Post on 24-Jan-2021
Review of the Needs and Composition of the
Feed Safety and Noxious Compounds Inspection System in the Israeli VSAH
Dr. Shimon Barel
Department of Toxicology
Kimron Veterinary Institute,
Veterinary Services and Animal Health,
Ministry of Agriculture
Bet Dagan, January 2013
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Contents Executive summary 4
Acknowledgements 6
1. Introduction 7
1.1 Background 11
1.2 Scope and purpose of the feed safety residue analysis in VSAH 14
2. Current status of the Israeli feed market - production and trade 17
2.1 Imported feed ingredients 18
2.1.1 Domestic animals feedstuffs 21
2.1.2 Food producing animals / Feed consumers / self producers 22
2.1.3 Pet food 30
2.2 Feed mill plants 35
2.3 Merkaz Mazon (Feeding centers) 38
2.4 Recycling of chicken manure and processed animal waste 41
3. Feed safety - Major hazards in animal feed and feed ingredients
related to animal and public health 44
3.1 Selection and regulation of noxious substances of concern in feed 44
3.2 Microelements (toxic elements) 46
3.3 Mycotoxins 51
3. 3.1 Action, Guidance and Advisory Levels and Tolerances 52
3.3.2 Mycotoxins and Regulatory Limits US,EU and Israel 53
3.3.3 Ergot alkaloids 60
3.3.4 Use of Contaminated Grains 61
3.3.5 Blending 61
3.4 Pesticides and environmental pollutants 63
3.4.1 Pesticides 63
3.4.2 Dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals (DLC) 66
3.4.3 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) 72
3.5 Coccidiostats 74
3.6 Hormones and Estrogen like compounds (xenoestrogens) 80
3.7 Other regulated undesirable substances in feed 83
4. Lab Activities - analysis and detection of noxious substances
in animal feed and feed ingredients. 89
4.1 Feed safety analytical test process 90
4.2 Sampling , sampling plans and feed safety surveys 91
4.2.1 Procedures for sampling and collecting powder, grain and liquid samples 92
4.2.2 Required number of samples and annual survey 94
4.3 Sample preparation requirements for methods of analysis for feed 100
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4.4 Methods of analysis for the detection of undesirable substances 102
4.4.1 Analytical methods and tools for selected hazards 104
4.5 Performances of analytical procedure and estimated cost of lab. services 107
4.6 Medicated feed 110
5. Analytical instruments and sample preparation tools for feed
safety laboratory 111
5.1 Equipments and means used by international feed safety laboratories 117
5.2 Screening methods – to analyze more compounds in less cost and time 118
5.3 Instrumentation challenges and testing requirements 120
5.4 Sample preparation challenges 121
5.5 Reference material (standards) 122
6. Feed safety laboratory needed staff and expertise 123
6.1 Functional feed safety laboratory and organizational structure 123
7. Collaboration with allied laboratories in feed safety and quality tests -
Local labs. Capabilities 126
7.1 Candidate laboratories for collaboration - local industrial and
commercial labs capacities 127
8. Feed safety risk management influence of feed market
components on feed safety matters 134
8.1 Industry QA/QC labs and government labs 136
8.2 Consumers and laboratories service 136
9. Import of feed and feed ingredients to Israel 137
9.1 Imported feed products - types and market size 141
9.2 Sampling of imported bulk feed for lab testing (Research & Development) 142
9.3 Feed safety – shipment certification 145
10. Recommendations 146
10.1 National feed and food control strategy 147
10.2 Infrastructure Development 147
10.3 Prevention of risks, in animal feed associated with public health 148
10.4 Emergency response 148
References 149
Appendices 154
Appendix A. EU Directives
Appendix B. FDA’s Animal Feed Safety System (AFSS) Project Plans
Appendix C. AAFCO 2009 official publication– Model feed safety program
Appendix D. CODE OF PRACTICE ON GOOD ANIMAL FEEDING
Appendix E . IDF/FAO/IFCN World Mapping of Animal Feeding Systems in the Dairy Sector, Israel , 2011
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Executive summary
The Israeli feed safety legislation, which came to prominence in the early 1970's,
has undergone a major change from simple feed safety and quality regulations to a
more holistic concept of control of food safety and quality throughout the whole food
production chain, from farm to the end user table. The responsibility on the
implementation of the new feed law was moved from the Plant Protection Inspection
Service (PPIS) to the Veterinary Services and Animal Health (VSAH).
The Israeli regulation that deals with feed safety and quality comes under the PPIS
within the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). PPIS enact these Regulations under the
authority of Control Commodities and Services Order 1971, PPIS has been in
charge of inspection of feed production and trade since 1971.
The Israeli food and feed industry is showing increasing interest in Quality Control
and Safety. The accelerated rate of investment in technologies, producing
sophisticated and competitive food products for export and the local market, are
responsible for an awareness of the need for institutionalized quality control and
safety in the whole food chain from farm to the consumer table.
Feed and Food safety laboratories, analyzing and testing for potential contaminants
require specialized instrumentation and methodological expertise to perform
analyses and produce rapid results. The need for the quality and consistency of
laboratory equipment and techniques also contributes to decision process about
investment in sophisticated and expensive analytical instruments.
The feed safety lab aims to ensure food safety through vigorous scrutiny of
potentially hazardous residues and contaminants in line with current legislation. The
central official laboratory for feed control should be specialized in analyzing small
molecular weight compounds in diverse feed matrices. Analyzing and testing for
potential feed contaminants requires specialized instrumentation and methodological
and laboratory staff expertise, to perform analyses and produce rapid results.
The primary risk of feed contaminants is for the farm animal themselves; however,
feeds can also be a major vehicle for the presence of bio-accumulating pollutants in
human diet. This is especially so in vulnerable farm animal productions, such as
aquaculture or grazing ruminants.
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Critical risk assessment issues include the characterization of toxicological hazards,
the possible pathways of feed contamination and the carry-over of parent compound
or metabolites to foods of animal origin as well as the pinpointing of situations that
may require risk management measures.
Some examples are considered in detail while taking into account the assessments
performed by the Israeli regulation authorities, European Food Safety Authority and
US FDA- Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM):
(a) Feed additives and cross-contamination by coccidiostats;
(b) Mycotoxins and the endocrine disrupting mycotoxin zearalenone;
(c) Trace elements and speciation (toxic elements)
(d) Persistent organic pollutant (POPs)
(e) Dioxins and dioxin like compounds (DLC)
(f) Pesticides
(g) Medicated feed
Diagnostic health risk assessment, considered as a tool for decision-making in field
situations, is also reviewed with regard to unavoidable, long-standing (e.g.
methylmercury) and short term contamination instances.
Management of feed contaminants relies primarily on the implementation of good
practice in feed production; specific research needs may target feed sources less
prone to contamination as well as safe and effective detoxifying agents or
technologies. Overall, the risk assessment of feed contaminants has a critical role in
veterinary public health both as a basis to define the reference thresholds for
prevention, as well as guidance for risk diagnosis and field intervention in
contamination events.
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Acknowledgements
The aim of this report is to present representative and updated data pertaining to
the feed safety laboratories activity and operational needs. This Review submitted to
Veterinary Services and Animal Health (VSAH) and Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI)
management, as a prerequisite activity toward EU twinning program and incoming
responsibility and implementation of the new Israeli feed law.
The main objective is to characterize a new function of Feed Safety Laboratory in the
VSAH which would be dedicated to the inspection of animal feed and forage.
The author also thank for their collaboration:
Prof. Alan Shlosberg – Head of Toxicology Dpt. , KVI
Dr. Laurence shore – Toxicology Dpt., KVI
Dr. Erez Lubrani – Veterinary drugs control, VSAH
Ms. Rina Ashkenazy- Head, Chemistry Department (Pesticides, Animal feed), PPIS
Mr. Ronen Yaron – Information Systems Services, MOAG
Dr. Shlomo Garazi – Chief Import & Export Veterinary Officer, VSAH
Dr. Mishel Balaish and Ms. Rima Diakover – Epidemiology Dpt., VSAH
Dr. Noach Miler, FIBRO Israel, Koffolk , feed additives and Premixes manufactures.
Dr. Ran Solomon – Nutrition Dpt., AMBAR, GRANOT Milling and Feeding Centers.
Dr. Gabi Adin – Head of the Cattle Husbandry Department, Extension Service, MOAG
Dr. Avi Dvorin – Nutrition Dpt., MILOUBAR FEED CENTERS, Miluot, Haifa Bay
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1. Introduction
Consumers are increasingly aware of, and sensitive to, food safety issues and their
linkage to animal production, including feeding practices. Feed manufacturing is a
vital and active industry in Israel, providing food for both food-producing animals,
and non-food producing animals including household pets, and zoo animals.
Exercising adequate and appropriate control over the ingredients used in these feeds
and the process of their manufacture can have significant impact on the health and
well-being of the animal. It may also have significant impact on human health,
especially for feeds given to food-producing animals. Animal drugs are incorporated
into feeds to produce medicated feeds because feed is the most feasible source of
administering animal drugs on a daily basis.
After a few years "gestation period," of discussion and evaluation by numerous
committees within the Ministry of Agriculture, the feed safety Protection Regulations
under the supervision of the Plant Protection and Inspection Services (PPIS) as
Plant Import, Plant Products, Pests and Regulated Articles, underwent radical
revision. This revision is now almost complete and the new regulations are in the
process of being promulgated.
The feed producers and feed importers in Israel are constantly under increasing
regulatory pressure to demonstrate that the safety of feed products and feed
ingredients placed on the market are guaranteed. The Israeli regulation that deals
with feed safety and quality comes under the PPIS within the Ministry of
Agriculture (MoA). PPIS enact these Regulations under the authority of Control of
Commodities and Services Order, inspection of feed production and trade since
1971.
The purview of PPIS includes the control of feed quality. In order to scientifically
support a high level of feed safety, a long and comprehensive activity of inter-
ministerial advisory board containing members from PPIS, VSAH, SHAHAM
(MoA extension services), Ministry of Health, feed industry representatives as
well as public organizations such as HA-HAKLAIT assists the PPIS activity.
These entities make the important decisions on the Maximum Residue Limits
(MRLs) of potential feed toxicant/contaminants for Israel. These MRLs play a major
role in the new Israeli feed law. This committee on determining MRLs can be
reconvened at any time to reconsider new data from Israel or abroad, and can
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change MRLs or include new undesirable substances/contaminants in annual feed
safety program if the need be.
The regulations, which were initially promulgated in the 1970's, have undergone
major transformations. What was once straightforward feed safety and quality
regulations have now become comprehensive feed safety regulations with a strong
focus on undesirable substances in feedstuffs and with a vision to control and
improve the safety and quality of the whole food production chain from farm to the
end user table. The responsibility on the implementation of the new feed low and
feed safety laboratory tests and measurements, was shifted from the PPIS to the
Veterinary Services and Animal Health (VSAH).
The Veterinary Services and Animal Health (VSAH) have the responsibility to enforce
the new coming feed law and to ensure that foods for man and animal are safe and
to avoid animal risk of intoxication. The VSHA has also the responsibility for the
introduction of new feedstuffs into the Israeli feed market.
Within VSAH, Kimron Veterinary Institute (KVI) has the diagnostic and analytical
capability to enforce the new incoming feed safety standards and regulations. The
Toxicology Dept. will be responsible for laboratory testing of the animal feed supply,
ensuring that it is safe and healthy, and that the incidence of harmful residues in
human food derived from animals is minimized. This report introduces processional
background and recommends how to address this responsibility as it relates to
chemical contaminants and undesirable substances (Flowchart 1), except
Bacteriology, GMO, meat and bone meals (MBM), processed animal proteins (PAP)
and BSE matters.
The new legislation, the training and guidance in the Twinning Project (supported by
the EU under European Neighborhood Policy) and the consequent development of
the animal feed control capability within the VSAH, will bring about marked changes
in animal feed control in Israel, to ensure maximal food and feed safety. These
changes will address various obligations comprising of:
1. Responsibility. Feed operators will be registered and are responsible for the
safety of the feedstuffs which they import, produce, transport, store, sell or provide
without cost. Farmers are responsible for the feedstuffs that they use in animal
production. This is the basic principle of Feed Control. In order to ensure food and
feed safety, feed suppliers and producers will be responsible for examining
feedstuffs for potential toxicants. The feed safety control system will periodically
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sample and analyze feedstuffs from all feed operators to ensure compliance with the
responsibilities of the feed operators.
2. Prevention. Feed operators will identify and regularly review the critical points in
their processes and ensure that pre-determined controls are applied at these points.
3. Safety. Feed operators will not supply any feed thought, known or found to be
potentially harmful. The new Feed Regulations that will be part of the Feed Law will
list all the feedstuffs regarded as being suitable and safe. Any substance not in that
list, including "non-conventional" feedstuffs, will have to be shown to be suitable and
safe, as they are supplied, and also during conditions of storage.
4. Traceability. Feed operators will have to be able to rapidly identify the source of
any feedstuff and to ascertain the route of supply to all recipients. This will be done
mainly by identification / marking and tracking of feedstuffs.
5.Transparency. Feed operators will immediately inform the
authorities if they have any reason to believe that any of their feed is potentially
unsafe. Feed operators will be encouraged to ensure availability of feedstuff control
practices and results to their clients through newsletters and the internet.
6. Emergency. Feed operators will immediately inform the competent authorities
and all recipients if they suspect, know or find that a feedstuff is potentially unsafe.
They will immediately start a withdrawal of feedstuffs (recall) from all supply routes
and recipients.
7. Cooperation. Feed operators will cooperate with the competent authorities in
actions planned and taken to avoid or reduce risks.
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Flowchart 1
Clinical problems
Chicken manure
Botulism (Bacteriology Dpt.)
Coccidiostats (TLC/LC/MS)
Feed
Heavy metals (ICP, ICP-MS)
Mycotoxins, Pesticides, Environmental contaminants (GC/TLC/LC/MS)
Feed
Toxicology
Microbiology (Food hygiene lab.)
Testing in response to
incidence reports
Tests required before introduction of new feeds
Antibiotics (Agar diffusion- Screening)
Heavy metals (ICP-MS)
Pesticides (GC/LS/MS)
Herbicides (GC/LS/MS)
Coccidiostats (TLC/LC/MS)
Mycotoxins (TLC/LC/MS)
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1.1 Background
Animal feed can be simple forage or can be a complex matrix of many ingredients,
with concerns about inherent toxic substances in some forage plants, added
veterinary drugs, and contaminants such as mycotoxins, toxic elements of risk (As,
Cd , Pb and Hg the "so called" heavy metals) or industrial chemical contaminants.
Most feeding stuffs and by-product in feeds are variable in composition. Only very
few, such as dried whole whey, are uniform in composition. Feed analysis provides
information for:
1. Veterinary and public health Inspection services, to evaluate the risk to animals
and the risk exposure of population.
2. Farmers, to optimize nutrient utilization in animal feeds
3. Feed compounders, to prepare feed mixtures suitable for different animal
Production systems and to avoid risk to animals and to public health
4. Researchers to relate animal performance to feed characteristics and the
potential effects of contaminants in food chain.
Manufacturers do everything they can to ensure that harmful substances are not
present, or that they are effectively eliminated before the food is consumed. This can
be achieved by following good manufacturing practice regulations specified by the
government for specific food products and by having analytical techniques that are
capable of detecting harmful substances. In many situations it is important to use
analytical techniques that have a high sensitivity, i.e., that can reliably detect low
levels of harmful material. Food and feed manufacturers and government
laboratories routinely analyze food products to ensure that they do not contain
harmful substances and that the food production facility is operating correctly.
The VSAH as many other regulatory food and Feed safety systems, is faced with a
demand for efficient enforcement tools, for quick decisions or when confronted by
large numbers of samples, e.g. at entry points of shipments, trading situations, on
contamination sites or in case of feed safety crisis. Analysis of the safety properties
of a food or feed material depends on the successful completion of a number of
different steps: planning (identifying the most appropriate analytical procedure),
sample selection, sample preparation, performance of analytical procedure, statistical
analysis of measurements, and data reporting
This review will cover the main issues which prompted developments in quality
assurance and control of analysis. Information will also be given on accreditation of
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laboratories, together with useful addresses. Subsequent sections will describe
standard and widely accepted methods, highlight areas that require particular
attention and refer to recent developments in feed analysis. Topics covered will
include: sample preparation, analysis of major quality components carried by feed
mills QA laboratories (e.g. dry matter, ash and minerals, crude protein, fat, fibers
and starch) and of undesirable substances that can effect animal and public health
and should be inspect by governmental bodies (e.g. microelements, mycotoxins ,
pesticides and other contaminants).
In Many countries there is a Feed Contaminants Program (FCP) provides
guidance for:
A. Collection of animal feed samples and analysis for pesticides, industrial chemicals,
dioxins, elements, mycotoxins , microbes, genetically modified organism (GMO),
meat and bone meals (MBM) and Processed Animal Protein (PAP).
B. Surveillance of the feed industry and feed supply system to identify potential
problem areas and additional sampling of these problem areas to ensure compliance.
C. Investigation of violative findings.
The scope of the program includes, but is not limited to:
A. submitting an annual feed contaminants report
B. developing national sampling plans.
C. defines the analytical priority for contaminants in feeds and feed ingredients.
D. coverage of feed and feed ingredients to determine microbial contaminants,
Under this program, the commodities collected and analyses performed may vary both
during the year and from year-to-year. Many resources are invested to maintain
adequate coverage of imported products and to address local feed production
contamination problems.
Animal Feed - Impact on Food Safety
Feed can become significant over the lifetime of an animal and result in unacceptable
residues in human foods such as meat, milk, and eggs. Three classes of compounds
are of particular interest to the VSAH: (a) dioxins, (b) mycotoxins and (c) toxic
elements.
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Dioxins
Toxicokinetic models have been developed to estimate the transfer rates of dioxins
to animal tissues.
As such, implementing controls for dioxins in feed represents an important step
towards reducing dioxins in the food chain. In particular, screening programmes
have indicated that dioxins may arise in feed via their presence in mineral sources,
such as clays, recuperated copper sulphate, zinc oxide; food by-products; and fish
by-products such as fish meal and fish oils.
There is a need for development/improvement of inexpensive and accurate screening
methods. Feed and food exposure studies are necessary to account for all sources of
dioxin entering the feed chain.
Mycotoxins
In the last decade, many studies have been conducted on mycotoxins. Most
frequently occurring mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisin
B1, deoxinivalenol,T-2 and HT-2) are currently considered for their effects on animal
health. However, when focusing on how mycotoxins play a role in food safety,
attention should be limited to mycotoxins that are known to be transferred from feed
to food of animal origin, as this food represents a significant route of exposure for
humans.
Although the scientific community is aware of the following transfers from feed to
food: aflatoxin B1 to liver, aflatoxin B1 to milk as aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1 to eggs
as aflatoxicol; ochratoxin A to meat; deoxynivalenol to meat as DOM1; ingestion of
zearalenone or injection of zearalenol to meat, evaluating transfer rate and route of
exposure in humans is restricted to aflatoxin B1 for animals producing milk.
Animals fed on aflatoxin contaminated feed do not show symptoms of aflatoxin
toxicity. Feeds most susceptible to aflatoxin are: cereals (especially maize),
cottonseed, peanut and copra. Aflatoxin contamination is not homogeneous; it is
therefore very important to apply an appropriate sampling method. Feeds having a
significant aflatoxin contamination should not be fed to dairy cows or other animals
producing milk for human consumption or to other food-producing animals.
There is some evidence to suggest that mycotoxins can concentrate in dried distillers’
grains with solubles (DDGS) during the processing of grains for ethanol production.
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Toxic elements of risk (Heavy metals)
Cadmium is a ubiquitous contaminant that is present in many feed and feed
ingredients, in particular minerals, and forages grown near smelting and mining
areas. Arsenic and mercury are toxic elements which are widespread in the
environment and which can be found in many feeds, in particular in feeds of marine
origin. Lead is also a ubiquitous contaminant. In addition, Copper toxicity is a
problem for Israeli sheep.
1.2 Scope and purpose of the feed safety lab in VSAH
Within the overall role of securing food safety and ensuring fair trade practices in the
feed trades, the objectives of the feed safety lab in VSAH are as follows:
A To review the current state of knowledge on safety of Israeli animal feed
production, the impact on public health and national trade.
B To analyse the Israeli feed safety current situation, in comparison with
international standards addressing animal feed.
C To identify relevant areas to implement specific standards for animal feed,
on the basis of scientific evidence relevant to ensuring the safety of animal feed.
D. To provide database, focused on feed safety matters that have an impact on
food Safety, public health and feed trade, for further action required at national
level, and recommend specific activities needed.
E To evaluate and update the list of undesirable substances checked in Israel
according to international standards in aim to improve Israeli feed and food
safety.
F To increase laboratory capacities of food safety in Israel from farm to fork.
This review is not discuss in any depth, issues such as the use and labeling of
genetically modified organisms (GMOs,), BSE, animal health or traceability, as these
issues should be under consideration of the Israeli veterinary feed inspection service.
The GMO inspection in Israel, is under the responsibility of PPIS. The MoA Seed
Regulations (Genetically Modified Plants and Organisms - GMO) - 2005 were tried to
organize this topic.
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ort Feed and Food supp toconsumer table activities from farm to VSAH- 1.Fig
safety policy
Feed additives
producers &
suppliers
21%
Pet food
producers and
suppliers
34%
Industrial by-
products
suppliers
11%
Feed raw
materials
importers
11%
Feed mills
23%
Producers /Suppliers category (under inspection) No. of P/S
Feed mills 56
Feed raw materials importers 28
Industrial by-products suppliers 28
Pet food producers and suppliers 84
Feed additives producers & suppliers 51
Total 247
Chart 1: Inspected Israeli feedstuffs producers and suppliers -2010 (Source PPIS)
Sustainable agriculture /
BSE/GAP/GMP
Feed additives Meat & bone meal Food by-products Botanical impurities Medicated feed
Agricultural contaminants Mycotoxins
Pesticides
Processing contaminants Melamine PAHs
Food & Feed Hygiene, storage
Traceability / Food safety /Toxicology
PETS / animal health care
Anti-fraud / Label compliance Food Quality &
Safety
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Fig. 2 - Public health and animal health protection – Coordinated governmental laboratory activities for assuring feed and food safety (ministry of agriculture and ministry of health)
b Feed safety la Pesticide residues Mycotoxins, GMO, PAPs Heavy metals, PCB, POPs dioxins, microbial cont., etc. (feed mills)
WATER
PLANT PROTECTION INSPECTION SERVICE (PPIS)
VETERINARY SERVICES AND ANIMAL HEALTH (VSAH )
MINISTRY OF HEALTH - The National Food Service
Processed food Pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, heavy metals, nitrate, food additives, mycotoxins, microbial contamination,etc.
Raw agriculture - )NRCL.(safety labFood produce from animal origin Meat, milk, eggs, edible tissues, honey, etc.
Veterinary drug residues Pesticide residues, mycotoxin, heavy metals, PCB, Hormones etc.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
IMPORTED
PRODUCTS
IMPORTED
PRODUCTS
Veterinary medical products
Food & Feed hygiene lab microbial contaminations, etc.
Raw agriculture commodities Industrial by products of plant origin, (feed centers)
Pesticide Residue Analysis
Environmental pollutants
Toxicology Lab
Pathology Lab Dpt.
Environmental pollutants
Pest & Disease diagnosis
Pesticide application Pesticide QC
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2. Current status of the Israeli animal feed market - production and trade
Israel is almost completely dependent on imports to meet its grain and feed needs.
Feed wheat and corn are the main ingredients of feedstuffs used in the local poultry,
dairy, cattle and aquaculture farms in Israel. The Israeli feed milling industry shifts
easily from corn, barley and sorghum to feed wheat, depending on price. Many
Israeli traders consider the Black Sea Basin (BSB) a “natural” source for grains due to
its proximity and the convenience of small shipments. However, whenever there is a
shortage of grains from the BSB, the market share of U.S. grains increases
significantly.
Local Production - Due to continued unfavorable rainfall in most of Israel it is
estimated that domestic wheat production for 2011/12 will not change compared to
previous year production levels, and will total about 100,000 tones. Israel did not
increase its wheat growing area as a result of the global peak in wheat prices.
On the other hand, driven by the significant increase in world prices for corn, corn
production in 2011/12 is estimated to total about 8,000 tons, a 430 percent increase
from the previous year levels.
In the coming decades experts predict difficulties in the ability to produce feedstuffs
due to world population growth and climate change. Therefore, Israel must prepare
for a possible shortage of feed in the next two decades and consider more efficient
recycling of industry byproducts into feed and replacing current agricultural crops
with wheat. In order to overcome the lack in natural resources, particularly rural
land, Israel may have to give up crops like sunflower seeds and cotton in the Iezreel
Valley (North of Israel) in favor of wheat. It is estimated that Israel will be able to
increase its local wheat production by about 50,000 tons.
Local Mixed Grains Market
About 90 percent of the local feed milling industry is controlled by 7 feed
millers. The total market of the Israeli feed milling industry is estimated at 2.3-2.55
million tons of mixed grains per year.
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Feed Miller x1000 tons Share
Ambar 775 35%
Miloubar 575 26%
Zemach 255 12%
Tadmir 210 10%
Asamey Oz 200 9%
Asam Hagalil 110 5%
Kfar Yehoshua 80 4%
Total 2,205 100%
Table 1 - The Largest Feed Millers in Israel, Annual Mixed Grains 2.1 imported feed ingredients to Israel
Imported feed products to Israel regulated today by the Ministry of Agriculture
according Israeli feed law since 1971 and are subject to inspection at the time of
entry. Shipments found not to comply with our laws and regulations are subject to
rejection or detention. They must be brought into compliance; otherwise, they are
subject to refusal.
Due to the ban on grain exports from Russia, combined with Ukraine grain export
quotas; the Israeli feed milling industry is shifting from barley and feed wheat to
corn and sorghum
2010/11 Trade - Total grain imports in 2010/11 is estimated to decrease slightly to
just above 3 million tons, mostly wheat (about 1.5 million tons) and corn
(about 1.25 million tons).
The slight decrease is mainly due to increased local grains stocks combined with
shortage of grains from Ukraine and Russia.
Due to the expected continued low supplies of feed wheat and barley from the
Ukraine and Russia in 2010/11, the local feed milling industry will use corn and
sorghum at the expense of feed wheat and barley.
2011/12 Trade - Total grain imports in 2011/12 is estimated to increase from
about 3 million tons in 2010/11 to about 3.1 million tons in 2011/12, mostly wheat
(about 1.65 million tons) and corn (about 0.9 million tons). The increase is
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mainly in order to rebuild barley and feed wheat stocks combined with increased
supplies of grains from Ukraine and Russia and the U.S.
corn
37%
others
1%
Feed Wheat
24%
corn chips
2%
Gluten feed
& DDGS
7%
all kinds
of meals
8%
Oats
2%
barley
15%
sorghum
4%
Chart 2: Total Import of all Feedstuff to Israel from 1997-2010 (CY), tmt and Market Share
Blood meal
1%
Feather meal
9%
Pet food
55%
Chicken Meal
12%
Feed additives
7%
Edible fish feed
1%Fat
6%
show fish feed
6%
fish meal
3%Rodent feed
0%
Chart 3 - Total Import of all Feedstuff controlled by VSAH to Israel during 2011 , and Market Share
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Quantity (Ton) Product
496 Edible fish feed
5108 show fish feed
46686 Pet food
2160 fish meal
19 Rodent feed
7378 Feather meal
490 Blood meal
10094 Chicken Meal
6161 Feed additives
4760 Fat
83,352 Total (ton)
Table 2 – Imported Feedstuff to Israel during 2011, controlled by VSAH
PPIS procedures for the import of feed for animals:
The following certificates are required for the purpose of releasing the shipment from
the border station:
A) "Request to import feed for animals and its products" (PPIS certificate)
B) Import Data: grain kind, name of the ship, country of origin, name of the importer
and name of the producer;
C) The shipment must be accompanied by a Quality and Health certificates which
were issued by authorized foreign Laboratories. The certificates must contain the
following:
1) Quality Requirements: Including label indicating the name of the product,
percentage of wetness, net weight of the product, whole grains percentage, foreign
material percentage;
2) Health Requirements: According to the National Maximum Residue Limits. This list
is based whenever appropriate on the Codex Alimentarius limits. The health
certificate should include the following data: level of pesticides, fungicides, steaming
material, toxic elements , and radio activate radiation.
D) Certificate of origin;
E) Importer Statement if the feed for animals is contains GMOs;
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F) Importer statement that he or someone on his behalf has a warehouse for the
purpose of storage.
The quarantine inspector will check the shipment and the accompanied certificates at
the port of entrance, and supposed to test for aflatoxins . In addition, the inspector
will send a sample of the shipment to the Plant Protection and Inspection Services
(PPIS) laboratory for further examination. The shipment will be released after the
inspector finishes all his tests. In case of missing certificates or unsuccessful test
result, the shipment will be held back at the port for further assessment.
2.1.1 Domestic animals feedstuffs
Israel is dependent on imports for its grain and feed needs. Total food and feed
grain imports in CY 2005 amounted to close to 4.2 million mt, of which 2.88 (69
percent) million mt were feed and milling grains and the remainder was soybeans,
gluten, meals, oats and other substitutes. The U.S. market share in CY 2005 totaled
22 percent compared to 52 percent market share in CY 2002. In recent years, the
American market share is affected by increased imports of grain, and soybeans from
Argentina, Brazil and Black Sea Basin.
Product Category Major
Supply Source
Strengths of Key Supply
Countries
Advantages and
Disadvantages of Local Suppliers
Cereals Net Imports: $566.1 Million
1. Black Sea Basin 2. Argentina & Brazil 3. U.S. – 20%
The U.S. has been effected by a variety of high quality grain suppliers to Israel and high price gap between U.S. grains and other grains.
Israel is dependent on imports for its grain and feed needs
Oil seeds, grains, fruits, industrial and medical plants. Straw and feed
Net Imports: $280.7 Million
1. Argentina & Brazil 2. U.S. – 21%
The U.S. hasbeen effected by increased imports of soybeans from Argentina and Brazil. U.S. strength is in gluten and corn chips.
Israel is dependent on imports for its grain and feed needs
Products of milling industry; malt and starches; wheat Gluten Net Imports: $135 Million
US
Table 3 – Major Imports Products Categories and Market Share (GAIN Report -
IS6001)
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2.1.2 Food producing animals / Feed consumers / self producers
Feeds used on the farm which are not imported or go through a merkaz mazon (feed
center) as legumes, alfalfa, cowpeas and bakya (vetch). These are potentially
sources for contamination mainly with pesticides, mycotoxins or environmental
contaminants; these are also known sources of reproductive disrupting compounds.
Similarly, the industrial wastes such as molasses, wine sediment, fruit juices and
whey or milk Serum that are delivered directly to farm and could create risk to
animal and public health. The VSAH feed safety inspection system need some sort of
system for certifying and testing feeds used by individual farms. The database listed
below is very valuable and helpful in risk analysis and sampling plan intend for the
VSAH feed safety program.
No. of FARMS FARM CATEGORY
991 Dairy Farms **
165 sheep Farms
3100 Egg- laying Hens Farms *
38 Fish Farms
15 Swine Farms
770 Poultry farms *
52 Goat Farms
160 cattle Farms
Egg and Poultry producers *
No. of FARMS Produce
650 Broilers
120 Turkey
3100 Eggs
150 Reproductive eggs
Dairy Farming in Israel **
811 Family farms (Moshav)
165 Cooperative farms (Kibbutz)
15 Agric. school farms
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2.1.3 Pet food
The VSAH import/ export inspection service annual report 2011 inform that israel
imported about 50,000 tons pet foods every year. If we add on that the local
production of pet food than we have a local pet food market size of around 100,000
tons. The Main local pet food producer is Bio-Pet; a member of the Maabarot Group.
Bio-Pet own 28% of the pet food market in Israel. Bio-Pet is the leading pet
food company in Israel with a Strong distribution network in the Israeli market:
supermarket chains, private chain stores, pet shops, and professional market. The
company products reach 400 pet shops, and 1,000 breeders.
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The inspection and acceptance of imported pet foods to Israel is mainly based on
certifications and microbiological tests of the imported products.
Pet food and pet care products in Israel show positive growth rates in recent years.
The strongest trend in the pet food market has been in the premium and super-
premium products. Imported products account for 50% of value sales. The number
of Israeli households that have a pet is expected to grow. Awareness of pets' health
and their well-being is steadily increasing in Israel and will lead to a higher volume of
sales of pet foods, mainly the premium brands and pet care products.
The vast majority of pet food is distributed by non-grocery retailers – mainly pet
shops and pet superstores – as consumers seek convenience, discounts and
recommendations. During 2009, a new concept was seen in the non-grocery
channel: pet mega stores. This new concept is based around size and products
diversity.The outlook seems secure for pet care in Israel. Consumers will continue to
turn to higher quality foods for their pets, with more pet owners purchasing premium
brands. Due to the heavy competition amongst retailers, there is expected to be
positive though slightly slower value growth within the market, as price wars are
expected to continue to drive market volume. As the result of pet foods being
marketed which contained toxic compounds which killed dogs and cats, there is a
demand for higher food safety inspection of pet food in Israel.
) VSAH/ 2011 (Imported pet food
Shipments Country )Ton(ty Quanti
8 Canada 1173
1 Spain 57
19 USA 4845
9 China 148
1 Brazil 157
16 Australia 1442
17 France 3904
10 Germany 9495
1 India 2
31 Italy 25209
1 Thailand 6
13 England 792
3 Taiwan 36
130 -Total - 47266
Table 4 – Imported Pet food to Israel during 2011, VSAH –Import/Export
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Pet food impot to Israel (2011)
Germany
21%
Taiwan
0%
India
0%
Italy
54%
Thailand
0%
England
2%
China
0%
Australia
3%
France
8%
Canada
2% Spain
0%USA
10%
Brazil
0%
Chart 4 - Annual Import of Pet foods to Israel 2011 (source -VSAH import/export)
In the European Union, pet food is regulated by the same harmonized standards
across the EU, via the Feeding Stuffs Act. There is no legislation in the EU written
specifically for pet foods. The legislation which is relevant to pet foods is produced
for other purposes - mainly livestock feed - but includes provisions for pet foods.
All ingredients used for pet food have to be fit for human consumption according to
EU requirements. But regulations require that pet food that contains by-products be
labeled as "Not for human consumption" even though such by-products have to be
derived from animals declared fit for human consumption. Raw pet food has to be
labeled "Pet food only".
Products meant for daily feeding are labeled "complete pet food". Products meant for
intermittent feeding are labeled "complementary pet food" while products with an
ash content of over 40% are labeled "Mineral Feeding stuff". Ingredients are listed in
descending order by weight.
The use of additives is strictly controlled within the EU, with only those identified on
an approved list being permitted for use. The term "additive" has a definition; There
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are five principle groups of additives: technological additives, nutritional additives,
sensory additives, zootechnical additives and coccidiostats and histomonostats.
Each of these groups is further divided into subgroups. For example, the group of
technological additives contains permitted preservatives, antioxidants, etc., whereas
the sensory group contains colorants and flavorings and the nutritional group
includes vitamins and trace elements. A full list of the subgroups is given in Annex I
of the new regulation.
Many of the permitted additives also have a number of restrictions relating to their
use; often being limited to a maximum permitted level, to a particular
species or life stage. Of particular note is the group "zootechnical additives,"
which lists the permitted prebiotics and probiotics, again limited to particular
identified species. To date, there are no prebiotics which are permitted for use in
petfoods, and the first probiotics have just been permitted for a provisional period of
four years for use in dog and cat foods only.
Plants manufacturing petfoods in the EU need to be "approved" or "registered" with
their national authorities under two different pieces of legislation. If they are using
Category 3 material of animal origin (EU regulation divides all animal materials not
intended for human consumption into three categories: Category 1, Category 2 and
Category 3. Only material classified as Category 3 is permitted for use in the
manufacture of petfoods or any other animal feedingstuff)., they must be approved
by the veterinary authorities. Following a compliance inspection against the
requirements identified in 1774/2002, a veterinary approval number will be given.
Secondly, and quite separately, if the plant is using any of the additives
vitamin A, vitamin D, copper or selenium (in the form of premixes), then
they must be inspected and "registered" by their local authority for compliance with
Directive 95/69. If these nutrients are being added as individual substances, then the
plant needs to be "approved" rather than "registered." This directive is all about
suitability of machinery and systems for the use and control of particular substances.
This "registration" or "approval" number must be printed on all individual retail
packs.
In addition to the various regulations and directives identified above, many of the
petfood manufacturers' trade associations throughout Europe who are affiliated to
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the European petfood manufacturers' association (FEDIAF), have their own "Codes of
Practice" and guidelines. Several of these have the support of the enforcement
authorities in their respective countries and, as such, have some legal standing.
In the United States, there has been extensive media coverage of the pet foods
recall. There has been widespread public outrage and calls for government
regulation of pet foods, Within the FDA, the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM)
has primary responsibility for enforcing the Act to ensure that animal foods, including
pet foods, are safe and labeled appropriately. There is no requirement that pet foods
have pre-market approval by FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA) require pet foods be:
• Safe to eat
• produced under sanitary conditions
• Free of harmful substances
• Truthfully labeled
– Canned pet foods: free of viable
microorganisms
• No pre-market approval requirement
• Labeling regulations:
• Identification of the product
• Net quantity statement
• Name & place of business
• listing of all ingredients most to least by wt
• Ingredient standards & definitions
FDA also plays an active role in pet food regulation in partnership with the
Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). The AAFCO has more
detailed regulations for pet food labeling than the Federal regulations. In US,
Most States adopt the AAFCO guidelines. A series of recent recalls in the US for
high aflatoxin levels in pet food is increasing the pressure to tighten government
food safety rules.
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Fig. 3 - flow chart of public and authorities response to feed contamination
2.2 Feed mill plants
The feed mills (FM) in Israel ( 24 feed mills ) produces animal-feed for all kind of
domestic animals in several sectors, including broilers, turkeys, breeders, layers,
dairy herds, calves, sheep and fish. Beside the standard production line and basic
products , the big feed mills (6 FM) are capable of complying with specific demands
from customers in everything pertaining to feed composition for specific
requirements.
The mission is to serve all sectors of the livestock economy by supplying the
optimum kinds of feed in terms of economic feasibility and nutrition. To provide
response to each sector or individual farmer requirements, operating according to
strict biosecurity regulations.
Each feed mill laboratory has a necessary equipment to meet the QC/QA needs of
the product and the customer. The lab is working closely with the nutrition
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department or the nutritionist in the small feed mills. Most of feed mills are backed
by a dedicated and experienced technical stuff.
Some of the feed mills as AMBAR AND ASAMI OZ found it important for them to
produce their own premixes from secure sources, in aim to ensure better quality and
reliability.
production tons/year
Feed mill
800000 AMBAR
600000 MILOBAR
220000 TADMIR
220000 TZEMACH
200000 ASAMEY OZ
150000 AMIR DAGAN
100000 ASAM HAGALIL
100000 BAR-ON
60000 NAHALAL
60000 KFAR JOSUAH
60000 GDEROT
35000 RAMAT TZVI
30000 MOLEDET
30000 YONI -KFAR HAROE
30000 RAFAEL ILAN
30000 RAMOT HASHAVIM
25000 KFAR VITKIN
25000 MILUOT - RANAN
20000 EIN VERED
15000 YAVNE
10000 EIN HANATZIV
4000 YPHAT
4000 HEMED
3000 HERUT
2831000 Total
Table 5 –Feed mill plants in Israel
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BAR-MAGEN
FIBRO-KOFFOLK
ASAMEY OZ
AMBAR
Table 6 –Feed additives and premixes producers
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2.3 Merkaz Mazon (Feeding centers)
Feed Centers manufacture and supply T.M.R. (Total Mixed Ration) for all branches of
ruminants - dairy cows, dry cows, beef cattle, heifers, goats and sheep. In Israel we
have about 18 feed centers.
Feed is a significant cost in milk production. Generally over 50 percent of the
production cost may be associated with meeting the nutritional requirements of the
lactating cow. Dairies monitor feed cost through feed ingredient purchases, feed
delivery records and weigh backs of refused feed. However, actual costs
associated with shrink or contaminated feedstuffs are often ignored.
Contaminated feed can affect the animal health and production in terms of yield
reduction as well as damage to milk quality and safety. Shrinkage is the loss of feed
ingredients that never have a potential for economic return. Generally, shrinkage
includes not only storage losses but excessive addition rates in rations that are
unnecessary to meet the nutritional needs of the animal.
An efficient and effective feed storage and handling system is vital to any modern
dairy farm. The feed center can be considered the center of the entire feeding
system like the hub or a feed production wheel. From the feed center, feed is carried
out the spokes of the wheel to the animals. Harvested crops food industry by
products and off-farm feedstuffs are hauled back to the feed center. In modern dairy
design, the feed center should operate as a separate entity. It should have its own
location, traffic patterns, and management system. However, it can not be isolated
from the rest of the dairy design. Decisions made in feed center design will influence
the housing design and vice versa. For example, operation of the feeding system
should not interfere with or depend on the flow of animals to and from the parlor. In
Israel there are ~ 18 feed centers (see map) most of them are not routinely
inspected for food safety measurements and the criteria parameters in this section of
the Israeli feed market are not solid or clear yet. The new feed law should address
the problems and needs within this sector in aim to improve mainly the feed safety
issue.
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Fig. 4 –. Feed center materials flow chart, will allow the feed storage and handling to be defined and changed as needed on paper. All feedstuffs, storages, and transport methods should be outlined.
production tons/year Feeding center
500,000 Total 6 Feed Centers
AMBAR
50,000 AMBAR -1
50,000 AMBAR -2
50,000 AMBAR -3
50,000 AMBAR -4
50,000 AMBAR -5
250,000 AMBAR -6
200,000 KFAR MACABI
40,000 KFAR YEHOSHUA
65,000 NAHALAL
50,000 KFAR VITKIN
50,000 AMATZ
40,000 MIDRACH OZ
150,000 ~500 Tons/day
YATZIV
100,000 YAVNE
40,000 H.G.I Feeding center
50,000 YONATAN-TZEMACH
30,000 BAIT ITZHAK
575000 Total
Table 7 – Feeding centers in Israel, annual production
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2.4 Recycling of chicken manure and processed animal waste
Chicken manure is an important feed component in the Israeli beef cattle as well as
a fertilizer in horticulture provides a rich growing medium and a good source of
nitrogen for plants, mainly in organic agriculture.
About 65,000 ton are used as feed ingredient for cattle and 105,000 ton used
as composting ingredients generated on the poultry farms and bedding or used
directly without composting process, as a fertilizer in horticulture.
Recycled animal waste, such as processed chicken manure and litter, has been used
as a feed ingredient for almost 40 years. This animal waste contains large amounts
of protein, fiber, and minerals, and has been deliberately mixed into animal feed for
these nutrients. chicken manure is used in Israel by small farmers and owners of
beef but not in dairy herds.
While the practice of feeding animal waste to animals seems unpleasant, the use of
this product is safe as long as it meets certain specifications required by the VSAH as
low levels of cocxidistates and no botulinum toxin. . Association of American
Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). AAFCO includes officials from all States and the
Federal government who are responsible for enforcing the laws regulating the
production, labeling, distribution, and/or sale of animal feeds. One of AAFCO's main
goals is to provide a mechanism for developing and implementing uniform and
equitable laws, regulations, standards, definitions, and enforcement policies for
animal feeds. AAFCO has established "Standard Names and Definitions" for three
processed waste products as follows:
• Dried Poultry Waste-(DPW) — a processed animal waste product composed
primarily of feces from commercial poultry, which has been thermally
dehydrated to a moisture content not in excess of 15.0%. It must contain not
less than 18.0% crude protein, and not more than 15.0% crude fiber, 30.0%
ash, and 1.0% feathers.
• Dried Poultry Waste-NPN Extracted — a processed animal waste product
composed primarily of feces from commercial poultry which has been
processed to remove part or all of the equivalent crude protein, NPN as urea
and/or uric acid and which has been thermally dehydrated to a moisture
content not in excess of 15.0%. It must contain not less than 11.0% crude
protein, and not more than 15.0% crude fiber, 30.0% ash, and 1.0%
feathers.
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• Dried Poultry Litter-(DPL) — a processed animal waste product composed of
a processed combination of feces from commercial poultry together with litter
that was present in the floor production of poultry, which has been artificially
dehydrated to a moisture content not in excess of 15.0%. It must contain not
less than 18.0% crude protein, and not more than 25.0% crude fiber, 20.0%
ash, and 4.0% feathers.
AAFCO specifications require that processed animal waste products not
contain extraneous materials such as, but not limited to, metal, glass, nails
or other harmful matter. They must be free of harmful pathogenic
organisms, pesticide residues, parasites, or drug residues, above levels
permitted by State or Federal statute or regulation, which could be harmful to
animals or could result in residues in human food products or by-products of animals
at levels in excess of those allowed by State or Federal statute or regulation.
Products which do not meet the AAFCO definition could be considered adulterated
and are subject to State regulatory action. Each individual State has jurisdiction for
the surveillance and regulation of processed animal waste as an animal feed
ingredient. Products not complying with the AAFCO requirements and found in
interstate commerce could be considered adulterated and subject to Federal
regulatory action.
AAFCO requires that any person registering any processed animal waste product
test, by representative sampling and assaying of such samples, and keep accurate
records of the processed animal waste product.
The registrant, manufacturer, or producer of processed animal waste product
ingredients must conform to the following sample and assay requirements, in
addition to quality standards, testing on the same production run of lots:
a. Drugs suspected or known to be used in the feed or as a therapeutic treatment
of source animals.
b. Pesticides used on the source animal, facility, and wastes for pest control.
c. Pathogenic organisms, at least to include Salmonella and E. Coli.
d. Toxic elements: arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and selenium, at least.
e. Parasitic larva or ova.
f. Mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin.
Periodic analyses must be conducted on production runs. Any processed animal
waste product that does not meet the quality standards for the product must be
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further processed until standards are met, or must be diverted to non-feed uses or
destroyed.
If a product contains drug residues, at low risk to cattle, then the label must contain
the following statement in bold face type:
"WARNING: THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS DRUG RESIDUES. DO NOT USE WITHIN 15 DAYS OF
SLAUGHTER AND DO NOT USE 15 DAYS PRIOR TO OR DURING THE FOOD PRODUCTION
PERIOD OF DAIRY ANIMALS AND LAYING HENS."
If the product contains 25 ppm or greater of copper, a maximum guarantee of
copper and the following statement in bold face type is required:
"WARNING: CONTAINS HIGH LEVELS OF COPPER: DO NOT FEED TO SHEEP."
Any person seeking register processed animal waste products also must keep
accurate records of:
1. All sources of raw materials and date acquired, including information on drug
and pesticide usage.
2. All production output, including a code or other method to identify the date of
production.
3. All sales and distribution, including the name and address of the purchaser or
to whom distributed, date, quantity and product code.
4. Sample and assay records of testing.
Poultry litter is an acceptable source of protein for beef cattle, and it is typically
inexpensive relative to other high-protein feedstuffs. Rations containing poultry litter
should be carefully balanced to ensure that nutritional requirements of cattle are met
and that the potential for mineral excesses is minimized. Proper processing and
storage to inhibit growth of pathogenic organisms and prevent incorporation of
pharmaceutical residues are essential to ensure that poultry litter is a safe and high-
quality feed for beef cattle using adequately processed animal waste in animal feed
may not be esthetically pleasing but it is safe, nutritionally valid, and environmentally
sound.
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3. Feed safety - Major hazards in animal feed and feed ingredients related
to animal and public health
Extensive lists of hazards related to feed and food safety that can potentially be
present in feed were reviewed, and the following criteria to help select hazards of
current importance in feed were developed:
(1) relevance of the hazard to public health
(2) extent of the occurrence of the hazard
(3) impact of the hazard on international trade in food and feed.
The following feeds and feed ingredients were considered:
• compound/complete feeds;
• Grains and oilseeds (whole and meals), fruit and vegetable by-products, including
oils;
• forage, including grasses, hay and silage;
• Directly dried products (e.g. bakery by-products);
• Bio-fuel by-products (e.g. distillers’ grains with solubles (DGS), dried distillers’
Grains with solubles (DDGS) and glycerol);
• Food processing by-products and co-products;
• Minerals, including trace elements, and binders;
• Animal by-products, including meat and bone meal and fats;
• Aquatic products, including fishmeal, shellfish, fish by-products, seaweed and krill;
• Fermentation/biomass and dried products;
• Viable microbes;
• Silage additives
3.1 Selection and regulation of undesirable substances of concern in feed
The list of potential hazards or undesirable substances is very large and constantly
evolving. A multidisciplinary approach to risk assessment and risk management is
needed.
The twinning project is suitable approaches as bilateral institute-to-institute or
country-to-country arrangements, to meet international standards through the
provision of technical advice and assistance.
The EU Directive (2002/32/EC) is intended to control undesirable substances which
can occur naturally in feedstuffs, such as toxic elements, dioxins, toxic weed seeds,
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mycotoxins, etc. Since it is impossible to eliminate most of these substances from
feedstuffs, maximum permitted levels are fixed at a level which prevents adverse
effects on animal or consumer health. The Regulation applies to all feeds fed to all
animals, including pets and animals in the wild.
Where a feedingstuff contains an undesirable substance in excess of the maximum
permitted level, it must be removed from the food chain.
The Regulation also introduces a provision designed to reduce or eliminate certain
sources of contamination. When the background level for an undesirable substance
is exceeded Member States are required to investigate the cause of the
contamination and take appropriate action.
The FDA has the responsibility to enforce the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FFDCA) and to ensure that foods for man and animal are safe. Within FDA, CVM is
responsible for protecting the animal feed supply and ensuring that it is safe and
wholesome, and that the incidence of harmful residues in human food derived from
animals is minimized. This program is designed to address this responsibility as it
relates to all contaminants, except drug residues and BSE matters.
Animal feeds can be adulterated with pesticides, industrial chemicals, dioxins,
elements, mycotoxins, and microbes. They may present a hazard to livestock health
and production, and to the public health by residues in animal-derived human food
or by their ability to cause disease. Many of the more frequently identified
contaminants in animal feeds are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or
otherwise deleterious to animal and human health.
The FDA/ CVM Feed Contaminants Program (FCP) provides guidance for:
A. Collection of animal feed samples and analysis for pesticides, industrial chemicals,
dioxins, elements, mycotoxins and microbes.
B. Surveillance of the feed industry to identify potential problem areas and additional
sampling of these problem areas to ensure compliance.
C. Investigation of violative findings.
The VSAH organization in Israel is going to enforce the new Israeli feed law, the
new regulations are contain, as undesirable substances, a list of pesticides ,
mycotoxins and microelemnts that has to be check on routine base
The following undesirable substances found as being currently most important
based on Safety assessment and detection of hazards in animal feed and feed
ingredients related to public health:
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3.2 Microelements (toxic elements)
Microelements or Heavy metals are present in all foodstuffs. Their amount in food
and feed depends on the natural content and on the conditions under which food
and feed are produced and processed. Some elements have nutritional functions and
are essential to the health. But others such as lead, cadmium and mercury have no
nutritional relevance and can cause serious illnesses.
To reduce the risk to human health associated with high heavy metal content in food
and feed, maximum allowed limits in several commodities have been laid down. The
food and feed safety inspection systems acts in this frame of legislation dealing with
controls of heavy metal content in food and feed as a result of environmental or
industrial contamination.
Total concentration of trace elements does not always provide adequate information
on bioavailability and toxicity. Speciation analysis is required
HPLC- and GC-ICP MS are versatile tools for trace element speciation analysis
Methods for Arsenic speciation analysis by HPLC-ICPMS in feed already developed.
inorganic arsenic is the most toxic form
Arsenic Alternatively can be analyse by SPE-HG-AAS
1/3 of arsenic in the feed is lipid-bound!
Other heavy metal which interests us with respect to feed safety is mercury.
Mercury exists in the environment as elemental mercury (metallic), inorganic
mercury and organic mercury (primarily methyl mercury).
Mercury speciation
•Effects the central nerve system
•Learning ability for children
•Bioaccumulation in the food chain
•Toxicity: MeHg > inorganic Hg
•Biomethylation:
Inorganic Hg -> MeHg
Sea water
0,005 ppb
(2% MeHg)
Plankton/algae
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Zooplankton
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Fish
40 ppb
(90% MeHg)
Mercury speciation
•Effects the central nerve system
•Learning ability for children
•Bioaccumulation in the food chain
•Toxicity: MeHg > inorganic Hg
•Biomethylation:
Inorganic Hg -> MeHg
Sea water
0,005 ppb
(2% MeHg)
Plankton/algae
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Zooplankton
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Fish
40 ppb
(90% MeHg)
Mercury speciation
•Effects the central nerve system
•Learning ability for children
•Bioaccumulation in the food chain
•Toxicity: MeHg > inorganic Hg
•Biomethylation:
Inorganic Hg -> MeHg
Sea water
0,005 ppb
(2% MeHg)
Plankton/algae
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Zooplankton
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Fish
40 ppb
(90% MeHg)
•Effects the central nerve system
•Learning ability for children
•Bioaccumulation in the food chain
•Toxicity: MeHg > inorganic Hg
•Biomethylation:
Inorganic Hg -> MeHg
Sea water
0,005 ppb
(2% MeHg)
Plankton/algae
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Zooplankton
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Fish
40 ppb
(90% MeHg)
Sea water
0,005 ppb
(2% MeHg)
Plankton/algae
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Zooplankton
11 ppb
(25% MeHg)
Fish
40 ppb
(90% MeHg)
Fig. 5 – Methyl mercury accumulation in fish tissues – potential risk in fish mill
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The toxicity and toxicokinetics of mercury in animals and humans depends on its
chemical form. Among organic forms, the most toxic is methylmercury. Indeed
methylmercury is recognised as significantly more toxic than inorganic mercury and
therefore the determination of total mercury in feed may not always accurately
reflect the risk posed by the organic forms.
Methylmecury is able to cross the blood-brain and the placental barriers. As a
consequence, the nervous system is the primary site of toxicity in animals and
humans. In humans, effects on neurological development have been observed in
children of mothers orally exposed to methylmercury.
Methylmercury bioaccumulates and biomagnifies along the food chain particularly in
the aquatic food chain; long-lived carnivorous fish and marine mammals exhibiting
the highest content.
Mercury speciation can also be analyse by GC-ICPMS/HCLP-ICPMS
Cereals .Fish oil and fish meal are potential sources of exposure in feedstuffs
Mercury Alternatively can be analyse by SPE-HG-AAS
)Israel( in animal feed toxic elementsMaximum levels for
Mercury (Hg) 100 ppb
Lead (Pb) 1000 ppb - in all feedstuffs
15,000 ppb - in phosphate feed additives
Arsenic (As) 2000 ppb - in all feedstuffs
10,000 ppb - in phosphate feed additives
Cadmium (Cd)
500 ppb - in all feedstuffs 10,000 ppb - in phosphate feed additives
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Micro-elements Annex I to EU Directive 2002/32/EC 6.12.2005
Maximum content in
mg/ kg (ppm)
Feed materials with the exception of: 10
– green fodder (such as hay, silage, fresh grass, etc.)
30
– phosphates and calcareous marine algae 15
– calcium carbonate 20
– yeasts 5
Additives belonging to the functional group of compounds
of trace elements except: 100
– zinc oxide 400
– manganous oxide, iron carbonate, copper carbonate
200
Additives belonging to the functional groups of binders and
anti-caking agents except: 30
– clinoptilolite of volcanic origin 60
Premixtures 200
Complementary feedstuffs with the exception of 10
– mineral feedstuffs 15
Complete feedstuffs 5
Lead (*)
Feed materials with the exception of: 150
– feedstuffs of animal origin with the exception of marine
crustaceans such as marine krill 500
– marine crustaceans such as marine krill 3000
– phosphates 2000
– calcium carbonate 350
– magnesium oxide 600
– calcareaous marine algae 1000
Vermiculite (E 561) 3000
Fluorine (*)
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Complementary feedstuffs
– containing ≤ 4 % phosphorus 500
– containing > 4 % phosphorus 125 per 1 % phosphorus
Complete feedstuffs with the exception of 150
– complete feedstuffs for cattle sheep and goats
– – in lactation 30
– – other 50
– complete feedstuffs for pigs 100
– complete feedstuffs for poultry 350
– complete feedstuffs for chicks 250
Feed materials of vegetable origin 1
Feed materials of animal origin 2
Feed materials of mineral origin except 2
– phosphates 10
Additives belonging to the functional group of compounds
of trace elements except 10
– copper oxide, manganous oxide, zinc oxide and
manganous sulphate monohydrate 30
Additives belonging to the functional groups of binders and
anti-caking agents 2
Premixtures 15
Mineral feedstuffs
– containing < 7 % phosphorus 5
– containing ≥ 7 % phosphorus , 0,75 per 1 % phosphorus
with a maximum of
7,5
Complementary feedstuffs for pet animals 2
Cadmium (*)
Other complementary feedstuffs 0,5
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Complete feedstuffs for cattle, sheep and goats and
feedstuffs for fish except 1
– complete feedstuffs for pets 2
– complete feedstuffs for calves, lambs and kids and other
complete feedstuffs 0,5
Feed materials with the exception of: 0,1
— feedstuffs produced by the processing of fish or other
0,5
marine animals
— calcium carbonate 0,3
Complete feedstuffs with the exception of: 0,1
— complete feedstuffs for dogs and cats 0,4
Complementary feedstuffs except 0,2
— complementary feedstuffs for dogs and cats 0,3
— mineral feed, 0,2
Mercury
— compound feedstuffs for fish, 0,2
Feed materials with the exception of: 2
— meal made from grass, from dried lucerne and from dried clover,
and dried sugar beet pulp and dried molasses sugar beet pulp
4
— palm kernel expeller 4
— phosphates and calcareous marine algae 10
— calcium carbonate 15
— magnesium oxide 20
— feedstuffs obtained from the processing of fish or other marine
animals 15
— seaweed meal and feed materials derived from seaweed
40
Complete feedstuffs with the exception of: 2
— complete feedstuffs for fish and complete feedstuffs for fur
animals 6
Complementary feedstuffs with the exception of: 4
Arsenic
— mineral feedstuffs 12
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Lead + Arsenic (*)Maximum levels refer to an analytical determination of lead, whereby extraction is performed in nitric acid (5 % w/w) for 30 minutes at boiling temperature. Equivalent extraction procedures can be applied for which it can be demonstrated that the used extraction procedure has an equal extraction efficiency.
Fluorine (*)(*) Maximum levels refer to an analytical determination of fluorine, whereby extraction is performed with hydrochloric acid 1 N for 20 minutes at ambient temperature. Equivalent extraction procedures can be applied for which it can be demonstrated that theused extraction procedure has an equal extraction efficiency.
3.3 Mycotoxins
The risk of contamination by mycotoxins is an important food safety concern for
grains and other field crops. Mycotoxins are toxic byproducts of mold infestations
affecting as much as one-quarter of global food and feed crop output.
Mycotoxins are produced by fungi of various genera when they grow on agricultural
products before or after harvest or during transportation or storage. Both intrinsic
and extrinsic factors influence fungal growth and mycotoxin production on a given
substrate. The intrinsic factors include water activity, pH, and redox potential
whereas extrinsic factors which influence mycotoxin production are relative humidity,
temperature and availability of oxygen.
Many mycotoxins, with different chemical structures and biological activities, have
been identified. They may be carcinogenic (e.g. aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A,
fumonisin B1), oestrogenic (zearalenone), neurotoxic (fumonisin B1),
nephrotoxic (ochratoxins, citrinin, oosporeine), dermonecrotic (trichothecenes)
or immuno-suppressive (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and T-2 toxin). Much of the
published information on toxicity concerns studies in experimental animals and these
may not reflect their effects in humans and other animals. Mycotoxins are regularly
found in feed ingredients such as maize, sorghum grain, barley, wheat, rice meal,
cottonseed meal, groundnuts and other legumes. Most are relatively stable
compounds and are not destroyed by processing of feed and may even be
concentrated in screenings.
● One study estimated that crop losses (corn, wheat, and peanuts) from mycotoxin
contamination in the United States amount to $932 million annually, in addition to
losses averaging $466 million annually from regulatory enforcement, testing, and
other quality control measures (CAST, 2003).
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● Wilson and Otsuki (2001) estimated that, for a group of 46 countries—including
the United States—the a