Bellwork 2-13-2014Bellwork 2-13-2014

Get out a NEW bellwork sheet!Get out a NEW bellwork sheet!

I will be stamping bellwork at the final bell I will be stamping bellwork at the final bell and when your are done!! and when your are done!!

1.1.How much did you study for the quiz How much did you study for the quiz yesterday? yesterday?

2.2.How well do you think you did on it? How well do you think you did on it?

3.3.If you weren’t here for the quiz, how much If you weren’t here for the quiz, how much do you plan on studying for it? do you plan on studying for it?

Unit PacketUnit PacketTurn in bellwork (don’t add up)Turn in bellwork (don’t add up)NotesNotes on top (meiosis I and meiosis II) on top (meiosis I and meiosis II)– Venn diagram Venn diagram

Homework/worksheets/labs Homework/worksheets/labs on bottomon bottom– Green variation activityGreen variation activity– Pink meiosis packet (3 stamps)Pink meiosis packet (3 stamps)– Green science fair worksheet *if you were Green science fair worksheet *if you were

herehere– Meiosis I and II sentences (handwritten)Meiosis I and II sentences (handwritten)– Orange bellwork multiple choice worksheetOrange bellwork multiple choice worksheet– Yellow questions packetYellow questions packet

AnnoucementsAnnoucements

Paper by the doorPaper by the door

Group discussion Group discussion

Quiz make upsQuiz make ups

Stepping it upStepping it up

Genetics UnitGenetics Unit

Key Words-Key Words-– GeneticsGenetics– TraitTrait– PurebredPurebred– HybridHybrid– Dominant AlleleDominant Allele– Recessive AlleleRecessive Allele– Gene Gene – AlleleAllele– GameteGamete

– ChromosomeChromosome– Theory of HeredityTheory of Heredity– GenotypeGenotype– PhenotypePhenotype– HomozygousHomozygous– HeterozygousHeterozygous– Law of SegregationLaw of Segregation– Law of Independent Law of Independent

AssortmentAssortment– Law of DominanceLaw of Dominance

Genetics! Genetics!

Blue Jeans?Blue Jeans?

Genetics! Genetics!

Gene Gene

Simmons?Simmons?

Genetics! Genetics!

Gene Gene

Wilder?Wilder?

Genetics! Genetics!

Genie in a Genie in a bottle?bottle?

Genetics! Genetics!

YourYour Genes!!!Genes!!!

Genetics: the study of heredity

Trait: characteristic that can be passed down from parent to offspring

Gregor MendelGregor Mendel

Father of classical geneticsFather of classical genetics..

Born Johan Mendel in 1822 to Born Johan Mendel in 1822 to peasant family in the Czech peasant family in the Czech village village

Austrian monkAustrian monk

Gregor Mendel (1822- 1884)

-Joined Monastery

-Taught Physics and natural science

-1856 began experiments

Gregor Mendel (1822- 1884)

-Experiments unappreciated during his time, died in 1884 due to kidney failure

“His death deprives the poor of a benefactor, and mankind at large of a man of the noblest character, one who was a warm friend, a promoter of the natural sciences, and an exemplary priest.”

“FATHER OF GENETICS”

Mendel wanted to Mendel wanted to study the study the mechanisms of mechanisms of inheritanceinheritance. The . The accepted idea at accepted idea at the time was that of the time was that of Blended Blended inheritanceinheritance. .

Gregor Mendel (1822- 1884)

• Started his studies with garden peas, easy to grow and hybridize artificially

• Looked at 7 Looked at 7 visible featuresvisible features

Gregor Mendel (1822- 1884)

-Each experiment looked at only 1 or 2 traits

-Kept extremely Kept extremely detailed recordsdetailed records

got peas?

Gregor Mendel (1822- 1884)

Blended InheritanceBlended Inheritance• Studied in flower petal color

The traits of the parent plants combine or mix in the offspring

Talk to your neighborTalk to your neighbor

Talk with your Talk with your neighbor, come up neighbor, come up with an example of with an example of blended blended inheritance (any inheritance (any organism) and be organism) and be ready to share.ready to share. A Zorse

MendelMendel’’s Experimentss ExperimentsPurebredPurebred= when two individuals of the same breed (similar genetic traits) produce offspring.

HybridHybrid=when two individuals of genetically different breeds or species produce offspring with a mix of traits.

Why Peas?Why Peas?

Mendel used peas to study Mendel used peas to study inheritance because:inheritance because:

1. Peas were available1. Peas were available

2. Peas are easy to grow2. Peas are easy to grow

3. Easily Observable Traits3. Easily Observable Traits

Why Peas?Why Peas?4. Pea flowers are constructed in such 4. Pea flowers are constructed in such

a way that they typically self fertilized a way that they typically self fertilized (pollen and ova are both produced on (pollen and ova are both produced on the same organism)the same organism)

StigmaPea flower

Anthers

Why Peas?Why Peas?By removing the anthers of one flower By removing the anthers of one flower and artificially pollinating using a brush, and artificially pollinating using a brush, crosses can be easily controlled in crosses can be easily controlled in peas.peas.

. .... .

...

...

Bellwork 2-14-2014Bellwork 2-14-2014

Bellwork will be stamped at the final bell Bellwork will be stamped at the final bell and when you are done!!!and when you are done!!!

What plant did Mendel work with?What plant did Mendel work with?

Why did Mendel work with them—4 Why did Mendel work with them—4 reasons?reasons?

AnnouncementsAnnouncements

Pass back unit packetsPass back unit packets

Many of you did not turn one in, or Many of you did not turn one in, or bellwork!bellwork!

Check grades – get in missing work now Check grades – get in missing work now and don’t fall behind!and don’t fall behind!

MendelMendel’’s Experimentss Experiments

P (parental) generation=

=F1 (first filial) generation

F2 (second filial) generation=

Write down the P, F1, and Write down the P, F1, and F2 in your family.F2 in your family.

P = P =

F1 = F1 =

F2 = F2 =

Closure questionsClosure questions

Write two questions on the left hand Write two questions on the left hand column of your notes about the information column of your notes about the information we learned today.we learned today.

Questions should allow you to quiz Questions should allow you to quiz yourself on the information yourself on the information fromfrom the notes. the notes.

Mendel ActivityMendel Activity

You and a partner You and a partner will need 5 green will need 5 green beads and 5 yellow beads and 5 yellow beads.beads.

Follow the Follow the instructions on the instructions on the sheet closely and sheet closely and we will stop and we will stop and discuss at step 4discuss at step 4

We will continue on We will continue on at step 5 as a at step 5 as a groupgroup

This will be This will be stamped when you stamped when you are doneare done

RatiosRatios

Look at your worksheet from yesterday…Look at your worksheet from yesterday…

In number 6 you crossed the F1 In number 6 you crossed the F1 generation to make F2 offspring.generation to make F2 offspring.

How many of them were yellow?How many of them were yellow?

How many were green (remember the rule How many were green (remember the rule for which color shows over the other)?for which color shows over the other)?

What is the ratio of yellow to green?What is the ratio of yellow to green?

Results from crossing purple Results from crossing purple flowered peas with white flowered flowered peas with white flowered

peas:peas:In the first filial (FIn the first filial (F11) generation all offspring ) generation all offspring

produced produced purple flowerspurple flowers

In the second generation (FIn the second generation (F22):):

–705 purple705 purple–224 white224 white

Approximately a Approximately a 3:1 3:1 ratio of purple to whiteratio of purple to white

QuestionQuestion

Are the F1 Are the F1 generation generation pure bred pure bred plants or plants or hybrids? How hybrids? How did you know?did you know?

This is exactly what you did in #6 on the activity!

Interpreting MendelInterpreting Mendel’’s Resultss Results

Because the FBecause the F11 generation did generation did

not produce light purple flowers not produce light purple flowers and because white flowers and because white flowers showed up in the Fshowed up in the F22 generation, generation,

Mendel disproved Mendel disproved blended blended inheritance.inheritance.

Some vocab…

1)GENES: section of a chromosome that code for a trait

2)ALLELES: forms of a gene.

Ex: for eye color, blue is one allele, brown is another allele

Chromosome from Male (dad)

Chromosomes from Female (mom)

Phenotype vs. GenotypePhenotype vs. Genotype

Phenotype – what you see!Phenotype – what you see!– The physical manifestation of the trait or of The physical manifestation of the trait or of

your genesyour genes

Genotype – what the genes sayGenotype – what the genes say– The combination of alleles in your DNAThe combination of alleles in your DNA– This is what determines the phenotype This is what determines the phenotype

Types of AllelesTypes of Alleles

A.A.Dominant Dominant a trait that is expressed. (R)R)

B. RecessiveRecessive- a trait that is - a trait that is not expressed in the not expressed in the presence of the dominant presence of the dominant allele – does nothing. allele – does nothing. (r)(r)

Dominant vs. RecessiveDominant vs. Recessive

Write out all of the combinations of the trait for Write out all of the combinations of the trait for eye color assuming the brown allele is dominant eye color assuming the brown allele is dominant (B) and blue allele is recessive (b)(B) and blue allele is recessive (b)

Then write what color each would be based on Then write what color each would be based on the rules of dominant vs. recessive.the rules of dominant vs. recessive.

BB = Bb = bb =

BrownBrownBlonde

Can you Roll your Tongue?Can you Roll your Tongue?

If you If you cannotcannot roll your tongue you are rr for roll your tongue you are rr for tongue rollingtongue rolling

Bent little finger: bending inwards towards ring finger is dominantTongue rolling--ability to roll is dominantWidow's peak--v-shaped hairline (think Paul Ryan). Means you are

Devil's spawn, is dominantDimpled chin--Dominant to have the dimpleFree earlobe: port is detached. Detached = dominantSwing hands, clasp together. If left thumb over right, you've got the

dominant traitBending your thumb away from your palm: INability to bend tip 60

degrees relative to thumb is dominantHair on middle joint of finger is dominantDimpled cheeks is dominantAbility to raise eyebrows is dominantAbility to wiggle ears is dominantsecond toe longer than big toe? DominantCurly hair dominant to straightFreckles is dominant

In MendelIn Mendel’’s work with color in pea s work with color in pea plants….plants….

What was the Dominant What was the Dominant allele?allele?

What was the recessive allele?What was the recessive allele?

Recessive vs. DominantRecessive vs. Dominant

In the FIn the F11 generation, the white allele generation, the white allele

was hidden by the purple was hidden by the purple ““dominantdominant”” alleleallele

In the FIn the F22 generation, 1/4 of the generation, 1/4 of the

offspring wound up with two copies of offspring wound up with two copies of the the recessiverecessive white allele thus they white allele thus they were whitewere white

ExampleExampleDo you have a widows peak?Do you have a widows peak?

If you have a widows peak you are Rr or If you have a widows peak you are Rr or RRRR

Define the followingDefine the following

DominantDominant

RecessiveRecessive

HybridHybrid

Use YOUR NOTES!Use YOUR NOTES!

MendelMendel’’s Law of Dominances Law of Dominance

-the dominant trait is expressed and the recessive is hidden

--what is the physical expression of genes called?

-Phenotype! Phenotype!

-What is the genetic makeup called?

--Genotype!Genotype!

MendelMendel’’s Law of Segregations Law of Segregation-different versions of genes (alleles) account for variations in inherited characteristics

-An organism inherits 2 genes (one from each parent) for every characteristic

--a gamete (sperm or egg) carries one allele for a trait

--if the 2 genes differ in the offspring, the dominant one is expressed

Homozygous- 2 alleles for a particular trait are identical. GG,SS,ss, gg, TT,tt

Heterozygous- two alleles for a particular trait are different. Gg,Ss,Tt, Yy

QuestionQuestion

Can you always know if you are Can you always know if you are Heterozygous or Homozygous for a Heterozygous or Homozygous for a particular trait? How?particular trait? How?

Bellwork 2-17-2014Bellwork 2-17-2014

In the first cross both parents were Homozygous for either white or purple flowers

Parents (P)

BB bb

What are the genotypes of all of the offspring?

F2 generationF2 generationBoth parents (F1) are Heterozygous for the trait of color

Both parents are heterozygousfor yellow-pea allele (Yy)

Parent 1

Yy

Y y

Parent 2 Yy

Y

y

Parent 1 Yy Y y

Parent 2 Yy

Y

y

Fill in the grid

YY Yy

Yy yy

Parent 1

Yy Y y

Parent 2

Yy

Y

y

Fill in the offspring

Punnett SquaresPunnett SquaresA blue-eyed mother mates with a homozygous, brown-A blue-eyed mother mates with a homozygous, brown-eyed father. What ratio of brown-eyed to blue-eyed eyed father. What ratio of brown-eyed to blue-eyed children will they have?children will they have?Brown (B) =dominant; Blue= bBrown (B) =dominant; Blue= b

BB BB

b Bb Bbb Bb Bb

b Bb Bbb Bb Bb

MendelMendel’’s Resultss ResultsTraitSeeds

round/wrinkledyellow/greenfull/constricted

Podsgreen/yellowaxial/terminal

Flowersviolet/white

StemTall/dwarf

TraitSeeds

round/wrinkledyellow/greenfull/constricted

Podsgreen/yellowaxial/terminal

Flowersviolet/white

StemTall/dwarf

F1 Results All RoundAll YellowAll Full

All GreenAll Axial

All Violet

All Tall

F1 Results All RoundAll YellowAll Full

All GreenAll Axial

All Violet

All Tall

F2 Results 5,474 Round 1,850 wrinkled6,022 Yellow 2,001 green 882 Full 299 constricted

428 Green 152 yellow651 Axial 207 terminal

705 Violet 224 white

787 Tall 277 dwarf

F2 Results 5,474 Round 1,850 wrinkled6,022 Yellow 2,001 green 882 Full 299 constricted

428 Green 152 yellow651 Axial 207 terminal

705 Violet 224 white

787 Tall 277 dwarf

Dominent traits mask recessive traits

Masked recessive traits reappear

MendelMendel’’s Resultss ResultsF2 Results Seeds5,474 Round 1,850 wrinkled6,022 Yellow 2,001 green 882 Full 299 constricted

Pods428 Green 152 yellow651 Axial 207 terminal

Flowers705 Violet 224 white

Stem787 Tall 277 dwarf

F2 Results Seeds5,474 Round 1,850 wrinkled6,022 Yellow 2,001 green 882 Full 299 constricted

Pods428 Green 152 yellow651 Axial 207 terminal

Flowers705 Violet 224 white

Stem787 Tall 277 dwarf

F2 Ratios Seeds2.96:1 Round:wrinkled3.01:1 Yellow:green2.95:1 Full:constricted

Pods2.82:1 Green:yellow3.14:1 Axial:terminal

Flowers3.15:1 Violet:white

Stem2.84:1 Tall:dwarf

F2 Ratios Seeds2.96:1 Round:wrinkled3.01:1 Yellow:green2.95:1 Full:constricted

Pods2.82:1 Green:yellow3.14:1 Axial:terminal

Flowers3.15:1 Violet:white

Stem2.84:1 Tall:dwarf

Data and ConclusionsData and Conclusions

Ratios are not exactly 3:1

How do we decide if the ratios are close enough to 3:1 to support and not reject our theory?

Mendel also looked at dihybrid Mendel also looked at dihybrid crosses crosses

Dihybrid crossDihybrid cross - a cross - a cross between two parents that between two parents that differ by two pairs of alleles differ by two pairs of alleles (AABB x aabb)(AABB x aabb)

Independent AssortmentIndependent AssortmentWhen Mendel crossed peas and When Mendel crossed peas and looked at two different traits, he looked at two different traits, he discovered that the traits discovered that the traits assorted assorted independentlyindependentlyIn other words, if he was looking at In other words, if he was looking at the texture of the pea and the color of the texture of the pea and the color of the pea. Four combinations were the pea. Four combinations were possible.possible.

BellworkBellworkFor the trait interlaced fingers record your For the trait interlaced fingers record your phenoytpe and possible gentoype(s).phenoytpe and possible gentoype(s).

– Fold your hands and look at the thumb that is Fold your hands and look at the thumb that is on top. on top.

Dominant- (G) left thumb over rightDominant- (G) left thumb over right

Recessive- (g) right thumb over leftRecessive- (g) right thumb over left

Bellwork 11/18/11Bellwork 11/18/11Take out lab write-up from yesterday – Take out lab write-up from yesterday – make sure you have answered ALL 3 make sure you have answered ALL 3 questions, especially the last one: questions, especially the last one:

3. What are some of the ethical issues in this 3. What are some of the ethical issues in this type of testing?type of testing?

What does homozygous mean? Write the What does homozygous mean? Write the genotype of a homozygous dominant trait.genotype of a homozygous dominant trait.

What does Heterozygous mean? Write the What does Heterozygous mean? Write the genotype of a heterozygous individual.genotype of a heterozygous individual.

Law of Independent AssortmentLaw of Independent Assortment

As long as genes are on different chromosomes, they will assort independently Oh look Meiosis – Coming

next semester!

Independent Assortment

Chromosomes Chromosomes from any parent from any parent have a 50/50 have a 50/50 chance of lining chance of lining up on any side. up on any side. This This increasesincreases the variation in the variation in the gametes. the gametes.

Mom gives one Mom gives one and Dad give and Dad give the other the other chromatid.chromatid.

Predicting TraitsPredicting Traits

Punnett Square-Punnett Square- a square used to a square used to show all the possible combinations of show all the possible combinations of gametes.gametes.

Pedigree Test-Pedigree Test- a test in which you a test in which you look at the offspring of parents to look at the offspring of parents to determine the genotypes of the determine the genotypes of the parents.parents.

Pedigree TestPedigree Test

Pedigree-Pedigree- a chart that shows how a a chart that shows how a trait and the genes that control it are trait and the genes that control it are inherited within a familyinherited within a familyAn individual that carries a particular An individual that carries a particular trait that is not expressed (recessive) is trait that is not expressed (recessive) is called a called a carriercarrier..

Cont.Cont.

The The squaressquares are for are for malesmales and and the the circlescircles are for are for femalesfemales

Half a square or circle Half a square or circle filled infilled in means the person is a means the person is a carriercarrier of of a trait.a trait.

Interpreting MendelInterpreting Mendel’’s Resultss Results

CC

Cc

Cc

cc

C c

C

c

F2 GenerationF2 Generation

Cc

Cc

Cc

Cc

C C

c

c

F1 GenerationF1 GenerationGametes from the P generation

Heterozygous parents make gametes either one or the other allele

The F1 Generation is all heterozygous

Homozygous parents can only make gametes with one type of allele

Chromosomes History:Chromosomes History:The Physical Basis of InheritanceThe Physical Basis of Inheritance

1866 Mendel published his work1866 Mendel published his work

1875 Mitosis was first described1875 Mitosis was first described

1890s Meiosis was described1890s Meiosis was described

1900 Mendel's work was rediscovered1900 Mendel's work was rediscovered

1902 Sutton and Boveri noted parallels 1902 Sutton and Boveri noted parallels between behavior of chromosomes and between behavior of chromosomes and alleles.alleles.

BellworkBellwork

Review – What is haploid and what is Review – What is haploid and what is diploid?diploid?

What is the normal diploid number for What is the normal diploid number for humans?humans?

What is genotype and what is What is genotype and what is phenotype?phenotype?

Karyotyping LabKaryotyping Lab

karyotype  (kr--tp) karyotype  (kr--tp) NounNoun An organized visual An organized visual profile of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a profile of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a body cell of an organism. body cell of an organism.

Karyotypes are prepared using cells in the Karyotypes are prepared using cells in the metaphase stage of cell division, when metaphase stage of cell division, when chromosomal strands have coiled together and chromosomal strands have coiled together and duplicated, rendering them easily visible under a duplicated, rendering them easily visible under a microscope after staining. microscope after staining.

Karyotyping Lab (conKaryotyping Lab (con’’t.)t.)

Photomicrographs of the stained Photomicrographs of the stained chromosomes are then arranged in a chromosomes are then arranged in a standard format according to size, the standard format according to size, the relative position of the centromere, and relative position of the centromere, and other criteria. The normal human other criteria. The normal human karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes.karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes.

VerbVerb To prepare the karyotype of an To prepare the karyotype of an organism.organism.

Karyotyping Lab (conKaryotyping Lab (con’’t.)t.)

BellworkBellwork

What is a karyotype?What is a karyotype?

List two things you learned in yesterdayList two things you learned in yesterday’’s s lab?lab?

What is an allele?What is an allele?

Define homozygous and heterozygous?Define homozygous and heterozygous?

– Write an example of each, if P = purple Write an example of each, if P = purple flowers and p = white.flowers and p = white.

Karyotyping Lab (conKaryotyping Lab (con’’t.)t.)

ProceduresProcedures– READ Instructions and Background InfoREAD Instructions and Background Info

Keep color-coded pieces separateKeep color-coded pieces separate

– Karyotype each individual (x3)Karyotype each individual (x3)What is your diagnosis (what condition, if any, What is your diagnosis (what condition, if any, does the patient have)? (x3)does the patient have)? (x3)

– Answer questions in handoutAnswer questions in handout– Answer Closure QuestionsAnswer Closure Questions

Karyotyping Lab ClosureKaryotyping Lab Closure

Answer using complete sentencesAnswer using complete sentences– What did you observe about the 23 different What did you observe about the 23 different

pairs of chromosomes found in humans?pairs of chromosomes found in humans?Where they difficult to sort into pairs or not?Where they difficult to sort into pairs or not?

– Using your knowledge of gene expression Using your knowledge of gene expression (dominant and recessive, etc.) why do you (dominant and recessive, etc.) why do you think that individuals with these karyotypes think that individuals with these karyotypes have abnormalities (are different from have abnormalities (are different from normal)?normal)?