Balance of power

Declining powers: Holy Roman Empire,Poland-Lithuania, Ottoman Empire

Rising powers: Habsburg Austria, Prussia,Russia

Map Link: Europe in 1648:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/europe_1648_westphal_1884.jpg>.

Independence of rulers and weak imperialcontrol

Independent states: Dutch Republic, Swiss

Potential for strong new states

Map Link: The Holy Roman Empire, 1648:

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg>

1386 Unification of Commonwealth ofPoland-Lithuania

Elected king

Decentralised government

Nobles and serfs

Map Link: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG>

1529 Ottomans attack Vienna

Diverse population

Weak central control

Map Link: Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ottoman_empire_1481-1683.jpg>

1663 Ottomans advance into Holy RomanEmpire. Opposed by alliance that forcestruce in 1664

1683 Ottomans attack Vienna

1684 Holy League relieves Vienna. Then takesmuch of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatiafrom Turks (1686-87 and following years)

Map Link: Growth of the Habsburg Dominions:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg>

1415 Hohenzollerns take control of Brandenburg

1618 Hohenzollerns inherit E. Prussia

1648 Gain much of E. Pomerania

1701 Frederick III of Brandenburg-Prussiarecognised by Holy Roman Emperor as King ofPrussia (Frederick I of Prussia, r. 1688-1713)

Map Link: Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Acprussiamap2.gif>

1480 Ivan III (r. 1462-1505) throws offMongol control

1533-84 Reign of Ivan IV (“the Terrible”)

1598-1613 “Time of Troubles”

Map Link: Principality of Muscovy:

<https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/2.RM/SCMEDIA/Map.3.gif>

1613 Russian nobles elect Michael Romanovas tsar (emperor, r. 1613-45)

1682 Peter the Great becomes tsar (r. 1682-1725)

Westernisation: dress, etiquette, technology,administration and government,mercantilism

Taking control of Russian Orthodox Church

Founding Saint Petersburg

Map Link: Russia under Peter the Great:

<http://splendidculture.wikispaces.com/file/view/Russia%20Map.gif/378385212/Russia%20Map.gif>

The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13):

1700 Death of Charles II of Spain(r. 1665-1700)

Louis XIV Prince Charles of Austria

1700-46 Reign of Philip V of Spain

England, Dutch Republic, Austria, Prussia,Portugal vs. France, Spain, Bavaria

1713-14 Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt

Map Link: Europe 1714:

<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Europe_1714.png>

Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon(1675-1755)

Soldier, writer of Mémoires

Opposed policy of Louis XIV

Associate of Louis of Bourgogne (d. 1712) andPhilippe II of Orléans (d. 1723)