Post on 04-Apr-2018
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By: Lianna Dehan and Trudy Marchica
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Born December 4, 1925 in Mundare which is a small town innorthern Alberta, Canada
Received his bachelor degree in psychology at University ofBritish Columbia.
Continued his schooling at University of Iowa and received hisPHD in 1952.
It was at the University of Iowa where he became familiar withbehaviorist tradition and learning theory.
In 1953, he wrote his first book along side of Richard Walterscalled Adolescent Aggression.
He was the President of American Psychological Association In 1980 he received the APA award for distinguished scientific
contributions.
He presently works at Stanford University
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- Bandura claimed that in social situations,
people often learn much more rapidly simply by
observing the behaviors of others- Bandura found that there are four components
of observational learning:
Attentional Processes
Retention Processes
Motor Reproduction Processes
Reinforcement and Motivational Processes
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5
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One cannot imitate a model without
paying attention to the model.
A model is often attractive because of thequalities he or she posses. These
qualities such as prestige, power, and
success gain the attention of theobserver and begin the process of
observational learning.
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Retention process is the way one remembersthe models actions so he can imitate them.
Bandura explains, In order to reproduce socialbehavior when the model is no longer presentto serve as a guide, the response patternsmust be represented in memory in symbolicform.
Example: mentally rehearsing the actions orpracticing the actions will help one rememberwhat he learned.
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This is when a person uses the proper
motor skills to accurately reproduce their
model. A five year old can observe his parent
operate a car, but this does not mean he
has the ability to correctly drive anautomobile
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This process refers to the idea that a
child will be more likely to imitate a
behavior if he is likely to gain a reward When positive incentives are introduced,
observational learning that previously
remained unexpressed is likely toemerge in action.
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We learn behavior through observation
Vicarious reinforcement: Learn through
observing consequences of behaviors ofothers
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Observe behavior of others and repeat
the behavior
Bobo doll studies (1963)
Disinhibition: Weakening of inhibition
through exposure to a model
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Characteristics of the models: similarity,age, sex, status, prestige, simple vs.
complex behavior Characteristics of observers: Low self-
confidence, low self-esteem,reinforcement for imitation
Reward consequences of behavior:Directly witnessing associated rewards
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Attentional processes
Retention processes
Production processes
Incentive and motivational processes
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Developing cognitive processes to pay
attention to a model- more developed
processes allow for better attention Must observe the model accurately
enough to imitate behavior
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To later imitate behavior, must remember
aspects of the behavior
Retain information in 2 ways: Imaginal internal representation: Visual
image Ex: Forming a mental picture
Verbal system: Verbal description ofbehavior Ex: Silently rehearsing steps in
behavior
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Taking imaginal and verbalrepresentations and translating into overt
behavior- practice behaviors Receive feedback on accuracy of
behavior- how well have you imitated themodeled behavior?
Important in mastering difficult skills Ex: Driving a car
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With incentives, observation more quickly
becomes action, pay more attention,
retain more information Incentive to learn influenced by
anticipated reinforcements
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Children are prone to imitate models that are moreintelligent, skillful, and knowledgeable than themselvesand others around them.
Children have a broad range of influences- parents,teachers, peers, and older siblings.
When a child has the choice, he is likely to selectmodels with similar attributes and ignore those thathave little in common with.
There are two types of models:
Symbolic
Exemplary
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Models presented through oral or writteninstructions, pictorially, or through a
combination of verbal and pictorialdevices.
The media is a good example ofpictorially presented models.
television movies
radio
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Can be pictorial models or represented
through verbal descriptions.
A child is given an example whether it bea superhero, next door neighbor, or a
friend and are told that these models
actions are good and should be imitated,or in some cases, bad and should be
avoided.
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1. Observer may acquire new responses that
were not in his repertory.
2. If models actions already exist in observersrepertory, observation may strengthen or
weaken inhibitory responses.
3. Sometimes observation of models draws out
already known responses in observer
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- Imitation is the actual
performance of
behavior that has
been observed.
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the younger children will be more likely to imitate theirtutors than the older children.
The girls will be more likely than the boys to answer thequestions exactly like their tutor.
A child will be more likely to copy their tutor if they arethe same sex.
If there are harder questions that the children might notknow the answers to, they will be more prone toimitating their tutor
Because the children have bonded with their tutors,they will imitate their own tutor over another collegestudent.
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http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=30240786&id=61900222&op=1&view=all&subj=2232527390&aid=-1&oid=2232527390http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=30240786&id=61900222&op=1&view=all&subj=2232527390&aid=-1&oid=22325273907/31/2019 Bandura Imitation
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The questionnaires were handed out on twoseparate days but the procedure was the samefor both days
While the kids were working with their tutors,we went to each tutor and told them that theywere to answer the questions on the sheet ofpaper first aloud, then write down their answeron the blank assigned to the tutor. Then they
were instructed to read the same question totheir student, and write down their answer.Each tutor was handed a piece of paper withthe questions listed
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Tutor
name/Studentname and
gender
What is your
favorite kindof music?
What is your
favoriteanimal?
What is your
favoritemovie?
What is your
favoriteschool
subject?
What is your
favoritesport?
What is your
favoriteactor?
*Lianna(f)/Batu
ul(m) age 9
Country/Jess
e Mcartney
Dolphin/cheet
ah
Lion
King/Transfor
mers and
Alvin and the
Chipmunks
Theology/Re
ading
Swimming/str
eet
basketball
Matt
Dammon/Jac
kie Chan
*Angela(f)/Ana
yancy (f) age 9
Rock/HHip-
hop
Monkey/Dogs
,cats
Zoolander/Al
vin and the
Chipmonks
Chemistry/M
ath
Soccer/Ice
Skating
George
Clooney/Amy
Adams
Kyle(m)/Sanchi
r(m) age 9
Rock/Normal Alligator/Alligator
Men inBlack/Men inBlack
Math/math Baseball/baseball
WillSmith/Willsmith
Emily(f)/Anar(
m) age 11
Countr/Tune
s only (no
songs)
Dog/dog and
cheetah
Waiting for
Guffman/War
Movies
Social
Studies/Math
Swimming/Swimming
Steve
Carrel/Jackie
Chan
*Trudy(f)/Amy(f
) age 11
Pop and
Rock/Hip-
hop and
R&B
Dog/dog The LittlePrincess and
Finding
Nemo/Chipm
unk Movie
English/Scien
ce
Tennis/Baske
tball
Brad
Pitt/Johnny
Depp
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Tutor
name/stud
ent name
and gender
Would you
rather be
an
Otolaryngologist or
Ophthalmol
ogist?
Would you
rather live
Lithuania
or Norway
Would you
rather
snorkel or
scubadive?
Would you
rather eat
caviar or
sushi?
Would you
rather play
squash or
lacrosse
Would you
rather
parasail or
windsurf?
Would you
rather
injure your
femur ortibia?
Would you
rather meet
John F.
Kennedy orRonald
Reagan?
*Lianna(f)/
Batuul(m)
age 9
Oto/opthal
#
Lithuania/Lithuania
Scubadive/Scuba dive
Sushi/sushi
Lacrosse/s
quash #
Windsurf/windsurf
femur/tibia
#
Reagan/Ke
nnedy #
Kyle(m)/An
ar(m) age
11
Opthal/Opthal
Norway/Norwa
Scuba/scuba
Sushi/sushi
Lacrosse/
n/a
Parasail/wi
ndsurf
Tibia/tibia Kennedy/kennedy
*Trudy(f)/A
my(f) age
12
Opthal/Opthal #
Norway//Lit
huania
Scuba/Scuba
Sushi/Sushi
Lacrosses/
squash
Windsurf/windsurf
Tibia/tibia Kennedy/kennedy
*Sean(m)/
Maddie(f)
age 12
Oto/Oto# Norway/Lithuania
Scuba/Sno
rkel
Sushi/Sushi
Lacrosse/Lacrosse
Windsurf/p
arasail
Femur//tibi
a
Reagan/Ke
nnedy
*Sean(m)/
Margot(f)
age 8
Oto/oto # Norway/Norway
Scuba/Sno
rkel
Sushi/Sushi
Lacrosse/Lacrosse
Windsurf/Windsurf
Femur/femur #
Reagan/Ke
nnedy
Lianna(f)/S
anchir(m)
age 9
Oto/oto # Lithuania/Lithuania#
Scuba/snor
kel #
Sushi/Sushi
Lacorrse/S
quash #
Windsurf/windsurf #
femur/femur #
Reagan/Reagan #
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- The amount of children that come to tutoringweekly fluctuates, which gave us less datathan expected
- Instead of using questionnaires, we shouldhave used a full month to conduct a morecomplete experiment using actions of modelsas the focal point, rather than questions on a
sheet of paper.- More appealing experiment that would be less
obvious that we conducting an experiment.
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