Bio-optical monitoring of coastal Baltic Sea waters – from … · 2011-03-24 · Outlook •...

Bio-optical monitoring of coastal Baltic Sea waters – from research to applications

Susanne Kratzer Department of Systems Ecology, SU

Suse@ecology.su.se

Gerald MoorePetra Philipson

Christian VinterhavTherese Harvey

Friday, 4 February 2011

Jerlov’s water mass classification

Jerlov's optical classification into the oceanic water types I-III and the coastal water types 1-9 (Jerlov, 1976).

Clear tropical

Baltic Sea

Clear tropical

Attenuation of light

Figure: IOCCG Report Number 3 (2000)

90% of signalfrom the atmosphere

Case-1

Case-2

Case-1

Classification: Morel and Prieur, 1977

Case-2

Case-1

Kurt Holacher, 2002

Oceanic – Optical Case-1 watersCoastal – Optical Case-2 waters

Light penetration in the open sea and in coastal waters

Decision-makingEnvironmental policies and

managementSocio-economics

(e.g. tourism and fisheries)

Opticalmonitoring

Satellite remote sensing

Sea-truthing

Atmospheric corrections

Coastal Zone monitoring:•Ecological and physiological variables•Physics and chemistry•Optical biogeochemical variables: CDOM, Chlorophyll, SPM

Platforms:Research and monitoring vessels, moorings, ships-of-opportunity

A multi-scale approach to monitoringLarge scalesynopticinformation

Small and meso scaleinformation

(from Kratzer et al., 2003)

Approach

Use remote sensing to map water quality in the coastal zone

Use optical indicators as diagnostic tool for management (Secchi depth, Kd490 and chlorophyll as indicators of eutrophication

Use bio-optics as a link between remote sensing and ecology

Area of investigation:

Himmerfjärden

Landsort Deep

STP outlet

Validation Limanda 2001

NASA Aeronet-OCStation at GustafDalén light house

Optical variables: indicators of ecosystem state

CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater

CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM):

land drainage and to wind-stirring in shallow waters,

CDOM: terrestrial inputs of freshwater inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM):

land drainage and to wind-stirring in shallow waters,

and phytoplankton: productive status of the pelagic ecosystem; anthropogenic nutrients from land.

Polynomial decay from source to sink

Contribution of each optical component to Kd(490) assuming a polynomial decline of optical components in relation to the source (land), Kratzer and Tett, 2009.

Himmerfjärden OpenSea

TACCS radiometer

Optical monitoring of water quality

Kd(490) is a standard product of ocean colour sensors (SeaWiFS and MODIS)

Kd(490) has been the most accurate and a reliable remote sensing product for the Baltic Sea.

Kd(490) has been the best link between optical in-water measurements and remote sensing data.

Inverted Secchi Depth (SD) and Kd (490)

0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0

y = 0.5024x - 0.0441R² = 0.7872

Askö 2001 -2002

Kd(490)

Kratzer et al., 2003Friday, 4 February 2011

In-water algorithm: SD = (0.55 * Kd(490) – 0.04) -1

SeaWiFS Kd(490) image

Secchi Depth (SD) map of the Baltic Sea (last week of July/beginning of August 1999, Kratzer et al., 2003)

meters

SeaWiFS image

MERIS –improved monitoring of coastal waters

MERIS: improved spatial resolution over coastal areas (300 m resolution – 1.2 km in open sea).

Improved spectral resolution (more bands that are also more narrow; more optical substances can be derived).

Spatial resolution- example Wadden SeaMERIS, 28.05.2005, 10:33 UTC

Landsat 5, 28.05.2005, 10:19 UTC30 m resolution

FR, 300 m resolution

RR, 1.2 km resolution

Images courtesy of Carsten Brockmann

Borkum

FR (300 m resolution)

RR (1.2 km resolution)

MERIS image 19 Aug 2002

22 August, 2002, Kratzer et al., 2008

New Kd490 algorithm derived from sea-truthing data

Kratzer et al, 2008

Secchi depth map

ln(Secchi depth) derived from MERIS data to test model output

Match-ups NW Baltic Sea July 2008

Sampling stations and transects during Askö field campaign 2008 (see PINS on each RR scene). The conditions were very good for sea-truthing. The MERIS RR RGB composites show how patchy the waters become during good conditions in summer.

Kratzer & Vinterhav, 2010

Improvement of MERIS processors 2004-2009

(*100)

operational system

Test of BPAC Outputs (ICOL Processed)

Moore et al. 2010

Aerosol Properties

In-Situ α=1.87+/-0.02BPAC α=1.71+/-0.09

‘TSM’ – Scaled bbp

Sta TSM BPA %C3 1.52 1.67 9.6C2 1.33 1.22 -8.4C1 1.86 1.89 1.64

Moore et al. 2010

‘Chl’ – Scaled ap(665)

Sta Chl BPC

%C3 2.14 1.22 -38C2 1.51 1.56 11.6C1 2.39 2.26 1.95

Moore et al. 2010

Participation in COASTCOLOUR algorithm Round Robin – global intercomparison of coastal algorithms

Cyanobacteria Bloom in the Baltic Sea, MERIS full resolution (300 m), 13 July 2005. © ESA

Applications

Operational system ……from research to applications

www.vattenkvalitet.nu

Interactive maps based on ArcGIS Server

• tool for data delivery and administration• simple user interface and GIS functionality• only web access necessary for the end-user!

• Zoom

• Measure• Inquire • Print• Scale etc.

Suspended matter map in Himmerfjärden 31 July 2008

www.vattenkvalitet.nu

Map of humic substances in Himmerfjärden 31 July 2008

Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD student

Temporal resolution Himmerfjärden, 2008

Regular cruises by monitoring vessels: 17Remote sensing by MERIS: 20Total set of chlorophyll a measurements: 37

Measurements between April and SeptemberMERIS passes by every 2-3 day

How representative is the satellite-derived chlorophyll a product?

In costal areas Chlorophyll a concentrations are overestimated by 91 %.

In open Sea the Chlorophyll a concentrations are overestimated by 25 %. (Kratzer and Vinterhav, 2010)

Correct for this in the chl-a estimates

Therese Arredal Harvey, PhD studentFriday, 4 February 2011

Summary

• MERIS provides us with a new tool to assess coastal systems from space

• Indicators for eutrophication, e.g. chl-a and Secchi depth, can be derived from space

• Remote sensing data provides improve spatial and temporal resolution

• Chl-a concentrations from remote sensing not significantly different from conventional monitoring data

• Together with Vattenfall Power Consultant we have developed a user-friendly operational system

Outlook

• Continuation of operational system by joining GMES MarCoast downstream services for 2010-2012 (BC-VPC-SU)

• Aim: continuous system update with best processor available (more funding is required)

• Stockholm University is champion users of the COASTCOLOUR project

• Validation of coast colour algorithm in the Baltic Sea• Continuation of MERIS mission through Sentinel-3 (ocean

colour sensor OLCI and SST / (A)ATSR) through 2023

Elements for Ecological Status in the EC Water Framework Directive (WFD):

Biological elements: Phytoplankton, aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, fish fauna

Hydro-morphological elements (supporting the biological elements): Morphological conditions, Hydrological and Tidal regime

Chemical and physicochemical elements (supporting the biological elements): General: dissolved oxygen, nutrients, transparency, temperature; Specific: synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants

Chl-a and Secchi depth are indicators for eutrophication

Courtesy: Jakob Walve

Nitrogen loading

Total Nitrogenconcentration

Nitrogen retention

Water exchange

Secchi depth (water transparency)

Secchi depth is estimated according to empirical relationship between nitrogen concentration and Secchi depth

SPICOSA project: use of Secchi depth as model link

ln(Secchi depth) derived from satellite data to test model output

MVT intercalibration work-shop July 2008, Askö

Aeronet-OC Pålgrunden June 2009(SENT-3 validation)

MVT Field inter-comparison at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) , Italy, July 19-22, 2010; lab calibration at JRC

Above water systems

In- water systems

In- water systemsWater sampling

http://nordaquarems.org

Sea-truthing PhD training course, Askö, May 2010Intercalibration with IOPAS (Poland)

http://mywaters.eu/Friday, 4 February 2011

Recent articles Kratzer, K. and Vinterhav, C., 2010, Improvement of MERIS data in Baltic Sea

coastal areas by applying the Improved Contrast between Ocean and Land processor (ICOL), Oceanologia, 52 (2), 211–223.

Kratzer, S. and Tett, P., 2009, Using bio-optics to investigate the extent of coastal waters a Swedish case study, Hydrobiologia, 629:169-186.

Kratzer, S., Brockmann, C. and Moore G., 2008, Using MERIS full resolution data (300 m spatial resolution) to monitor coastal waters– a case study from Himmerfjärden, a fjord-like bay in the north-western Baltic Sea, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112(5), 2284-2300.

Pierson, D., Kratzer, S., Strömbeck, N., and Håkansson, B., 2008, Relationship between the attenuation of downwelling irradiance at 490 nm with the attenuation of PAR (400nm- 700nm) in the Baltic Sea, Remote Sensing of Environment, 112 (3), 668-680.

Current aquatic remote sensing projects at SU• Swedish National Space Board (SNSB): Using MERIS full resolution data for

improved monitoring of coastal areas in the Baltic Sea – from research to application , 2010-2011. Focus: Fundamental research.

• ESA/ESRIN: Technical Assistance for the validation of MERIS products in lake Vänern and coastal waters of the north-western Baltic Sea (Sweden), mid 2008- mid 2011. Focus: Validation of MERIS data and intercalibration of radiometers.

• Participation in SPICOSA, and EU FP6 project on integrated coastal zone management: Focus: Academic training & developing remote sensing as diagnostic tool for integrated coastal zone management.

• Participation in Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) project: Development of evaluation criteria for pelagic quality elements (Secchi depth) in coastal areas. Focus: Ecosystem monitoring and management.

• NordForsk: NORDic network for AQUAtic REMote Sensing (http://nordaquarems.org/), Sept 2008-Sept 2011; coordinator: S.Kratzer. Focus: Networking, PhD training & curriculum development.

• WaterS: EU FP7 Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnerships and Pathways (IAPP), 2010-2014.

Thanks for listening!Any questions?

SST bio-sensor, Kratzer Ltd. at Landsort Deep (BY31).

Bio-optical monitoring of coastal Baltic Sea waters – from … · 2011-03-24 · Outlook •...

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