460.9
101.181.757.8
101.582.658.1
10482.160.3
10481.659.8
101.577.556.8
100.477.155.9
103.380.557.8
106.984.756.9
All species
Woodland species
Farmland species
Index (1970=100)
H13
H13 - Wildlife
All species (105)Woodland species (33)Farmland species (19)
1970100100100
1971102.8102.9102.8
1972105.8106.7102.8
1973108.3108.3100
1974111.3108.7100.8
1975113.1108.2105
1976113103.8107.9
1977114.7105.1109.5
1978111.798.7102.6
1979107.393.396.5
1980113.2100.895.5
1981114.1102.391.4
198210794.281.8
1983106.298.380.1
1984108.498.679.2
1985106.196.773.6
1986102.288.568
1987101.888.664.8
1988107.694.765
1989107.796.667.3
1990107.490.768.2
1991102.282.964.8
1992102.180.460.9
1993101.181.757.8
1994101.582.658.1
199510482.160.3
199610481.659.8
1997101.577.556.8
1998100.477.155.9
1999103.380.557.8
2000106.984.756.9
The numbers in brackets show the number of species included in each category
H13
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
All species
Woodland species
Farmland species
Index (1970=100)
Populations of wild birds in the UK, 1970-2000 (Source: RSPB, BTO, DEFRA)
Guardian, Wednesday May 7 2008: The 500,000 hectares of set-aside land and other uncropped land in England has dropped to an estimated 250,000 hectares this year. As a result many plants and animals are at risk.Increasing commodity prices put agri-environment schemes under pressure as the economic return (subsidies) for uncropped land is outweighted by crop value.Wheat price
Functional BiodiversityAgriculture and the Environment
Biodiversity on the scale of agricultural fields or landscapes, which sustains agricultural productionand other ecosystem services. Functional Biodiversity
biological pest control pollination water use efficiency erosion control nutrient cycling
How to optimize services?Pimentel, D. (1961) Diversity-Stability hypothesis: The stability of a community increases with increasing biological diversityTraditional paradigm: Enhance diversity (diversity = services)
BlackboxBiodiversityEcosystemServices
Does it work?
Andow D.A. (Ann. Rev. Entomol. 36: 561-586)Vegetational diversity and arthropod population response
52% of published studies on agroecosystem diversification report reduced pest populations33% had no effect or variable effects15% resulted in increased pest populations.Effects variable and unpredictableDoes it work?
How to optimize services?Traditional paradigm: Enhance diversity Functional biodiversity: Selectively enhance diversity Identify resource requirement of target organisms providing ecosystem services Identify resource bottlenecks in the agro-ecosystem Change the agro-ecosystem to alleviate these constraints
Different organisms have different requirements
Bottleneck: Lack of nectar and pollen in many cropping systems
Winkler et al., (2006)Consumer benefits The impact of nectar sources on biocontrol efficacy
Biological control agents depending on nectar/pollen feeding.
TypePlant-feeding stageArthropod examples can be found within:Type of plant food utilisedReferenceLife-history omnivoryadultNeuroptera:Diptera:
Hymenoptera:
Coleoptera:Chrysopidae (green lacewings)Syrphidae (hoverflies)Cecidomyiidae (gall midges)Tachinidea (parasitoid flies)Ichneumonidae, Braconidae,a.o. (parasitoid wasps)Vespidae (social wasps)Formicidae (ants) Meloidae (blister beetles)nectar, pollennectar, pollennectarnectarnectarnectarnectar, fruitnectarnectar, pollen(Stelzl 1991)(Hickman et al. 1995)(Opit 1997)(Gilbert and Jervis 1998)(Jervis 1998)(Lewis 1998)(Cuautle and Rico-Gray 2003) (Beattie 1985)juvenileHeteroptera:Pentatomidae (predatory bugs)plant-juiceTemporal omnivoryadult Hymenoptera:
Coleoptera: Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, a.o. (host feeding parasitoids)Cicindelidae (tiger beetles)nectar
seeds(Jervis 1998)(Wackers 2003)(Zerm and Adis 2001) juvenileAraneae: Araneidae (orb web spiders)pollen(Smith and Mommsen 1984)Permanent omnivoryadult & juvenile Acari:Mesostigmat
Heteroptera:
Neuroptera:
Thysanoptera:
Coleoptera: Phytoseiidae (predatory mites)Pentatomidae (predatory bugs)Miridae (mirid bugs)Geocorinae (big-eyed bugs)Anthocoridae (flower bugs)Chrysopa, Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings)Aeolothripidae, PhlaeothripidaeCoccinellidae (ladybirds)Carabidae (ground beetles)nectarpollenplant juiceplant juiceplant juicepollennectar, pollen
leaves, pollennectarpollenseeds(van Rijn and Tanigoshi 1999a)(van Rijn and Tanigoshi 1999b)(Ruberson et al. 1986)(Gillespie and McGregor 2000)Eubanks & Styrsky, this vol.Eubanks & Styrsky, this vol.(Stelzl 1991)(McEwen et al. 1993)(Kirk 1997)(Pemberton and Vandenberg 1993) (Cottrell and Yeargan 1998)(Goldschmidt and Toft 1997)
Do diverse bird conservation marginsbenefit biological pest control?Meteorus autographae
ConclusionsHigh diversity field margins for bobwhite quail conservation failed to provide food to a biological control agent and did not enhance biological pest control in the adjacent crop. Parasitoids did clearly benefit from pure stands of cahaba white vetch. Impact on Biocontrol is a function of flower suitability, rather than diversity. ug/wesp
Chart2
9.260.95
8.533
29.65
overall sugar levels in Meteorus autographae
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control9.260.95
bobwhite8.533
cahaba vetch29.65
Sheet1
0.95
3
5
overall sugar levels in Meteorus autographae
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Vicia sativaNot all flowering plants provide suitable food for all insects Select to optimize BC benefits
Potential pitfall:Its not only predators out there!
Without supporting pests? Enhancing biological control
PestBiological control agentKarin Winkler
cotesia longevity
Cotesia glomerata
Food sourcenAdult longevity (days) s.e.Significance
Control (water)302.130.09
Anethum graveolens3012.430.73*
Centaurea cyanus303.500.29*
Centaurea jacae303.400.22*
Daucus carota3011.630.90*
Euphorbia helioscopica302.070.10ns
Fagopyrum esculentum2916.721.42*
Medicago sp.302.300.11ns
Origanum vulgare302.870.26*
Ornithopus sativus301.900.07*
Trifolium pratense302.670.15*
survivalcompared
Control (water)3.52.13
Centaurea jacae18.63.4
Origanum vulgare10.72.87
Ornithopus sativus4.61.9
Medicago sp.5.22.3
Trifolium pratense42.67
Centaurea cyanus4.43.5
Daucus carota3.211.6
Anethum graveolens5.412.4
Fagopyrum esculentum9.116.7
Pieris rapae
Cotesia glomerata
survival (days)
pieris females longevity
Pieris rapae females
Food sourcePieris rapaeCotesia glomerataFood sourcePieris rapaeCotesia glomerata
Control (water)3.52.13Control (water)3.50.222.130.09
Centaurea jacae18.63.4Anethum graveolens5.40.6012.430.73
Origanum vulgare10.72.87Centaurea cyanus4.40.403.500.29
Ornithopus sativus4.61.9Centaurea jacae18.63.993.400.22
Medicago sp.5.22.3Daucus carota3.20.3911.630.90
Trifolium pratense42.67Fagopyrum esculentum9.12.1516.721.42
Centaurea cyanus4.43.5Medicago sp.5.21.232.300.11
Daucus carota3.211.6Origanum vulgare10.71.782.870.26
Anethum graveolens5.412.4Ornithopus sativus4.60.341.900.07
Fagopyrum esculentum9.116.7Trifolium pratense4.00.262.670.15
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MBD0002FB20.bin
Study individual plant species with regard to the resources they provide Based on these studies generate (crop-) specific seed mixtures Focus on benefits to biological control agents and/or pollinators while also considering insect pests, pathogens and weed pressure Summary
Functional agro-biodiversity (FAB).
Perennial field margins with combined agronomical and ecological benefits for vegetable rotation schemes
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