Post on 12-Jan-2016
Big BlueBig Blue70% market share from 1950’s onward
Any new entrant had to:
1)1) compete with their hardware 2)2) compete with their software 3)3) find a niche IBM did not serve already
Just after IBM introduced the vacuum-tube 709 (1957)
Philco tried to compete with its surface-barrier transistors
IBM countered the next year with the 7090 and Philco failed by 1964
Able to mete out technology at a pace that did not render installed machines obsolete too quickly
Kept punch cards alive from the 1930’s thought the 1960’s and beyond
Only company to make a profit making big machines in the 1950’s
IBM 709Data processing system
The Counterbalancing The Counterbalancing Influence of the Influence of the
American GovernmentAmerican Government
Military support also important even as far Military support also important even as far back as ENIACback as ENIAC
After Korean War – large increases in After Korean War – large increases in spending for basic researchspending for basic research
BeforeBefore - military decided what research - military decided what research they wantthey want
AfterAfter - researchers themselves decided - researchers themselves decided
DDynamic ynamic RRandom andom AAccess ccess MMemoryemory
one-transistor memory cellsone-transistor memory cells store each single bit of information as an store each single bit of information as an
electrical charge in an electronic circuitelectrical charge in an electronic circuit major increases in memory densitymajor increases in memory density widely adopted throughout the industrywidely adopted throughout the industry in widespread use today in widespread use today
Robert H. DennardRobert H. Dennard
DRAMDRAM19661966
The MinicomputerThe Minicomputer Born - Chippewa Falls, Born - Chippewa Falls,
Wisconsin Wisconsin
Adolescent hobby – Adolescent hobby – electronicselectronics
Fought in WWII in Europe Fought in WWII in Europe and the Pacificand the Pacific
Returned home to study Returned home to study electrical engineering and electrical engineering and mathematicsmathematics
Started work for ERA and Started work for ERA and then UNIVAC then UNIVACSeymour CraySeymour Cray
1925 - 19961925 - 1996
Cray’s early contributionCray’s early contribution the CDC 160 the CDC 160
Navy Tactical Data System Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS)(NTDS) one of the first one of the first transistorized machines transistorized machines
1960 - Designed the model 1960 - Designed the model 160 for CDC to handle 160 for CDC to handle input/output for their 1604input/output for their 1604
It had 12 bit word lengthIt had 12 bit word length
Able to access primary memory of 8000 wordsAble to access primary memory of 8000 words
6.4 micro-second clock cycle 6.4 micro-second clock cycle
What Cray had invented was, in What Cray had invented was, in fact, a minicomputer.fact, a minicomputer.
Minicomputer not a direct Minicomputer not a direct competitor to mainframescompetitor to mainframes
MainframeMainframe
Operated on 36 bitsOperated on 36 bits
Other registers handled Other registers handled addressingaddressing indexing indexing extra digits generated extra digits generated
Too big and expensive to Too big and expensive to be used for one purpose be used for one purpose onlyonly
MinicomputerMinicomputer
Operated on 12 bitsOperated on 12 bits
Instruction codes more Instruction codes more complexcomplex
Small enough and cheap Small enough and cheap enough to be bought for enough to be bought for one purposeone purpose
Equipment CorporationEquipment Corporation
Kenneth OlsenKenneth Olsen
Innovative architectural featuresNot just machines with transistors replacing tubesNo channelsI/O proceeded directly to the core memory itself
Old woolen mill in Maynard, Massachusetts
Harlan Harlan AndersonAnderson
Corporate culture Corporate culture 180º opposites180º opposites
Only IBM had the right to modify their leased machines
Digital sold and encouraged user modification
As a result, the PDP series found a multitude of uses
to control and monitor
factories transportation systems nuclear power plants
etc
PDP- 8 controlling potato picker
Printed manuals on inexpensive paper Gave away users manuals for free to anyone Published detailed specifications of their
products
Flip Chip ModuleFlip Chip Module
User Manuals
PDP- 8PDP- 8
Conjuncture of performance, Conjuncture of performance, storage, packaging and storage, packaging and priceprice
Word length – 12 bitsWord length – 12 bits
6 kb expandable to 48 kb6 kb expandable to 48 kb
Used indirect addressing to Used indirect addressing to increase functional word increase functional word sizesize
35,000 additions per second35,000 additions per second
PDP-8PDP-8
Logic modules mounted Logic modules mounted on two towers on two towers
Discrete circuits not Discrete circuits not integratedintegrated
$18,000$18,000
Over 50,000 soldOver 50,000 sold
www.pdp8.netwww.pdp8.net has a running has a running PDP8 that anyone can control PDP8 that anyone can control through a Java applet, plus a through a Java applet, plus a webcam to show the results webcam to show the results
Teletype CorporationTeletype CorporationModel 33 ASRModel 33 ASR
(automatic send and receive)(automatic send and receive)
Input/output device for early Input/output device for early mini-computersmini-computers
Functioned as a type-writerFunctioned as a type-writer
Printed onto a roll of Printed onto a roll of continuous papercontinuous paper
Sent a code indicating what Sent a code indicating what key was pressed directly into key was pressed directly into the computerthe computer
6 to 10 characters/second6 to 10 characters/second
ESC and CTRL keysESC and CTRL keys
Used Used ASCIIASCII--AAmerican merican SStandard tandard CCode for ode for IInformation nformation IInterchangenterchange
Snow White and the Snow White and the Seven DwarvesSeven Dwarves
Or The BunchThe Bunch –General Electric & RCA
Time sharing and Time sharing and System/360System/360
Each user had the illusion that a Each user had the illusion that a complete machine and its software were complete machine and its software were at his or her disposalat his or her disposal
Happened in the milliseconds between Happened in the milliseconds between the typist’s keystrokes and ability of the the typist’s keystrokes and ability of the computer to fetch and execute simple computer to fetch and execute simple instructionsinstructions
OS/OS/360360
Family of 3 control programsFamily of 3 control programs
PCPPCP ((PPrimary rimary CControl ontrol PProgram)rogram) processed jobs sequentiallyprocessed jobs sequentially
MFTMFT (Multiprogramming with a Fixed
number of Tasks)) multitasking, fixed multitasking, fixed number of concurrent tasks, number of concurrent tasks, each w/ a preset memory each w/ a preset memory allocationallocation
MVTMVT (Multiprogramming with a Variable
number of Tasks) varying numbersvarying numbers of tasks, memory size could of tasks, memory size could change dynamicallychange dynamically
JCLJCL (Job Control Language) batch-batch-scripting languagescripting language
State of the art computer graphic rendering in 1964 State of the art computer graphic rendering in 1964
Digital Mona Digital Mona LisaLisa
H. Philip Peterson of Control Data Corporation H. Philip Peterson of Control Data Corporation
CDC 3200 computer and a "flying-spot" scanner CDC 3200 computer and a "flying-spot" scanner
The production process - 14 hours to complete The production process - 14 hours to complete
Contained 100,000 pixels plotted using numerals, Contained 100,000 pixels plotted using numerals, sometimes overprinted for density. sometimes overprinted for density.
Printed on sepia tone paper w/ India ink. Printed on sepia tone paper w/ India ink.
A first of its kind scanning processA first of its kind scanning process
1965 Fuzzy logic1965 Fuzzy logicto process approximate data
- such as « about 100 »1965 -fuzzy sets1965 -fuzzy sets
1973 -analysis of complex 1973 -analysis of complex systems and decision systems and decision processesprocesses
1979 -possibility theory 1979 -possibility theory and soft data analysis. and soft data analysis. Lofti ZadehLofti Zadeh
University of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, Berkeley
Soft ComputingSoft Computing
fuzzy logic fuzzy logic neural network theory neural network theory probabilistic reasoning probabilistic reasoning
belief networks belief networks evolutionary computing evolutionary computing
DNA computing DNA computing
chaos theory chaos theory
parts of learning theory parts of learning theory
Achievements of BISCAchievements of BISCBerkeley Initiative Soft ComputingBerkeley Initiative Soft Computing
fuzzy reasoning (set and logic) fuzzy reasoning (set and logic)
new soft computing algorithms for intelligent, semi-new soft computing algorithms for intelligent, semi-unsupervised use of large quantities of complex dataunsupervised use of large quantities of complex data
uncertainty analysisuncertainty analysis
perception-based decision analysis and decision perception-based decision analysis and decision support systems for risk analysis and managementsupport systems for risk analysis and management
computing with wordscomputing with words
computational theory of perceptioncomputational theory of perception
precisiated natural language precisiated natural language
БЭСМ USSR 1965БЭСМ USSR 1965
BESMBESM stands for "Большая Электронно-Счётная stands for "Большая Электронно-Счётная Машина" Машина"
(Bolshaja Elektronno-Schetnaja Mashina) in (Bolshaja Elektronno-Schetnaja Mashina) in Russian, Russian,
"Large Electronic-Computing Machine" or simply "Large Electronic-Computing Machine" or simply "Large Computer"."Large Computer".
19651965 BASIC BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)(Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
programming language by Thomas Kurtz programming language by Thomas Kurtz & John Kemeny, Dartmouth College& John Kemeny, Dartmouth College
Packet switchingPacket switching, funded by ARPA was , funded by ARPA was developed developed
The first The first supercomputersupercomputer, the Control , the Control Data CDC 6600, was developed Data CDC 6600, was developed
The integrated circuitThe integrated circuit
"The future of integrated electronics is the future "The future of integrated electronics is the future of electronics itself. of electronics itself.
The advantages of integrationThe advantages of integrationwill bring about a proliferation will bring about a proliferation of electronics, pushing thisof electronics, pushing thisscience into many new areas.science into many new areas.
Integrated circuits will lead to such wonders asIntegrated circuits will lead to such wonders as home computers ..." home computers ..."
Gordon Moore 1965Gordon Moore 1965
Co-founded 1968
Cray Cray SupercomputersSupercomputers
Cray I 1976
Question:What company makes the fastest computer?
Answer:Wherever Seymour Cray is working now.
More supercomputersMore supercomputers