Basics of Chemistry

Cosmetology:

Milady StandardCosmetology

©2007 Thomson Delmar Learning. All Rights Reserved

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

“The greater the difficulty, the more glory in surmounting it. Skillful pilots gain their reputation from storms and

tempests”

Epictetus

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Objectives• Explain the difference between organic

and inorganic chemistry• Discuss the different forms of matter:

elements, compounds, and mixtures• Explain pH and the pH scale• Describe oxidation and reduction

(redox) reactions

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Matter• Anything that occupies space, has

physical and chemical properties, and exists as a solid, liquid, or gas

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Elements• Simplest form of matter• Cannot be reduced without loss of

identity• 90 – natural• 22 – artificial• Identified by a letter symbol• C – O – H – N – S

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Atoms and Molecules• Atom: Particles from

which all matter is composed.

• Molecules: Result of joined atoms.– Elemental molecule– Compound molecule

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

States of Matter• Solid: Have shape, volume, weight

(ice)• Liquid: Have volume and weight, no

shape (water)• Gas: Have no volume

or shape (steam)

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Physical and Chemical Properties

• Physical: Determined without a chemical reaction (color, odor, weight, density)

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

• Chemical: Determined with a chemical reaction (change identity – rusting iron, burning wood)

Physical and Chemical Properties

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Pure Substances and Mixtures

• Pure substances (distinct properties)• Mixtures (elements combined physically)

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions• Solution• Solute• Solvent• Miscible liquids• Immiscible liquids• Suspension• Emulsion

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Surfactants• Head• Tail• Surfactant molecule• Oil in water

emulsion (O/W)

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Surfactants• Water in oil

emulsion (W/O)

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Other Physical Properties• Ointments• Powders

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Common Ingredients• Alcohol• Alkanolamines• Ammonia• Glycerine

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Common Ingredients• Silicones• Volatile organic

compounds

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Potential Hydrogen and Ions• Ion• Ionization• Anion• Cation

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Water and pH• Hydrogen ion (H+) is acidic• Hydrogen ion (OH) is alkaline

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

The pH Scale• pH: Parts

hydrogen or potential hydrogen

• The scale: 0 – 14• pH 7: neutral

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Acids• Acids

– pH below 7.0– Turn litmus paper from blue to red– Contracts and harden hair

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Alkalis• pH above 7.0• Known as “base”• Turn litmus paper from red to blue• Feel slippery and soapy on skin• Soften and swell hair

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Acid-Alkali Neutralization Reactions

• Pure water• Neutralizing

shampoos and normalizing lotions

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Oxidation Reactions• Oxidation• Oxidation-reduction• Exothermic• Combustion

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Reduction Reactions• Oxidized• Reduction• Oxidizing agent

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Redox• Redox (a contraction from “reduction”

and “oxidation”)• Oxidation (relocating hydrogen)• Reduction (adding or subtracting

hydrogen)

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Summary and Review• What is chemistry?

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

• Why is a basic understanding of chemistry important?

• What is the difference between organic and inorganic chemistry?

• What are atoms? • What are elements?• What are the physical and chemical properties of

matter?

Summary and Review

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

• What is the difference between physical and chemical changes. Give examples

• Describe 3 states of matter. Explain elements, compounds, and mixtures

Summary and Review

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

• What is the difference between solutions, suspension, and emulsions? Give examples

• Define pH and the pH scale• Explain the difference between oxidation

and reduction reactions

Summary and Review

MILADY’SStandardInstructor Support SlidesCOSMETOLOGY

Congratulations!

You’ve just completedone unit of study toward

program completion!