Remote Sensing and its Applications in Soil Resource Mapping(ACSS-754)(2+1)

Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

E-mail: pabitramani@gmail.com Website: www.bckv.edu.in

Dr. P. K. Mani

Outline

1. Definition2. History of remote sensing3. Principles of radiation4. Radiation-target interaction5. Spectral signatures6. Resolution7. Satellite orbits8. Applications

Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Systems:Systems:

the Human Eyethe Human Eye

• SpectralSpectral Resolution: 0.4-0.7 µm

• SpatialSpatial Resolution: ~ 1-3 cm @ 20 m

• RadiometricRadiometric Resolution: ~16-32 shades B/W or ~100 colors

Remote Sensing: A Definition

"Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information about the Earth's surface without actually being in contact with it.”

This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.

Satellite view of BCKVSatellite view of BCKV

History of Remote Sensing

1609 - Invention of the telescope

Galileo

History of Remote Sensing

1859 - First aerial photographer

Gaspard Felix Tournachon, also known as Nadar

1862 - US Army balloon corp

History of Remote Sensing

1909 - Dresden InternationalPhotographic Exhibition

1903 - The Bavarian Pigeon Corps

History of Remote Sensing

1914-1918 - World War I 1908 - First photos from an airplane

First flight, Wright Bros., Dec. 1903

History of remote sensing• 1783: The Marquis d’Arlandes and Pilatre made a voyage near Paris using a

balloon.• Photography using balloon, pigeon • 1860: Aerial photos in Russia and the USA• 1914-19: The first World War and the second World War (1939-45) had seen

tremendous development in photography• 1927: Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket.• 1955: Work began on the Baikonur launch site in central Asia.• 1957: Sputnik 1 launched from Baikonur (first satellite)• 1961: Yuri Gagarin launched in the Vostok 1 capsule, becoming the first human

in space.• 1969: Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the

Moon.• 1971: The first Space Station in history, the Russian Salyut 1• 1972: (US Landsat1) the concept of imaging from satellites is introduced• 1986: France launched the first stereo-image satellite (SPOT1)• 1992: The space year (the maturity of remote sensing - 20 years of operation)• 1995 The Shuttle-Mir Program (1st phase of the International Space Station

(ISS).• 2000 The first 3 astronauts (2 Russian and one American) start to live in the ISS

Types of remote sensing

• Passive: source of energy is either the Sun or Earth/atmosphere – Sun

- wavelengths: 0.4-5 µm

– Earth or its atmosphere

- wavelengths: 3 µm -30 cm

• Active: source of energy is part of the remote sensor system – Radar

- wavelengths: mm-m

– Lidar

- wavelengths: UV, Visible, and near infrared

Camera takes photo as example, no flash and flash

Active sensors provide their own energy source for illumination.

Active Emit radiation

Radiation reflected is detected andmeasured

LIDAR, RADAR, and SONAR

Passive

Sun’s energy which is reflected (visible) or

Absorbed and re-emitted as thermal infrared wavelengths Landsat,AVHRR

Remote sensing systems which measure energy that is naturally available are called passive sensors

Passive remote sensing

Seven Elements of Remote Sensing

A. A.

Energy Energy Source or Source or IlluminationIllumination

For photography, the source is light from the sun. Other types of remote sensing, such as radar, supply their own energy source

Seven Elements of Remote Sensing

B. B.

Radiation & Radiation & AtmosphereAtmosphere

Remote sensing is affected by how well the illuminating energy penetrates the atmosphere. This is especially important when the distance involved is great, such as from a satellite

Seven Elements of Remote Sensing

C.C.

Interaction Interaction with Targetwith Target

What the remote sensor is really measuring is how the

energy interacts with the target.

Seven Elements of Remote Sensing

D. D.

Recording of Recording of Energy by the Energy by the SensorSensor

The sensor records the reflected energy it receives

Seven Elements of Remote Sensing

E. E. Transmission, Transmission, Reception, Reception, and and Processing Processing

All remote sensing systems have some method of transmitting, receiving, and processing the data. Some satellites actually drop film canisters to Earth using parachutes. Most remote sensing is now done digitally, and the data is transmitted using radio waves.

Seven Elements of Remote Sensing

F. F.

InterpretationInterpretation

andand

AnalysisAnalysis

Computers can do some analysis, but the final interpretation is up to the human element.

Seven Elements of Remote Sensing

G. G.

ApplicationApplication

Remotely sensed data isn’t much use unless it is gathered for a purpose or application.

A. Energy Source or IlluminationA. Energy Source or Illumination

Microwave region from about 1 mm to 1 m.

EMR

• Modern physics acknowledges dual nature of EMR

• The wave-particle duality refers to how EMR of differing wavelengths behaves, not what it is

• Low frequency EMR tends to act more like a wave; higher frequency EMR tends to act more like a particle

The Nature of Light

• In the 1860s, the Scottish mathematician and physicist James Clerk Maxwell succeeded in describing all the basic properties of electricity and magnetism in four equations

• This mathematical achievement demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces are really two aspects of the same phenomenon, which we now call electromagnetism

Wave Model

Wavelength and frequency are related to the speed of light as follows: c = λv; λ = c/v; v = c/λ

•EMR travels as a set of sinusoidal orthogonal harmonic waves travelling at the speed of light, (c = 3.0x108ms-1)

Low frequency EMR tends to act more like a wave; higher frequency EMR tends to act more like a particle

Particle Model• EMR is comprised of tiny particles (quanta) called

photons travelling in a wave-like pattern at the speed of light

• Intensity is proportional to number of photons

• Total amount of energy is related to wavelength and frequency by Planck’s constant (h):

Q = hv

Q = hc/λ

where : Q = energy of a quantum

The Foundation of RS

• Differences in how features interact with and emit EMR allow us to distinguish between objects based on their unique spectral characteristics or signatures

• Variations are wavelength dependant; some things may “look” the same at certain wavelengths but different in others

• Web• http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/• http://earth.esa.int/applications/data_util/SARDOCS/spaceborne/

Radar_Courses/• http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/image.htm• http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/index_e.php• http://octopus.gma.org/surfing/satellites/index.html

• Glossary of alphabet soup acronyms! http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/index_e.php

• Other resources• NASA www.nasa.gov• NASAs Visible Earth (source of data): http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/• European Space Agency earth.esa.int• NOAA www.noaa.gov• Remote sensing and Photogrammetry Society UK www.rspsoc.org• IKONOS: http://www.spaceimaging.com/• QuickBird: http://www.digitalglobe.com/Lillesand, T. M., Kiefer, R. W. and Chipman, J. W. (2004, 5th ed.) Remote

Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley, New York.

Reading and browsing

Remote sensing web sites

• http:// www.esrin.esa.it - Eurpopean Space Agency

• http://geo.arc.nasa.gov - NASA program • http://www.spot.com -

• French satellite SPOT

• http://www.nasda.go.jp/ - Japan space agency

• http://www.rka.ru./ Russian Space Agency (RSA)

• http://www.coresw.com - Russian imagery source

• http://www.space.gc.ca/ Canadian Space Agency (CSA)

• http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/ -Canada Center for Remote Sensing• http://www.inpe.br/ National Institute for Space Research (Brazil)

• http://www.asprs.org - American Society

• http://www.man.ac.uk - Manshester Univ.

• http://www.idrisi.clarku.edu - Idrisi site

• http://www.brevard.cc.fl.us/BTR_Labs/bober/martin/rs/ overview.htm Dr. Martin McClinton, (*.ppt) format (V. Good)

All alone in our neighborhood of spaceAll alone in our neighborhood of space

Apollo 12’s Classic Earth Rise from Moon

Ikonos 1 m panchromatic Ikonos 1 m panchromatic imageryimagery 20002000

MODIS Land Reflectance and MODIS Land Reflectance and Sea Surface TemperatureSea Surface Temperature

• Web• http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/• http://earth.esa.int/applications/data_util/SARDOCS/spaceborne/

Radar_Courses/• http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/tutorial/image.htm• http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/resource/tutor/fundam/index_e.php• http://octopus.gma.org/surfing/satellites/index.html

• Glossary of alphabet soup acronyms! http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/glossary/index_e.php

• Other resources• NASA www.nasa.gov• NASAs Visible Earth (source of data): http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/• European Space Agency earth.esa.int• NOAA www.noaa.gov• Remote sensing and Photogrammetry Society UK www.rspsoc.org• IKONOS: http://www.spaceimaging.com/• QuickBird: http://www.digitalglobe.com/Lillesand, T. M., Kiefer, R. W. and Chipman, J. W. (2004, 5th ed.) Remote

Sensing and Image Interpretation, John Wiley, New York.

Reading and browsing

Remote sensing web sites

• http:// www.esrin.esa.it - Eurpopean Space Agency

• http://geo.arc.nasa.gov - NASA program • http://www.spot.com -

• French satellite SPOT

• http://www.nasda.go.jp/ - Japan space agency

• http://www.rka.ru./ Russian Space Agency (RSA)

• http://www.coresw.com - Russian imagery source

• http://www.space.gc.ca/ Canadian Space Agency (CSA)

• http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/ -Canada Center for Remote Sensing• http://www.inpe.br/ National Institute for Space Research (Brazil)

• http://www.asprs.org - American Society

• http://www.man.ac.uk - Manshester Univ.

• http://www.idrisi.clarku.edu - Idrisi site

• http://www.brevard.cc.fl.us/BTR_Labs/bober/martin/rs/ overview.htm Dr. Martin McClinton, (*.ppt) format (V. Good)

Remote sensing literature -Books

• Askne, J. (1995). Sensors and Environmental applications of remote sensing, Balkema, Rotterdam, NL

• Campbell, J. B. , 1996. Introduction to Remote Sensing. 2nd ed.,Taylor and Francis, London

• Dengre, J. (1994). Thematic Mapping from satellite imagery: Guide book, Elsevier ltd, Boulevard

• Lillesand, T. M. and R. W. Kiefer, 2000. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 4th ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York

• Simonette, D. S. (ed) (1983) Manual of remote sensing, the Sheridan Press, Falls church