Post on 15-Oct-2021
Battery Energy Storage TechnologiesManufacturing and Supply Chain Overview
Babu Cha lama la , Ph .D.
S a n d i a N a t i o n a l L a b o r a t o r i e s
S e p t e m b e r 1 7 , 2 0 2 1Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory
managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering
Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of
Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of
Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under
contract DE-NA0003525.
Rechargeable Battery Energy Storage Technologies
End Markets for Battery Energy Storage
◦ Consumer electronics, Mobile devices, and Electric Vehicles – Lithium batteries
◦ Automotive batteries, folk lift, traction (mostly Lead Acid)
◦ Stationary energy storage – Backup Power (mostly Lead Acid),
Grid Energy Storage - range of technologies
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018
$B
/yea
r
Lead-Acid
Li-ion
Alkaline Primaries
Others
➢ Lead-Acid: 350 GWh production capacity, ~$40B/year
➢ Li-ion: over 500 GWh in 2020 and growing capacity, reaching $100B/year in revenues
➢ Primary cells: $13B/year
Sources: S. Banerjee, CUNY Energy Institute (2020); C. Pillot, Avicenne
Energy (2020), and other industry sources
2
Battery Technologies
◦ Traditional Batteries
◦ Lead acid, Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride
◦ Zinc-batteries
◦ Lithium Batteries
◦ Lithium-ion, Lithium-polymer, Lithium-sulfur
◦ High-Temperature Batteries
◦ Sodium Sulfur
◦ Flow Batteries
◦ New emerging technologies
◦ Solid state batteries
Annual Sales of Batteries
Lead Acid
Lithium
Primaries
EV Market Driving Growth in Lithium Battery Manufacturing3
0 50
91
42
20
10
10
10
10
11
14
15
8
7
8
7
5
5
6
6
5
100
Jaguar Land RoverBAIC BYD
DongfengSAIC
Geely Mahindra (India):
JACGAC
BMWGreat Wall (China)
GMTesla
RenaultNissan
Fiat ChryslerFord
Toyota Changan Hyundai Daimler
Volkswagen
Mazda 0,3
FAW 0,3
Chery 0,4Honda 0,5Volvo 0,7
PSA 0,8
Tata (India) 0,9
2,3
2,5
3,9
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance BNEF, Long-Term Electric Vehicle
Outlook 2019
Reuters analysis of 29 global automakers. $300 billion in electric vehicles, with more than 45 percent of that earmarked for China.
By Paul Lienert and Christine Chan, Published Jan. 10, 2019 | Updated April 4, 2019
https://graphics.reuters.com/AUTOS-INVESTMENT-ELECTRIC/010081ZB3HD/index.html
EV Investment Flows by Country of
Origin of Automaker(in billions of dollars)
Announced EV Investments by
Global Automakers Annual Sales of
Battery Electric Vehicles and
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Lithium Batteries for EV is Driving Global Growth4
(Source: Y. Zhou Y, D. Gohlke, L. Rush, J. Kelly, Q. Dai, Lithium-Ion Battery Supply Chain for E-Drive
Vehicles in the United States: 2010–2020. Argonne National Laboratory. 2021; ANL/ESD-21/3.
(Source: Lithium-Ion Battery Megafactory Assessment, Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, March 2021)
(Source: “Lithium-Ion Battery Megafactory Assessment”
Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, March 2021).
Cell Manufacturing Capacity by
Country or Region in 2021
Cell Manufacturing Capacities by
Countries and Regions
Global Lithium-ion EV Battery
Demand Projections
Planned New Battery Manufacturing Facilities5
Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence blog: Top electric vehicle markets dominate lithium-ion battery
capacity growth, https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/ (accessed, Sept 12, 2021)
Source: European Battery Alliance https://www.eba250.com/
EBA250 Project$7B funding for supply chain development
Lithium Battery Supply Chain 6
Lithium-Based Battery Supply Chain
UPSTREAM
□ Mining and extraction of
materials including lithium,
cobalt, nickel, and graphite
MIDSTREAM
□ Additional processing for
battery-grade materials
□ Cathode/anode
powder production
□ Separator production
□ Electrolyte production
□ Electrode and
cell manufacturing
DOWNSTREAM
□ Pack manufacturing
□ End-of-life recycling and reuse
Electric Vehicles Stationary Storage Aviation
National Defense
Pack Manufacturing
Cell Manufacturing
Materials Processing
Raw Materials Production
Li
Co
Ni
Cathode
Anode
Electrolyte
Separators
Li-Salt
Binders
Collectors
Source: National Blueprint for Lithium Batteries, Federal Consortium for Advanced Batteries
(FCAB), June 2021. DOE: /www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/ DOE/EE 2348
Source: C. Pillot, Avicenne Energy, 2020;
NAATBatt
Global Supply for Lithium Battery Manufacturing
ENERGY STORAGE R&D AT SANDIA7