Post on 26-Jun-2015
BIOENERGETICS
By Olena Rodina
Bioenergetics
• Life is an energy intensive process.
• It takes energy to operate muscles, extract wastes, make new cells, heal wounds, even to think.
Bioenergetics
• A discipline within biochemistry dedicated to the study of energy flow within living systems
• What Is Energy?
Question:
Energy
• Capacity to perform work
• Two examples:
1. Kinetic energy
2. Potential energy
Kinetic Energy
• Energy in the process of doing work.
• Energy of motion.
• Examples:
1. Heat
2. Light energySUN
Potential Energy
• Energy that matter occupies because of it’s location, arrangement, or position.
• Energy of position.
• Examples:
1. Water behind a dam
2. Chemical energy (gas) GAS
Thermodynamics
• The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter.
• Two Laws:
1. First Law of Thermodynamics
2. Second Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only converted to other forms.
• This means that the amount of energy in the universe is constant.
The First Law is not much help...What prevents a melting ice cube from
spontaneously refreezing?
Why doesn’t water flow uphill?
Will L-alanine convert into D-alanine?
The energy of the system and its surrounds won’t
change.
If it does not occur, what is driving force?
The Second Law helps resolve problem
Only those events that result in a net increase in disorder will occur
spontaneously
Second Law of Thermodynamics
• All energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction results in an increase in entropy and the loss of usable energy as heat.
• Entropy: the amount of disorder in a system.
What Can Cells Do with Energy?
Cells use energy for:
–Chemical work
–Mechanical work
–Electrochemical work
What Can Cells Do with Energy?• In some cells, as much as half of a cell’s energy
output is used to transfer molecules across the cell membrane, a process called ‘active transport.’
• Cell movements require energy and thousands of energy-hungry chemical reactions go on in every living cell, every second, every day.
• The kind of energy cells use is chemical bond energy, the shared electrons that holds atoms together in molecules
Endergonic and Exergonic reactions
Endergonic Reactions
• Chemical reaction that requires a net input of energy.
• Example:
1. Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6
+ 6O2
SUNphotons
LightEnergy
(glucose)
Exergonic Reactions
• Chemical reactions that releases energy.
• Example:
1. Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP(glucose)
Energy
Cellular MetabolismCells use thousands of different chemical
reactions
this is what is referred to by the term
metabolism
Cellular Metabolism
• In general, metabolism can be split into 2 groups of reactions:
· Catabolism, which breaks down molecules, releasing energy. Some of the energy is captured in the bonds of ATP
· Anabolism, which uses energy from ATP to synthesize large molecules, including macromolecules
Exergonic and Endergonic reactions
Anabolic Pathway
• Metabolic reactions, which consume energy (endergonic), to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds.
• Example:
1. Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
SUNlightenergy
(glucose)
Catabolic Pathway
• Metabolic reactions which release energy (exergonic) by breaking down complex molecules in simpler compounds.
• Example:
1. Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP(glucose)
energy
Question:
• What is ATP?
Answer:• ATP is the universal energy carrier
• Most cell processes use the same energy source, the rechargeable energy carrier,
adenosine-tri-phosphate ATP.
ATP Components
1. adenine: nitrogenous base
2. ribose: five carbon sugar
3. phosphate group: chain of three
ribose
adenine
P P P
phosphate group
• How does ATP work?
Answer:• The phosphate groups are held to each other
by very high energy chemical bonds. • Under certain conditions, the end phosphate
can break away and the energy released to the energy-hungry reactions that keep a cell alive.
Answer:• When the end phosphate is released, what is
left is ADP, adenosine diphosphate. • This change from tri to di is taking place
constantly as ATPs circulate through cells.• The recharging of ADP to ATP requires a
huge energy investment, and that energy comes from the food we eat.
Hydrolysis of ATP• ATP + H2O ADP + P (exergonic)
Hydrolysis(add water)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P+
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Dehydration of ADPADP + P ATP + H2O (endergonic)
Dehydration synthesis (remove water)
P P P
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
P P P+
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Cells Get Most of Their Energy by Oxidizing Carbohydrates, Lipids &
Proteins
Carbohydrates as energy sources
• The storage sugar, glycogen is broken down to glucose when needed
• Almost all cells "burn"glucose (6 carbon sugar) to get energy
• Glucose is metabolized by glycolysis to pyruvate
• The pyruvate can be further metabolized to acetylCoA, which enters the Krebs cycle
Lipids as energy sources
• Storage fats, triglycerides, are broken down into fatty acids & glycerol
• Fatty acids are split into 2 carbon pieces, acetylCoA, which feed into the Krebs cycle
Proteins as energy sources• Proteins are degraded to amino acids• After the amino group is removed different
amino acids feed into both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
• The nitrogen from the amino group is eliminated as urea
ATPForms
Cellular Work
Energy Releasing Reactions
Energy Requiring Reactions
To maintain your body at rest you need about 2000 Calories/day
• This is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR) • You could get this much energy from 500 grams
of sugar (2000 gm/4 cal/gm = 500 gm) or from 222 gm of fat (2000 gm/9 Cal/gm = 222 gm)
• In the American diet about 65% of our energy comes from sugar and 35% from fat
ATP: Main Energy Carrier
• ATP couples energy inputs and outputs
• ATP/ADP cycle regenerates ATP
energyinput
ADP + Pi
ATP
energy output
How energy is extracted from food molecules and used to synthesize ATP is one of the great discoveries of modern biochemistry.