Post on 02-Feb-2016
description
Shinichi Goto, Ph.D E-mail:goto.s@aist.go.jp
Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV),National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST)Namiki 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8564, JAPAN
DME Vehicle BDF Mini Bus Collab. Res. Center
Benchmarking of Biodiesel Fuel Standards in East Asia
Engine Test Facilities in AIST
Fuel and Exhaust Gas Test Equip.
Fuel Spray Test Cell
Vehicle Test Circuit
Engine Test Cell
2
Introduction of ERIA Energy Project
Working groups: Analysis of Energy Saving Potential in East Asia (IEE: Institute of Energy Economics, Japan) Sustainable Biomass Utilization Vision in East Asia (AIST) Standardization of Biodiesel Fuel for Vehicle in East Asia (AIST)
East Asia Summit Project:
JETRO:JAPAN EXTERNAL TRADE ORGANIZATION => ERIA: Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
2
Policy Relevance Background Objectives Procedure Members Schedule Standardization activity
Presentation Outline
5
Policy Relevance
The importance of biofuels has been recognized in the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security on 15 January 2007, in which the standardization was encouraged for practical use.
In order to contribute to the promotion of biofuels in East Asian countries, Japan announced “Fueling Asia-Cooperation: Initiative for Clean Energy and Sustainable Growth”, which included the promotion of biomass energy. It was welcomed by all participating countries.
Energy Cooperation Task Force (ECTF) proposed launching a study on BDF standards to discuss the concrete measures.
The 1st EAS Energy Misters’ meeting(EMM1) was held in Singapore on 23 August 2007. The importance of BDF standards was mentioned in the joint statement.
2nd East Asia Summit
Source : The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
6
Background (1)
ISV
Gb/a : Giga barrels of oil equivalent per annumSoybean
Palm
Rapeseed
The Kyoto Protocol emphasized the concept of ‘carbon neutral’ - that vehicle emissions (CO2) are offset by using biofuels produced from plant materials absorbing CO2. The use of biofuels contributes to the prevention of global warming.
Asian countries are actively promoting the introduction of biofuels due to soaring oil prices and increased energy consumption. The utilization of biofuels is also important from the viewpoint of energy security and alternative fuels.
Jatropha Coconut
7
The low-quality biodiesel fuel (BDF) raises serious concerns regarding the effect on engine performance caused by fuel impurities and the oxidation.
It is anticipated that BDF standards will be established in each country to promote more distribution in the region.
Fuel tank(source: Fuel Policy
Subcommittee)
Mechanical defects caused by using BDF
Engine(source: JAMA)
Injector(source : JAMA)
Background (2)
8
Objectives
Develop a common agreement for BDF standardization
Support the formulation of BDF standards in line with the conditions in each country
Facilitate the distribution of good-quality BDF and stabilize the economic infrastructure
Country Mixing rate
Feedstocks Strategy/ Goal
Malaysia 2-5% Palm National Biofuel Policy, 2006 / B5
Indonesia - Palm National Energy Program / BDF usage 47 million kL in 2025
Thailand 5% Palm Biodiesel Development and Promotion Strategy / Enforce nationwide B2 in April, 2008 B5 in 2011, B10 in 2012
Philippines
1%100%
Coconut Biofuel Strategy 2006 / BDF mixing rate 1% in 3 months, 2% in 2 years
India 5% Jatropha Jatropha BDF demonstration 2005-2007Jatropha BDF introduction2011-2012
China 5%20%
Used food oil
Jatropha
now under consideration in BDF standardization
‘No. 5 Eco Fuel Use Promotion Meeting’, Document 2-2, Ministry of the Environment
Introduction of BDF
9
Procedure
Share the same recognition concerning the importance of ensuring BDF quality and the basic measurements for BDF standardization
Study the characteristics of BDF and current situation in each country, and gather the necessary information in order to formulate BDF standards
Focus on Japanese standards (BDF5%) as a typical example Japan Automobile Manufactures Association and Petroleum
Association of Japan agree to cooperate on this activity
Working Group To agree common FAME
standardsResearch and Survey
FAME Database
10
・ Japan
Dr. Shinichi Goto, WG Leader Director, Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Mr. Yasunori Takei, Representative of Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)
Toyota Motor Corporation
Dr. Takashi Hoshino, Representative of Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA)
Isuzu Motors Limited
Prof. Koji Yamane University of Shiga Prefecture
Mr. Akio Imai, Representative of Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ) Showa Shell Sekiyu K.K.
Dr. Mitsuharu Oguma Research Center for New Fuels and Vehicle Technology (NFV), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
Members (1) Host Country
11
・ Australia Dr. Lesley Dowling and Dr. Daniel
Sheedy Fuel and Used Oil Policy Section,
Department of Environment and Water Resources
・ China Prof. Wugao Zhang Shanghai Jiao Tong University
・ India Dr. O.S. Tyagi (to be confirmed) Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Council of Scientific & Industrial
Research (CSIR)
・ Indonesia Dr. Tatang Hernas Soerawidjaja Chairman, Indonesian Biodiesel Forum/ Head, Center for Research on Natural Resource Utilization, Institut Teknologi Bandung
・ Malaysia Mr. Harrison Lau Lik Nang, Research
Officer, Engineering and Processing Research
Div. Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB)
・ New Zealand Ms. Philippa Blunden Policy Analyst, Fuels & Crown Resources Group, Ministry of Economic
Development
・ Philippines Ms. Zenada Ygnacio Monsada Oil Industry Management Bureau, Department of Energy
・ Singapore (to be confirmed) Dr. Rong Yan, Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
・ South Korea Dr. Young Jae Lee, Leader, Transportation Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Energy Research
・ Thailand Ms. Peesamai Jenvanitpanjakul Deputy Governor (R&D), Thailand
Institute of Scientific and Technological Research
(TISTR)
・ Vietnam Ms. Hoang Thi Tinh (to be confirmed) Vietnam Standards and Quality Center, Directorate for Standards and Quality (STAMEQ)
*in alphabetical order
Members (2) Participating Countries
12
Schedule
ERIAProject
Jul. Sep. Nov. Jan.2007 2008
Aug. 23, EAS Energy Ministers Mtg. (Singapore)EAS-related
meetings Aug. 26, EAS Economic Ministers Mtg. (Philippines)
Nov. 21, EAS (Singapore)
Interimreport
WG 1stJuly 17-18
Japan
WG 3rdNov. 29-30
Japan
WG 4thFeb.
Australia (Tentative)
WG 2nd
Oct. 2-3Thailand
Understanding on the importance of ensuring BDF quality
・ Characteristics of BDF• The effect on vehicle performance• Japanese quality standards
Study on current situationin each country
• The political climate• Represent current BDF Specification
• Site tour of Kyoto city BDF plant
Interimreport
Finalreport
・ Final adjustmentProposal for
common standards
TENTATIVE
SummarizeBDF standardization Report
Proposal for common standards
Based on EN standard (EN14214) ・ Cover a whole of negative factor in FAME
Consideration of various materials ・ Coconut FAME : Viscosity and Flashpoint ・ Soybean FAME : Iodine number
Oxidation stability ・ Critical impact on metal tanks ・ Metal tanks are popular for vehicles in Asia ・ Oxidation stability of 10 hours prevented metal tank
corrosion in Japanese conformity test
Polyunsaturated FAME ・ Mainly included in fish oil ・ Risk of sludge formation ・ Measurement method hasn’t developed yet
・ JASO* standard: “Not Detected”13
Standardization activity (1)
*JASO : Japan Automotive Standard Organization
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About harmonized specification
Standardization activity (2)
(*) Equivalent to diesel oil(**) Meet diesel oil specification
U.S. EU Brazil JASOASTM D6751-07a EN14214 ANP255 JASO M360
Ester content mass% - >96.5 - >96.5 >96.5Density kg/m3 - 0.86-0.9 (*) 0.86-0.9 0.860 - 0.900Viscosity mm2/s 1.9-6.0 3.5-5.0 (*) 3.5-5.0 2.0-5.0Flashpoint ℃ >130 >120 >100 >120 >100Sulfur content mass% <0.0015 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.0010Distillation property ℃ <360 (T90) - <360 (T95) - -Carbon residue (100%) mass% <0.05 - <0.05 - -Carbon residue (10%) mass% - <0.3 - <0.3 <0.3Cetane number >47 >51 >45 >51 >51Sulfated ash mass% <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02Water content mg/kg <0.05[vol%] <500 <0.050[vol%] <500 <500Total contamination mg/kg - <24 - <24 <24Copper corrosion No.3 Class-1 No.1 Class-1 Class-1Acid value mgKOH/g <0.5 <0.5 <0.80 <0.5 <0.5Oxidation stability hr. >3 >6 >6 (**) >10 (***)Iodine value - <120 Reported <120 ReportedMethyl Linolenate mass% - <12 - <12 <12Polyunsaturated FAME Mass% - <1 - N.D. N.D. (***)Methanol content mass% <0.2 <0.2 <0.5 <0.2 <0.2Monoglyceride content mass% - <0.80 <1.0 <0.80 <0.80Diglyceride content mass% - <0.2 <0.25 <0.2 <0.2Triglyceride content mass% - <0.2 <0.25 <0.2 <0.2Free glycerol content mass% <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02Total glycerol content mass% <0.24 <0.25 <0.38 <0.25 <0.25Na+K mg/kg <5 <5 <10 <5 <5Ca+Mg mg/kg <5 <5 - <5 <5Phosphorous content mg/kg <10 <10 <10 <10 <10
Specification on ERIA PJOct.3.2007(Tentative)Items Units
(***) Need data check and further discussion
Effects of Oxidation Stability on Fuel Tank Corrosion
TEST: 2000hr TEST with 8hr (60℃ ) and 16hr (Normal Temp.) intervalTest Fuel: Commercial diesel fuel blended 5%FAME
Test Fuel: Same FAME above with 400ppm of anti-oxidant (20ppm as B5)
Source:METI FAME conformity Test
Oxy. Stabof B100: 6 Hrs
Oxy. Stabof B100: 10 Hrs
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Lower
Lower
Upper
Upper
Influence of Antioxidant on PMEAntioxidant : Buthyl Hydroxy Toluene
Cost of antioxidant [JPY/L]0 0.30.240.180.120.06
0
5
10
15
20
0 300 600 900 1200 1500
Antioxidant concentration [ppm]
Ox
idat
ion
sta
bili
ty [
h]
3HC C-O-CH3
=O
3HC C-O-CH3
=O
3HC C-O-CH3
=O
3HC C-O-CH3
=O
3HC CH33HC CH3
3HC C-O-CH2
=O
3HC C-O-CH
=O
3HC C-O-CH2
=O
3HC C-O-CH2
=O
3HC C-O-CH2
=O
3HC C-O-CH
=O
3HC C-O-CH
=O
3HC C-O-CH2
=O
3HC C-O-CH2
=O
1st GenerationFAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)
2nd GenerationBHD (Bio Hydro-fined Diesel) Material Oil
(Triglyceride)
Hydrogenation
HYD-FAME (Hydrogenated FAME)[AIST Technology]
Trans-esterification
Hydro-fining
Reaction condition Nippon Oil : 6MPa, 240-320 degC. Neste Oil : 6MPa, 300-350 degC.
Upgrading of Oxidation Stability by Hydrogenation
* 115℃ , 16Hours oxygen blowing
Palm Oil FAMEBio
Hydro-finedDiesel
ConventionalDiesel Fuel
(Typical)
Density 15℃ kg/m3 916 874 783 83030℃ mm2/sec - 5.5 4.1 3.7
100℃ mm2/sec 8.6 - -Flash Point ℃ 274 180 116 70Cetane Index - 62 98 58Pour Point ℃ 25 20 20 -15Calorie MJ/kg 40 40 47 46
10% 588 333 272 22090% 614 359 320 335
Sulfur massppm <1 <1 <1 6Oxygen Content mass% 12 12 <1 0Aromatics vol% <1 <1 <1 19
Beforeaccelaration
0.12 0.26 0.00 0.00
Afteraccelaration *
- 10.40 0.06 0.06
Viscosity
Distillation
Total AcidNumber
mgKOH/g
℃
Source : Nippon oil corporation (presentation at 2007 JSAE/SAE International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting)
Properties of Bio Hydro-fined Diesel
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Issues and Further steps
Issues and actions for ERIA Project・ Oxidation stability: Need to show the evidence of necessity “10 Hr”
JAMA *and AIST check the data・ Polyunsaturated FAME: Validation of “Not detected” JAMA and AIST examine the validation
Proposal for common standards・ Fix all the specification values by the end of 2007 fiscal year if possible.
・ To cooperate with APEC and ISO/TC28
*:JAMA(Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Inc.)
Thank You
Law on the Quality Control (Diesel oil)
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Regulation ItemFAME blended
diesel oilDiesel oil
Existence item
Sulfur content <0.001mass% <0.001mass% Cetane index >45 >45 T90 <360℃ <360℃
Additional item
FAME content <5mass% <0.1mass% Triglyceride <0.01mass% <0.01mass% Methanol <0.01mass% - Total acid number (TAN)
<0.13mgKOH/g
-
Individual acid* <0.003mass% - Oxidation stability (increment of TAN)
<0.12mgKOH/g
-
* Total concentration of Formic, Acetic and Propionic acid
Diesel Oil Regulation in Japan