Biochemistry of Cells 1. Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the...

Biochemistry of Cells

Carbon-based Molecules

•Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based molecules

Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain C – C bonds

Uses of Organic Molecules•Americans consume an average of 140 pounds of sugar per person per year

Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, is the most abundant organic compound on Earth

Uses of Organic Molecules• A typical cell in

your body has about 2 meters of DNA

A typical cow produces over 200 pounds of methane gas each year

Large Hydrocarbons:• Are the main

molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars

The hydrocarbons of

fat molecules provide energy for our bodies

Carbon is a Versatile Atom

• Two reasons why carbon is so important:

• 1. It has four electrons in an outer shell - so carbon can share its electrons with 4 OTHER atoms

2. Carbon can use its bonds to attach to other CARBONS to form an endless

diversity of carbon skeletons

4 Major Groups of Organic Macromolecules

•Proteins

Lipids

CarbohydrateNucleic Acids

MACROMOLECULES•“giant” molecules made from joining smaller units together = polymers

•Mono = one

•Poly = many

Make a chart like this in your notes:

Macromolecule

Examples Monomer Function

Carbohydrates

•Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy.

•Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural

purposes.

•Carbohydrates include:• Small sugar molecules•Long starch molecules

Monosaccharides = 1

•Glucose is found in sports drinks

Fructose is found in fruitsHoney contains both glucose & fructoseGalactose is called “milk sugar”

Polysaccharides = many

•Complex carbohydrates

Composed of many sugar monomers linked together

Glycogen• Glycogen is an example

of a polysaccharide in animals

Animals store excess sugar in the form of glycogen

Cellulose• Cellulose is an

example of a polysaccharide in plants.

It is a major component of wood

It is also known as dietary fiber

Lipids

• - Include fats, waxes and oils• - Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”

They do NOT mix with water

FAT MOLECULE

Function of Lipids

- store energy- insulate the body- main component of cell membranes

Many lipids are fatty acids.

Nucleic Acids

•Store hereditary information

Contain information for making all the body’s proteinsDNA & RNA

Nucleic Acids

Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or T)

Phosphategroup

Thymine (T)

Sugar(deoxyribose)

Phosphate

BaseSugar

Monomer: nucleotide

Nucleotide

Proteins

• monomers = amino acids (20 of them)

Proteins are used by the body in many ways:

•catalysts

•structure (building)

•transport

•contracting (muscles)

Some Types of Proteins

Structural

Contractile

Transport

Proteins as Enzymes (Catalyst)

• Many proteins act as catalysts or enzymes – they make chemical reactions go faster.

Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body.

Enzymes fold into specific shapes so that they can “recognize” their substrate.

Chemical reactions involve breaking and reforming bonds

reactants

substrate

products

Substrates are the reactants that enzymes work on

Enzymes provide a site where reactants come together to react!

How the Enzyme Works

Enzyme Key Points:

• Enzymes make reactions go FASTER

• Enzymes are NOT used up

• Enzymes are SPECIFIC

• Enzymes are sensitive to temperature and pH

Denaturating Proteins

Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it

no longer worksCooking denatures protein in eggs

Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

Effect of temperature and pH on enzymes

Summary of Key Concepts

Macromolecules

Biochemistry Vocabulary

• Organic• macromolecule• carbohydrate• saccharide (mono, di, poly)• protein• amino acid• lipid• nucleic acid• nucleotide

Organicmacromoleculecarbohydratesaccharide (mono, di, poly)proteinamino acidactive siteenzymesubstratecatalystlipidnucleic acidnucleotide

• active site• enzyme• substrate• catalyst

Biochemistry of Cells 1. Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the...

Documents

Transcript of Biochemistry of Cells 1. Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the...

Organic molecules Molecules that are made by living things that contain carbon Molecules that are made by living things that contain carbon Organic molecules.

2.3 Carbon-Based Moleculesmrmackrh.weebly.com/.../2_carbon-based_molecules.pdf · 2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

Carbon-Based Molecules

The Molecules of Life Day 1 - Carbohydrates. MOLECULES OF LIFE organic molecules –Are molecules containing carbon –Macromolecules (“large molecules) made.

CHAPTER 3 The 4 Macromolecules of Life Organic Molecules A cell is mostly water. –The rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon- based molecules. –Organic.

Carbon Based Molecules. KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

I. I.Biological Molecules Affected by natural selection Based on carbon skeletons Mostly polymers (made of monomers) A. A.Carbohydrates Sugars, starches,

1 Biochemistry of Cells Copyright Cmassengale. 2 Carbon-based Molecules Although a cell is mostly water, the rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon-based.

Unit 11. The study of the chemistry of living things. Organism: 80% water 20% mostly organic molecules (carbon based) Earth’s Crust vs. Human EarthHuman.

Organic compounds. One carbon atom can make 4 possible covalent bonds. Living molecules are made from molecules that contain carbon. Carbon bonds.

2.3: Carbon- Based Molecules. Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

Carbon-Based Molecules Part 1

Carbon Compounds Lysozyme – a protein. Organic Molecules carbonhydrogen Organic molecules are molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen, and often containing.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.

Principles of Biology Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Molecules of Life Carbon is essential to life Cells are mostly carbon molecules & water Carbon is the basic.

Molecules of Life. 3.1 Organic Molecules Living things are made of mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Organic molecule = a molecule made mostly of.

Organic Molecules Molecules unique to living systems contain carbon and are referred to as organic molecules Carbon, needing 4 more valence electrons,

1Macromolecules. Molecules of Life Macromolecules organic molecules which are carbon-basedMacromolecules are large organic molecules which are carbon-based.

2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids) are found in all organisms. These molecules.

Biochemistry. Carbon—Backbone of Biological Molecules Although cells are 70–95% water, the rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds Carbon is unique.