Biochemistry IBCM201

Chapter 1:An Introduction to Biochemistry

Zatilfarihiah Rasdi

Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: Define the basic constituents of macromolecules

(carbohydrates, a. acids, lipids, nucleic acids) and enzymes

Describe the classification, structure and functions of macromolecules and enzymes

Explain and identify the basic energy generated processes

Demonstrate the ability to conduct basic biochemical laboratory test

Verbally and in writing, discuss and report to peers the scientific investigations and data interpretation

Lecture (DFT): 2hrs/week Friday : 10.10 am – 12.00 pm Venue: BK5

Practical: 3hrs/week Friday: 3.10 – 6.00 pm Venue: M. Biokimia

Assessment•Tests - 30%•Lab reports/assign.- 10%•Final exam. - 50%

Week

Contents

1 1.0 Introduction to biochemistry2.0 Carbohydrates

2 2.0 Carbohydrates 3 3.0 Lipid 4 4.0 Amino acid5 4.0 Amino acid

5.0 Protein6 5.0 Protein7 5.0 Protein8 6.0 Enzymes9 6.0 Enzymes

10 Mid term break (Eid break)11 7.0 Nucleic acid12 7.0 Nucleic acid13 8.0 Overview of metabolism14 8.0 Overview of metabolism15 Study week16 Final examination

Colorimetric tests for carbohydrates

Chromatography Saponification

value Acid value Qualitative tests for

amino acid Tests for proteins The pH meter Paper

chromatography

Campbell, M.K., and Farrell, S.O. (2009) Biochemistry, 6th ed.Thompson Brooks/Cole

Boyer, R. (2005)Concepts in Biochemistry, 3rd ed.Wiley

Additional text Voet, D.J, Voet, G.V, and Pratt,

C.W (2008)Principle of Biochemistry, 3rd ed.Wiley

Reference

The study of life at the molecular level It emerged as a distinct discipline around

the beginning of the 20th century when scientists combined chemistry, biology and physiology to investigate the chemistry of living system

Goal

To describe life’s processes using the language of molecules – applying the principles and methods of chemistry to determine molecular structure from which it is often possible to explain biological function

1. Structural and functional biochemistryfocuses on discovering chemical structures & 3-D arangements of biomolecules

2. Informational biochemistrydefines language(s) for storing biological data & trnasmitting it in cells and organisms

3. Bioenergeticsthe flow of energy in living organisms and how it transferred from one process to another – study of metabolism

• lead us to fundamental understanding of life, how organisms store & transfer information, how food digested, how brain cell store information….

• Understand the important issues in medicine, health & nutrition – can search cures for HIV, diabetes, recombinant DNA help in find new mutation and new plant

• Advance biotechnology industries- The application of biological materials to technical useful operation e.g. enzymes in pharmaceutical industry to synthesise complex drugs

Field of biochemistry draws many disciplines – allows us to answer questions related to molecular nature of life

Organic chemistry: the study of the compounds of carbon

A biomolecule is a molecule that naturally occurs in living organisms.- biomolecules consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen, along with nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur.- important classes of biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids.

Living cells include very large molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids.- biomolecules are polymers (Greek: poly + meros, many + parts)- are derived from monomers (Greek: mono + meros, single + part) a.acids (proteins), nucleotides (nucleic acids), monosaccharides (polysaccharides), glycerol and fatty acids (lipids)

Fig. 1-5: Two natural organometallic compoundsa) heme, containing a porphyrin ring and iron; b) chlorophyll, containing a porphyrin ring and magnesium

Enzymes: a class of proteins that are biocatalysts- the catalytic effectiveness of an enzyme depends on its amino acid sequence

Genetic code: the relationship between the nucleotide sequence in nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence in proteins – BCM 301

Biomolecules Functional

group: an atom/group of atoms that shows characteristic, physical and chemical properties

Fig. 1-6:Types of natural polymers

Homopolymers

Heteropolymers

Viruses: consist of a single DNA or RNA molecule wrapped in a protein package

Not considered a life-form Deemed parasites – unable to

carry out metabolism or reproduction without the assistance of host cell

Are the caused of many plants and animals maladies and has resulted in much human suffering

However, an enormous study of biochemistry has been learned from studies of their actions

Biochemists and molecular biologists have been interested in learning how biological information is transferred from one generation to another.

DNA, RNA, proteins and even some carbohydrates are information-rich molecules that carry instructions for cellular processes.

Biochemists work with the molecules, cell components and cells in a wide range of sizes.

The Watson and Crick double helix model for DNA showing the stacking of nucleotide bases on the same strand and the hydrogen bonds between complimentary nucleotide bases on opposite strands.

Biochemistry is an experimental science.

Before doing experiment, the desired object of study must be separated from its natural surroundings – one tool useful for isolating cells, organelles and biomolecules is centrifuge.

Scientists take advantage of the fact that biochemical entities have different physical characteristics; weight, sizes, densities, and shapes.

• New biochemical research is showing that obesity not just a consequence of overeating but is often linked to malfunctions in the hormone-controlled systems that regulated energy consumption and body weight.

ASSIGNMENT 1 (in group of 4/5)

1.Biological information flow from DNA RNA Protein. Write about the whole process from replication to translation to protein in 100-200 words.2.Discuss the uses of biochemistry in environmental science, gene engineering & cloning and clinical chemistry.