B A S I C S C I E N C E _ I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n t e r e n c e M a l a n g A - ^ ' r ' . •? F e b r u a r y 2 4 - 2 5 , 2 0 1 2 ^ - , . : ; ? > - f : > \

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M A T H E M A T I C S D E P A R T M E N T F A C U L T Y O F S C I E N C E S B R A W I J A Y A U N I V E R S I T Y

2""* B a s i c S c i e n c e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e 2012 F e b r u a r y 24 - 2 5 ^ 2012

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A N P ITS m u c m o H S

E d i t o r s Dr. W u r y a n s a r i M u h a r i n i K u s u m a w i n a h y u

D a n n y P r a s e t y o H a r t a n t o R i z k a F i r d a u s i

M u t y a F a n I A t s o m y a

M a t h e m a t i c s D e p a r t m e n t o n B e h a l f o f F a c u l t y o f S c i e n c e s B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y

F O R E W O R D

A v e r y w a r m w e l c o m e t o a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s o f Basic Sc ience I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e (BaSIC) 2 0 1 2

w i t h t h e m e R e s e a r c h I n n o v a t i o n o n M o d e l i n g , S i m u l a t i o n , a n d i t s A p p l i c a t i o n s , o r g a n i z e d b y

M a t h e m a t i c s D e p a r t m e n t o n b e h a l f o f F a c u l t y o f Sc iences, B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y .

M o r e t h a n 1 0 0 p a r t i c i p a n t s c a m e f r o m 8 c o u n t r i e s a n d 3 c o n t i n e n t s j o i n e d t h e c o n f e r e n c e

w h i c h w a s he ld o n F e b r u a r y 2 4 " ' - 2 5 ' ^ 2 0 1 2 . O n e o f t h e m a i n a i m s o f t h e BaSIC 2 0 1 2 is t o b r i n g

c l o s e r t o g e t h e r basic s c i e n t i s t s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d t o s h a r e k n o w l e d g e a n d e x c h a n g e n e w ideas

w i t h c ross -d i sc ip l inary i n t e r e s t s r e l a t e d t o m a t h e m a t i c s , bas ic . sc iences , a n d i t s a p p l i c a t i o n s ,

i n c l u d i n g , b u t TOt l i m i t e d t o , t h e o r y a n d a p p l i e d o f m a t h e m a t i c s , s t a t i s t i c s , c o m p u t e r sc ience,

b i o l o g y , physics, a n d c h e m i s t r y . W i t h t h i s in m i n d , w e w i s h a l l p a r t i c i p a n t s t o h a v e f r u i t f u l a n d

e n j o y a b l e d iscuss ions d u r i n g t h e t w o - d a y c o n f e r e n c e .

T h e p r o c e e d i n g s t h a t f o l l o w a r e a f u l l r e c o r d o f t h e c o n f e r e n c e . M a n y p r e s e n t a t i o n s , b o t h o r a l

a n d p o s t e r , f o r m e d a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h e c o n f e r e n c e . T h u s , i t is i m p o r t a n c e t o p r o v i d e m o r e

p l a t f o r m s f o r s c i e n t i s t s t o i n t e r a c t a m o n g . W e h o p e t h a t BaSIC 2 0 1 2 w o u l d c o n t i n u e t o be a n

a c t i v e f o r u m f o r a c a d e m i a a n d i n d u s t r y t o discuss a n d e x c h a n g e t h e i r i d e a s .

W e w o u l d a lso l i k e t o t h a n k t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l a d v i s o r y a n d s c i e n t i f i c c o m m i t t e e f o r t h e i r

g u i d a n c e , as w e l l as k e y n o t e a n d i n v i t e d speakers f o r s p e n d i n g t i m e a n d s h a r i n g w i t h us t h e

f u t u r e t r e n d s o f i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h in basic sc iences. Last b u t n o t least , w e w o u l d l ike t o

e x p r e s s o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e r e v i e w e r s f o r t h e i r s u p p o r t i v e r e s p o n s e a n d d i l i gence t h a t h a v e

m a d e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e c o n f e r e n c e p r o c e e d i n g s poss ib le .

Y o u r s s i n c e r e l y ,

R a t n o Bagus Edy W i b o w o , P h . D . C h a i r o f O r g a n i z i n g C o m m i t t e e

i i

M e s s a g e f r o m D e a n o f F a c u l t y o f S c i e n c e s

O n b e h a l f o f t h e f a c u l t y o f Sc iences w e a r e v e r y h a p p y t o w e l c o m e y o u a t t h e 2"" I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n Basic Sc iences 2 0 1 2 . O u r a p p r e c i a t i o n t o P r o f . D r . I r .Yog i S u g i t o , r e c t o r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r a w i j a y a f o r his s u p p o r t s . M y g r a t i t u d e t o a l l o f t h e k e y n o t e and i n v i t e d speakers w h o m a d e t h i s c o n f e r e n c e succeed.

W e c a n s h a r e o u r k n o w l e d g e a n d e x p e r i e n c e s d u r i n g t h i s c o n f e r e n c e . N e x t , w e w o u l d like t o t h a n k a l l o f t h e s t e e r i n g a n d o r g a n i z i n g c o m m i t t e e f o r t h e i r e f f o r t s in succeed ing t h i s c o n f e r e n c e , espec ia l l y t o R a t n o Bagus Edy W i b o w o , P h . D . as t h e chair o f t h e o r g a n i z i n g c o m m i t t e e .

Last b u t n o t leas t f o r a l l o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s , w e a r e t h a n k f u l f o r y o u r c o o p e r a t i o n , c o n t r i b u t i o n a n d v e r y v a l u a b l e s u p p o r t f o r t h i s e v e n t .

T h a n k y o u .

P r o f . D r . M a r j o n o , M P h i l .

i i i

I N T E R N A T I O N A L A D V I S O R Y e O M M I T T E E

P r o f . D r . I r . Yogi S u g i t o , B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y , I n d o n e s i a

P r o f . D r . M a r j o n o , M . P h i l , B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y , I n d o n e s i a

P r o f . K i y o s h i O k u d a , D V M . , D r . m e d . , V e t . , P h . D . , F a c u l t y o f A g r i c u l t u r e , O k a y a m a U n i v e r s i t y , Japan

P r o f . D o n Faust , D e p t . M a t h e m a t i c s a n d C o m p u t e r Science, N o r t h M i c h i g a n U n i v e r s i t y , USA

' S C I E N T I F I C C O M M I T T E E

P r o f . M . E. O ' N e i l l ( Sydney U n i v e r s i t y - A u s t r a l i a )

D r . Edgar Pask i (BCIT-Canada)

D r . F ranco is M a l h e r b e ( S w i n b u r n e U n i v e r s i t y o f T e c h n o l o g y - A u s t r a l i a )

D r . L i l i b e t h C o o ( U n i v e r s i t y o f P h i l i p p i n e - P h i l i p p i n e )

D r . A g u s S u r y a n t o , M.Sc ( B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y - I n d o n e s i a )

D r . W u r y a n s a r i M u h a r i n i , M.Sc ( B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y - I n d o n e s i a )

D r . R a h m a F i t r i a n i , MSc ( B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y - I n d o n e s i a )

D r . M . B e r n a d e t h a ( B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y - I n d o n e s i a )

D r . R u r i n i R e t n o w a t i ( B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y - I n d o n e s i a )

D r . E n d a n g A r i e s o e s i l a n i n g s i h ( B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y - I n d o n e s i a )

D r . A b d u r R o u f ( B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y - I n d o n e s i a )

D r s . A b d u l R o u f A l g h o f a r i , P h . D . ( B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y - I n d o n e s i a )

iv

C O N T E N T S

F O R E W O R D ii

M E S S A G E F R O M D E A N O F F A C U L T Y O F S C I E N C E S i i i

C O M M I T T E E i v

C O N T E N T S V

K E Y N O T E SPEAKERS A d y t i a , D., M . W o r a n , P r o f . E. v a n G r o e s e n , F a c u l t y o f E lectr ica l E n g i n e e r i n g , K - 1 M a t h e m a t i c s a n d C o m p u t e r Sc ience (EEMCS) , U n i v e r s i t y o f T w e n t e , N e t h e r l a n d s -L a b M a t h I n d o n e s i a : Effect of a possible Anak Krakatau explosion in the Jakarta Bay

A c e p P i i r q o n / P h . D . , A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , C o m p u t a t i o n a l B iosc ience , Kanazaw/a K - 6 U n i v e r s i t y , A s s i s t a n t P r o f e s s o r , E a r t h Physics a n d C o m p l e x s y s t e m s , ITB Special A d v i s e r f o r p r o m o t i o n o f g l o b a l i z a t i o n , K a n a z a w a U n i v e r s i t y G u e s t r e s e a r c h e r . I n s t i t u t e f o r C h e m i c a l R e s e a r c h , K y o t o U n i v e r s i t y G u e s t r e s e a r c h e r . I n s t i t u t e f o r M o l e c u l a r Sc ience , J a p a n : SELF-ASSEMBLY FLUCTUATION MODES AND SYNCHRONIZATION PATTERS IN BIONANOCLUSTERS

Dr. T a k e s h i I g a w a , H i r o s h i m a U n i v e r s i t y , J a p a n , A case study of conservation K - 7 genetics for endangered species in Japan: Landscape genetics and captive breeding in endangered frogs of genus Odorrana.

I N V I T E D S P E A K E R S P r . A g u s S u r y a n t o , M . S c . , B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y , I n d o n e s i a I - 1

Dr. l o g . S e t i a w a n P. S a k t ! . , M . E n g . , B r a w i j a y a U n i v e r s i t y , I n d o n e s i a I - 7

C O N T R I B U T E D P A P E R S

M A T H E M A T I C S

D a r m a j i d , T h e G e o m e t r i c R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S e m i s i m p l e M o d u l e M - 1

L H . W i r y a n t o , S t r e a m N e a r a S e p a r a t i o n o f S o l i d B o u n d a r y M - 5

E . H e r a w a t y , T H E B O U N D E D N E S S O F SUPERPOSIT ION OPERATOR O N "([l]) M - 9

A . M e i z a , Fuzzy P a r a m e t e r s E s t i m a t i o n M e t h o d f o r T h e Cusp C a t a s t r o p h e M o d e l M - 1 4

Cicik A l f i n i y a h , T H E EFFORTS T O M I N I M I Z E F L O O D I N G A L O N G T H E R IVER T H R O U G H M - 1 8

A W E I R N O T C H DES IGN (CASE S T U D Y )

v

A s t u t i . R r . U . N . W . , N i k e n S . N . H . , S u w a m o H . , S o e n a r w a n H . P . B a s i c S c i e n c e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e 2012

G e n e t i c V a r i a b i l i t y i n G e o g r a p h i c a l P o p u l a t i o n s O f C u l e x quinquefasciatus S A Y ( D i p t e r a : C u l i c i d a e ) F r o m L y m p h a t i c F i l a r i a s i s E n d e m i c A r e a s B a s e d o n

R a n d o m A m p l i f i e d P o l y m o r p h i c D N A A n a l y s i s

Rr. UplekNsesti Wibawanins Astuti''. Niken Satuti Nur Handayan^K Suwarno Hadisusanto^\ and Soenarwan Hery Poerwantd''

Laboratory of Parasitology Faculty of Biology, UGM„ Yogyakartay,lndonesia (upiekasluli(a).vahoo.com) ^' Laboratory of Genetics Faculty of Biology, UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (nikensat@yahoo.com) Laborof Ecologyfaculty of Biology, UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (suwarno hsusanio^aivahoo. co. id)

^" Laboratory of Parasitology Faculty of Biology. UGM„ Yogyakartay,lndonesia (sher}'poenvanto@yahoo.com)

Abstract

Lymphatic filariasis is a serious public health problem in llie world including in Indonesia. The number of endemic areas increased with high incident and chronic patients. In urban areas, the disease is caused by filarial nematodes, called Wucheria bancrofi, and is spread through the bite of infected mosquitoes, especially the species of'Culex q u i n q u e f a s c i a t u s Say. Host-parasite relationship remains unknown, as well as the geographical differences of the vector. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic variability of mosquitoe vector Cx. q u i n q u e f a s c i a t u s f r o m t w o f i l a r i a s i s e n d e m i c a r ea s , P e k a l o n g a n D i s t r i c t . Mosquitoes were collected indoors and outdoors by using "man landing biting" method andsweapnet. T h e D N A e x t r a c t i o n from e a c h s i n g l e f e m a l e m o s q u i t o w a s p e r f o r m e d , a n d t h e n t h e D N A w a s u s e d as a P G R t e m p l a t e w i t h o l i g o n u c l e o t i d e R A P D p r i m e r O P A 1 1 . T h e P G R p r o d u c t s w e r e a n a l y z e d b y e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s i n 1 % ( w / v ) a g a r o s e g e l . T h e r e s u l t s h o w e d 15 l o c i w i t h 1 0 0 % p o l y m o r p h i s m .

Keywords: g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y , RAPD, Culex quinquefasciatus, l > m p h a t i c f i l a r i a s i s

I . L v r R O D U C T I O N

L y m p h a t i c filariasis i s a d i sease c a u s e d b y filarial i n f e c t i o n o n l y m p h a t i c v e s s e l , t h a t m a y d u e t o n e m a t o d e s i n f e c t i o n o f Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, o r Brugia timori, a n d w i l l t r a n s m i t t h r o u g h t h e b i t i n g o f i n f e c t e d m o s q u i t o e s . T h i s d i sease i s o n e o f s e r i o u s p r o b l e m i n p u b l i c h e a l t h , because o f e c o n o m i c l o s s a n d p r o d u c t i v i t y [ 1 , 2 ] . I t has r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e r e i s 1 1 9 m i l l i o n cases w i t h l y m p h a t i c filariasis, a n d m o r e t h a n 9 0 % o f cases c a u s e d b y fV. Bancrofti i n f e c t i o n [ 3 ] . L y m p h a t i c filariasis has b e e n t a r g e t e d f o r e l i m i n a t i o n b y t h e y e a r 2 0 2 0 b y W o r l d H e a l t h O r g a n i z a t i o n [ 4 ] .

I n I n d o n e s i a , t h i s d i s e a s e h a s f o u n d i n m o r e t h a n 3 0 p r o v i n c e s , i n c l u d i n g 2 3 1 d i s t r i c t s t h a t h a v e c o n f i r m e d as e n d e m i c ?r?a§. A s r e p o r t e d i n 2 0 0 5 t h a t m o r e t h a n 2 0 m i l l i o n p e o p l e l i v e i n e n d e m i c a reas , a n d 8 ,243 c h r o n i c p a t i e n t w a s d e t e c t e d [ 4 ] . I t w i l l a s s u m e d t h a t i n t h e fiiture t h e e n d e m i c a r e a a n d t h e i n c i d e n t w i l l i n c r e a s e d .

T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e s e t h r e e n e m a t o d e s w a s v a r y a n d d e p e n d o n m o s q u i t o e s spec ie s , b i o n o m i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c d i f f e r e n c e s . T h e r e i s 6 8 s p e c i e s o f m o s q u i t o e s s e r v e as v e c t o r f o r W.bancrofti , from t h e g e n u s Culex, Aedes, Anopheles d a n Mansonia. [ 5 ] . Culex quinquefasciatus i s a c o s m o p o l i t m o s q u i t o i n h u m a n h a b i t a t i o n s . F e m a l e m o s q u i t o e s feed o n h u m a n b l o o d a t n i g h t , b o t h i n s i d e o r o u t s i d e

h o u s e , a n d m o r e l i k e t o b reed i n p o l l u t e d w a t e r w i t h l o w - m o d e r a t e a e r a t e d [ 1 , 6 ] .

U n t i l n o w , h o s t - p a r a s i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p r e m a i n s u n k n o w n , a s w e l l a s t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l d i f f e r e n c e s o f t h e v e c t o r . T h e r e i s l a c k i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e g e n e t i c h e t e r o g e n i c i t i e s o f Cx. quinquefasciatus [ 7 ] , e s p e c i a l l y i n I n d o n e s i a . T h e r e f o r e , t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s t u d y w a s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f Cx. quiruiuefasciatus p o p u l a t i o n from t w o filariasis e n d e m i c a r e a s i n P e k a l o n g a n D i s t r i c t

I t w a s r c p o p r t e d t h a t P e k a l o n g a n D i s t r i c t i s o n e o f u r b a n a n d e n d e m i c a r e a , w i t h W. bancrofti filarial i n f e c t i o n a n d Cx. quinquefasciatus S a y s e r v e d a s v e c t o r .

I n 2 0 0 7 t h e r e w a s 3 . 9 % o f m f - r a t e w i t h 4 filarial c h r o n i c p a t i e n t a t S i m b a n g K u l o n v i l l a g e B u a r a n s u b d i s t r i c t a n d has b e e n f o l l o w e d b y m a s s d r u g t r e a t m e n t , a n d i t has s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t i n r e d u c i n g m f - r a t e , b e c o m e s 2 . 6 % i n 2 0 0 9 [ 8 ] . F u r t h e r n i o r e , i t h a s a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t m / r a t e w a s 2 . 3 5 % a t P a s i r s a r i v i l l a g e w i t h 1 7 p e r s o n h a v e c l i n i c a l s i g n a n d 1 p e r s o n w i t h filarial c h r o n i c [ 9 ] .

C l i n i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n t w o e n d e m i c a r e a s o n P e k a l o n g a n D i s t r i c t has r e p o r t e d , a n d t h e r e i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r \ ' a r i o u s c l i n i c a l s i g n s , m o s t p r o m i n e n t l y , l y m p h e d e m a a n d e l e p h a n t i a s i s o f t h e l e g .

B - 6 5

A s t u t i , R r . U . N . W . , N i k e n S . N . H . , S u w a m o H . , S o e n a r w a n H . P .

I I . M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

Study arecr. P a k a l o n g a n D i s t r i c t i s o n e o f m i d d l e t o h i g h

e n d e m i c l y m p h a t i c filariasis a r e a , a n d i s l o c a t e d i n t h e n o r t h p a r t o f C e n t r a l J a v a P r o v i n c e . P a s i r s a r i v i l l a g e i s l o c a t e d i n P e k a l o n g a n C i t y t h e n o r t h p a r t i s n e a r t h e n o r t h b a y o f J a v a i s l a n d , a n d S i m b a n g K u l o n v i l l a g e B u a r a n s u b d i s t r i c t i s l o c a t e d a t P e k a l o n g a n D i s t r i c t .

Mosquitoes Collection: M o s q u i t o e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d i n d o o r s a n d

o u t d o o r s b y u s i n g " h u m a n l a n d i n g b i t i n g " m e t h o d s a n d s w e a p n e t f r o m t h e p a t i e n t h o u s e a n d t h i e r n e i g h b o u r . C o l l e c t i o n w a s d o n e f r o m 6 p m t o 6 a m i n t h e n e x t d a y w i t h 2 h o u r s i n t e r v a l . B y u s i n g a s p i r a t o r t h e m o s q u i t o e s w e r e p u t i n t h e p a p e r c u p a n d t h e n i d e n t i f i e d b y u s i n g i d e n t i f i c a t i o n b o o k f r o m S t o j a n o v i c h a n d , S c o t t [ 1 0 ] a n d B o r r o r et.al. [ 1 1 ] .

R A P D a n a l y s i s : [ 1 2 - 1 5 ] .

B y u s i n g GeneJET Genomic DNA Purification Kit, D N A e x t r a c t i o n f r o m e a c h s i n g l e f e m a l e Cx. quinquefasciatus m o s q u i t o w a s p e r f o r m e d . T w e l v e m o s q u i t o e s s a m p l e s f r o m t h r e e d i f f e r e n t s a m p l i n g a r e a i n t h e t w o v i l l a g e s w a s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h e D N A w a s u s e d a s a P C R t e m p l a t e w i t h o l i g o n u c l e o t i d e R A P D p r i m e r [ T a b l e 1 ] . T h e p r i m e r R A P D ( d e c a m e r ) O P A - 1 1 , O P A - 1 2 , O P A - 1 5 , O P A - 1 6 , O P A - 2 0 , P C R K i t , e t h a n o l 5 0 % , P B S , a q u a b i d e s t ( w a t e r n u k l e a s e f r e e ) , a q u a d e s t s t e r i l e , a n d D N A ladder ( m a r k e r ) .

T h e P C R p r o d u c t s w e r e a n a l y z e d b y e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s i n 1 % ( w / v ) a g a r o s e g e l . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f p o l y m o r p h i s m w a s d o n e b y s c o r i n g t h e p o l y m o r p h i c a n d m o n o m o r p h i c b a n d s . T h e R A P D b a n d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w a s c o d e d as a m a t r i x b y c o d e 1 ( b a n d p r e s e n t ) a n d 0 ( b a n d a b s e n t ) . D a t a w a s t a b u l i z e d i n t o NTedit. T h e g e n e t i c d i s t a n c e a n d t h e p o l y m o r p h i s m a m o n g t h e p o p u l a t i o n w e r e i n t e r p r e t e d b y u s i n g N T S Y S p r o g r a m e f o r t h e s i m i l a r i t y a n d S A H N p r o g r a m e f o r c l u s t e r a n a l y s i s . F i n a l l y , b y c h o o s e Graphics (Treeplots) o f t h e N T S Y S p r o g r a m e t h e s i m i l a r i t y d e n d r o g r a m w i l l o c c u r e d .

T a b l e 1 . T h e sequences o f 5 R A P D -O l i g o n u c l e o t i d e s p r i m e r s .

P r i m e r O l i g o n u c l e o t i d e s A n n e a l i n g (t°) O P A 1 1 C A A T C G C C G T 3 9 . 5 O P A 1 2 T C G G C G A T A G 3 9 . 5 O P A 15 T T C C G A A C C C 3 9 . 5 O P A 16 A G C C A G C G A A 3 9 . 5 O P A 2 0 G T F G C G A T C C 3 9 . 5

B a s i c S c i e n c e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e 2012

I I I . R E S U L T S A N D D I S C U S S I O N

T h e r e w a s 3 2 8 a d u l t , f e m a l e m o s q u i t o e s h a s b e e n c o l l e c t e d fi-om P a s i r s a r i a n d S i m b a n g K u l o n v i l l a g e s , 8 s p e c i e s f r o m t h e g e n u s o f Culex a n d 1 s p e c i e s o f Aedes. T h e r e w e r e Culex quenquefascialus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, Cx gellidus, Cx. vishnui ( C x . annulus), Cx. fuschocephalus, C c . hutchinsoni, Cx. sitiens, a n d Aedes aegypti. F u r t h e n m o r e , Cx. quinquefasciatus t o be t h e d o m i n a n t a n d a b u n d a n t spec i e s .

I t w a s s a i d t h a t C c . quinquefasciatus i s t h e m a i n v e c t o r i n t h e t w o a reas . T h e e n v i r o n m e n t l i k e l y s u p p o r t f o r m o s q u i t o b r e e d . T h e b r e e d i n g p l a c e i s m o s t l y i n t h e d r a i n a g e w i t h s t a g n a n t w a t e r p o l l L i s m n e a r b y t h e h o u s e , a n d i t w a s s o a b u n d a n t w i t h t h e l a r v a e o f t h e . m o s q u i t o .

A t S i m b a n g k u l o n v i l l a g e i n d o o r a n d b i t i n g a c t i v i t y m o s q u i t o e s w e r e h i g h e r r a t h e r t h a n t h e o u t d o o r , a n d t h e p e a k o f p o p u l a t i o n w a s a t 12 p m - 1 a m . F u r t h e r m o r e , d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y i n P a s i r s a r i v i l l a g e t h e b i t i n g - o u t d o o r m o s q u i t o w a s t h e h i g h e s t p o p u l a t i o n a n d s h o w e d t h e t h e p e a k p o p u l a t i o n a s s a m e as a t S i m b a n g k u l o n v i l l a g e .

T h e P C R r e s u l t s o f i n d i v i d u a l m o s q u i t o s a m p l e s h a v e s h o w n i n F i g . 1 a n d 2 :

F i g . l . R A P D ampl i f i ca t ion pat tern o f Culex quiquefasciatus samples, w i t h p r i m e r O P A - 1 2 . L i n e 1-9 Pas i r sa r i , indoor , l i n e 10 Maricer , L i n e 11-17 P a s i r s a r i , ou tdoor .

F i g . 2 . R A P D ampl i f i c a t i on pa t te rn o f Culex quiquefasciatus samples, w i t h p r i m e r O P A - 1 1 . L i n e 1-9 Pas i r sa r i . indoor , l i n e 10 M a r k e r , L i n e 11-17 P a s i r s a r i , ou tdoor .

B - 6 5

A s t u t i , R r . U . N . W . , N i k e n S . N . H , S u w a m o H . , S o e n a r w a n H . P .

T h e s e l e c t i o n o f a m p l i f i c a t i o n p a t t e r n w i t h 5 p r i m e r s e x h i b i t e d a d i sc re te b a n d i n g p a t t e r n w i t h p o l y m o r p h i s m . T h e best p a t t e r n r e s u l t s o f Cx. quinquefasciatus s a m p l e s w a s a m p l i f i e d b y u s i n g O P A - 1 1 p r i m e r . F i n a l l y , O P A - 1 1 w a s s e l e c t e d t o s t u d y t h e p o l y m o r p h i s m . T h e r e w a s 15 b a n d s o r l o c i r e p r e s e n t i n g f r o m t h e 16 i n d i v i d u a l m o s q u i t o f r o m t h e t w o p o p u l a t i o n s ( T a b . 2 ) .

T a b l e 2 . S c o r i n g i n d e x o f p o l y m o r p h i s m e s t i m a t i o n o f m o s q u i t o e s a m p l e s f r o m S i m b a n g k u l o n v i l l a g e B u a r a n s u b d i s t r i c t P e k a l o n g a n .

M 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 g 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

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I t w a s s a i d t h a t t h e r e w a s g e n e t i c h e t e r o g e n i c i t i e s f r o m t h e m o s q u i t o e s s a m p l e s . A s i n T a b . 2 s h o w e d t h a t o f t h e r e w a s 15 l o c i w i t h 1 0 0 % o f p o l y m o r p h i s m . T e c h n i q u e has b e e n i m p r o v e i n t h e s t u d y o f p a r a s i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h h o s t a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t S i m i l a r s t u d y h a v e d o n e i n I n d i a a n d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s [ 7 , 1 7 , 1 8 ] . S h a r m a e t a l [ 1 7 ] w a s i n i t i a l l y u s e d a b o u t 5 0 R A P D p r i m e r s . H o w e v e r , o n l y 1 p r i m e r w a s se lec ted t h a t g a v e t h e m o s t c l e a r , c o n s i s t e n t , a n d b a n d i n g p a t t e r n o f p o l y m o r p h i s m d i s t i n c t .

B e s i d e s t h e m o s q u i t o e s , t h e r e w a s p o l y m o r p h i s m d i s t i n c t h a v e s h o w n i n filarial p a r a s i t e {W. bancrofti) f r o m T h a i a n d M y a n m a r s t r a i n s [ 1 3 ] . I t i n d i c a t e d tha t i n t h e fiiture t h e r e w i l l a l o t o f s t u d y s h o u l d be d o n e i n I n d o n e s i a , b e c a u s e o f t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l l y d i f f e r e n c e s o f d i s t r i b u t i n g o f m o s q u i t o e s a n d pa ras i t e . A s w e k n o w , t h a t I n d o n e s i a has 3 spec ie s o f filarial p a r a s i t e W.bancofti, Brugia malayi, a n d Brugia timori , a n d has d i f f e r e n t m o s q u i t o v e c t o r s p e c i e s [ l , 2 , 1 9 ] .

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.!, • • ' • a. • ' ' • i • ' • ' J. • ' • • ,1.

F i g u r e 3 . D i s t a n c e o f g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y o f m o s q u i t o . A B I - 3 = S i m b a n g k u l o n , L o c a t i o n A , B i t i n g , I n d o o r , c a p t u r e d a t t h e 3"* p e r i o d (10 - 1 1 p m ) ; B B I - 3 = S i m b a n g k u l o n , L o c a t i o n B , B i t i n g , I n d o o r , c a p t u r e d a t t h e 3"* p e r i o d ( l O - l I p m ) ; C R 0 - 6 = S i m b a n g k u l o n , L o c a t i o n C , O u t d o o r , c a p t u r e d a t 6* p e r i o d (4-5 a m ) , e t c .

I n figure 3 , i t w a s s h o w n t h a t t h e r e w a s t h e d i s t a n c e o f g e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y b e t w e e n t h e i n d i v i d u a l m o s q u i t o f r o m S i m b a n g k u l o n v i l l a g e B u a r a n s u b d i s t r i c t I t w a s h i g h g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f Cx. quinqu^asciatus. The g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n o f p a r a s i t e W. bancrofti f r o m o t h e r p a r t s o f e n d e m i c a r e a s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d t o s u p p o r t t h i s s t u d y . B o t h , i n t h e f u t u r e w i l l s u p p o r t g o v e r n m e n t f o r r e d u c i n g a n d e l i m i n a t i o n filarial i n f e c t i o n .

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T W e t h a n k t h e d i s t r i c t h e a l t h w o r k e r s f o r t h e i r

h e l p d u r i n g t h e field s u r v e y . W e a r e g r a t e f u l t o a l l i n h a b i t a n t s o f P a s i r s a r i a n d S i m b a n g K u l o n v i l l a g e s w h o p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e s t u d y . W e a l s o t h a n k f o r t h e h e l p f u l n e s s o f o u r s t u d e n t

F i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t : T h i s r e s e a r c h w a s s u p p o r t e d b y D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l H i g h E d u c a t i o n ( D I K T 1 - D P 2 M ) I n d o n e s i a .

T h e a u t h o r s w i s h t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e I C B S I I f o r t h e b u l k o f t h i s g u i d e .

R E F E R E N C E S

[ 1 ] G a n d a h u s a d a , S . , H D . I l l a h u d e , a n d W . P r i b a d i . Parasitologi Kedokteran. B a l a i P e n e r b i t U n i v e r s i t a s I n d o n e s i a . J a k a r t a . 2 0 0 2 . [ 2 ] O e m i j a t i S . , ( W H O - M i n i s t r y o f H e a l t h I n d o n e s i a ) . " P a r a s i t e I n f e c t i o n i n I n d o n e s i a " ( A n o v e r v i e w ) . Paper to be presented at the WHO Seminar on New Concept for Old Diseases Innovative Approach on Parasitic Diseases. J a k a r t a . S e p t , 1 9 9 8 , 19 p . [ 3 ] R o b e r t s , L S a n d J o h n J a n o v y , J r . Foundatiaon of Parasitology. 6 * e d i t i o n . M c G r a w - H i l l C o m p a n i e S i l n c . S i n g a p o r e . 2 0 0 0 . [ 4 ] D E P K E S . Profil. Pemberantasan Penyakit Menular dan Penyehatan LingkunganfPPM&PL) Tahun 2004. D e p a r t e m a n K e s e h a t a n R I . D i r e k t o r a t J e n d e r a l P e m b e r a n t a s a n P e n y a k i t M e n u l a r d a n P e n y e h a t a n L i n g k u n g a n . 2 0 0 5 .

B - 6 5

A s t u t i , R r . U . N . W . , N i k e n S . N . R , S u w a m o H . , S o e n a r w a n H . P . B a s i c S c i e n c e I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e 2012

[ 5 ] S a n d j a j a , B . Parasitologi Kedokteran. P r e s t a s i P u s t a k a P u b l i s h e r . J a k a r t a . 2 0 0 7 . [ 6 ] C o o k , G . C . "Hanson's Tropical Disease". T w e n t i e t h e d i t i o n . L o n d o n . W . B . S a u n d e r s C o m p a n y L t d . 1 9 9 6 . [ 7 ] S h a r m a A K . , M J . M e n d k i , S N . T i k a r , K . C h a n d e l , D . S u k u m a r a n , B D . P a r a s h a r , V i j a y V e e r , O P . A g a r w a l , a n d S h r i P r a k a s h . " G e n e t i c v a r i a b i l i t y i n g e o g r a p h i c a l P o p u l a t i o n o f Culex quinquefasciatus S a y ( D i p t e r a : C u l i c i d a e ) from I n d i a b a s e d o n R a n d o m A m p l i f i e d P o l y m o r p h i c D N A A n a l y s i s " . Elseiver. O c t o b e r 2 0 0 9 , p : 7 1 - 7 6 . [ 8 ] D i n K e s K a b u p a t e n P e k a l o n g a n . "Analisa Sittiasi

Penyakit Filariasis di Kabupaten Pekalongan tahun 2010. Seksi Pengendalian dan Pemberantasan Penyakit, Bidang Pengendalian Masalah Kesehatan (PMK) Dinkes Kab. Pekalongan". 2 0 1 0 . [ 9 ] D i n K e s K o t a P e k a l o n g a n . "Laporan hasil Kegiatan Tahun 2009 dan Rencana Kegiatan tahun 2010 : Bidqng pencegahan Penanggulangan Penyakit dan Penyehatan Lingkungan. PemKot Pekalongan". D i n a s K e s e h a t a n . 2 0 1 0 . [ 1 0 ] S t o j a n o v i c h , C J a n d H G . Sco t t . 1 9 6 6 . Illustrated Key to Mosquitoes of Vietnam. D e p a r t e m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , a n d W e l f a r e . A t l a n t a - G e o r g i a [ 1 1 ] B o r r o r , D J . , C A . T r i p l e h o m , d a n N F . J o h n s o n . P a r t o s o e d j o n o . 1 9 9 5 . Pengenalan Pelajaran Serangga ( t e i j e m a h a n ) . P e n e r j e m a h d r h . S o e t i y o n o . G a d j a h M a d a U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . Y o g y a k a r t a . [ 1 2 ] F i s c h e r , P . , D . B o a k y e a n d J H a m b u r g e r . 2 0 0 3 Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection of Lymphatic Filariasis. M e d M i c r o b i o l I m m u n o l ( 2 0 0 3 ) 1 9 2 : 3 - 7 , [ 1 3 ] N u c h p r a y o o n S . , A l i s a J . , a n d Y o n g P . " R a n d o m A m p l i f i e d P o l y m o r p h i c D N A ( R A P D ) f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n b e t w e e n T h a i a n d M y a n m a r S t r a i n s o f Wuchereria bancrofti". Filaria Journal 6 : 6 2 0 0 9 . [ 1 4 ] S u p a l i , T a n i a w a t i . 1 9 9 8 . " P e n e r a p a n T e k n o l o g i D N A d a l a m d i a g n o s i s F i l a r i a s i s " . Majalah Parasitalogilndonesia. 1 1 ( 1 ) : 1-8. [ 1 5 ] A s t u t i , U p i e k N W . , T a n i a w a t i S u p a l i , S a l e h a S u n g k a r , d a n S u m e d i S o e d a r s o n o . 2 0 0 4 . Polymerase Chain Reaction f o r d e t e c t i n g o f Brugia malayi l a r v a e i n f e c t i o n i n m o s q u i t o e s . Internasional Eijkman-Symposium, Y o g y a k a r t a , 2 0 0 4 . [ 1 6 ] F u r t a d o , A . F . , F r e d e r i c o G C A b a t h , L e d a R e g i s , Y a r a M . G o m e z , W a g n e r A . L u c e n a , P a t r i c i a B . F u r t a d o , R a f a e l D h a l i a , J a n a i n a C . M i r a n d a , a n d L u c N i c h o l a s . 1 9 9 7 . " I m p r o v e m e n t a n d A p p l i c a t i o n o f a p o l y m e r a s e C h a i n R e a c t i o n S y s t e m f o r D e t e c t i o n o f W u c h e r e r i a B a n c r o f t i i n Culex quinquefasciatus a n d H u m a n B l o o d S a m p l e s " . Research Note. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, v o l . 9 2 ( 1 ) : 8 5 - 8 6 , Jan-Ffcb 1 9 9 7 .

[ 1 7 ] T i w a r i P . R . A i y a L . . M . T r i p a t h i S . . M . B a t t a c a h a r y a , a n d V M L . S r i v a s t a v a . G e n e t i c V a r i a t i o n a m o n g F i l a r i a l s p e c i e s as d e t e c t e d b y R a n d o m A m p l i f i e d P o l y m o i p h i c D N A ( R A P D ) . Journal of Parasitic Diseases. 2 0 0 4 . 2 8 ( 2 ) : 7 3 - 7 7

[ 1 8 ] R a m a k r i s h n a U . R a o , L a u r a J . A t k i n s o n , R e d a M R . R a m z y , H a n a n H e l m y , H o d a A . F a r i d , M o s e s J . B o c k a r i e , M e l i n d a S u s a p u , S a n d r a J . L a n e y , S t e v e n A . W i l l i a m s , a n d G a r y J . W e i l . " A R e a l - T i m e P C R -B a s e d A s s a y f o r D e t e c t i o n o f Wuchereria bancrofti D N A i n B l o o d a n d M o s q u i t o e s " . Am.J. Trap. Med. Hyg. 2 0 0 6 . 7 4 ( 5 ) , p p : 8 2 6 - 8 3 2 . [ 1 9 ] B r o w n , H W . Dasar Parasitologi Klinis. P e n t e r j e m a h : B i n t a r i R u k m o n o d k k . P T G r a m e d i a . J a k a r t a . 1 9 7 9 .

B - 6 5

O b j e c t i v e T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e c o n f e r e n c e i s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f M o d e l i n g , S i m u l a t i o n s a n d i t s a p p l i c a t i o n s a n d t o b r i n g t o g e t h e r t h e r e s e a r c h e r s a n d p r a c t i t i o n e r s f r o m a l l o v e r t h e w o r i d w o r k i n g in t h e r e l a t e d a r e a s t o p r e s e n t t h e i r r e s e a r c h , t o e x c h a n g e n e w i d e a s , t o d i s c u s s c h a l l e n g i n g i s s u e s . t o f o s t e r f u t u r e c o l l a b o r a t i o n s a n d t o e x p o s e y o u n g r e s e a r c h e r s .

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