Explained IN THE LIGHT OF QURAN AND SUNNAHAnd Opinions of Scholars

INEQUITY & EXTREME INJUSTICE, TREASON & REBELLION

Allah commands justice the doing of good and liberality to kith and kin and He forbids all shameful deeds and injustice and rebellion: He instructs you that ye may receive admonition

What is Al Baghy?• (al-baghy) translated as 'transgression' is to cross the

limits of justice and human decency• Its meaning includes extreme injustice and aggression

usurping others rights• Al Baghi also means disobedience, rebellion or treason

against just ruler or the state. • Al-Baghy has been taken up separately because its fallout is

contagious. It affects others.• Sometimes this transgression reaches the outer limits of

mutual hostility,• It may lead to even armed confrontation • It could go still further and cause international disorder.

(Ma’ariful Quran by Mufti Shafi (RA)

Verse of pre-Islamic Poet Antra

Allamah Bahooti Al-Hanbli (D-1051H)

Baghi is derived from “Bagha /Yabghee” when someone exceeds its limits. Its meaning is agression, inequity of those who exit from obedience of a just ruler or Imam taking extreme steps.

Quran, 3:19

• The religion with Allah is faith and obedience (Islam). The people given the scripture did not differ except after knowledge came to them seeking worldly advantage (baghyan) between themselves. Whoever rejects the signs of Allah, Allah is swift in reckoning. Qur’an 3:19

Quran, 7:33

• Say! Rather, my Lord has forbidden indecencies, both manifest and hidden, sin, iniquity, that you join as partners with Allah wherein He has revealed no authority, and that you speak against Allah wherein you have no knowledge.Qur’an 7:33

Quran, 10:23

• But when He delivers them Behold! they transgress insolently through the earth in defiance of right! O mankind! your insolence is against your own souls an enjoyment of the life of the Present: in the end to Us is your return and We shall show you the truth of all that ye didQur’an 10:23

Quran, 2:90

• Wicked is what they have sold their souls for, disbelieving in what Allah has revealed, because of their iniquity that Allah would send revelation, from His bounty, unto whomsoever He wills of His servants…Qur’an 2:90

Baghi means crossing one’s limit

We took the Children of Israel across the sea: Pharaoh and his hosts followed them in insolence and spite.Yunus,10:90

Shura, 42:27

• If Allah were to enlarge the provision for His Servants they would indeed transgress beyond all bounds through the earth; but He sends (it) down in due measure as He pleases: for He is with His Servants well-acquainted Watchful

Hadith

IBN MAJAH

Hadith

• Saeed Ibn Zaid (RA) reported that the Prophet, peace be upon him, mentioned,

• “The worst form of usury is iniquity against the honor of a Muslim.”Abu Dawud, 4876

Hadith• The Prophet (SAW) was asked, “O Messenger of

Allah! Which people are the best?” • He responded, “Every one [possessing]

a Makhmum heart, a truthful tongue.” • They said, “We know of the truthful tongue. What is

the Makhmum heart?” • He said, “It is god-conscious, pure, contains no sin,

harbors no iniquity, nor rancor, or envy.”Ibn Majah, #4216

Statement of some companions concerning Baghi

• If one mountain were to commit iniquity again another, Allah would crush the transgressor.Ibn ‘Abbas (RA), Dhamm al-Baghi

• Sa’id bin Jubayr said concerning the verse:

• That House of the Hereafter We shall give to those who intend not high-handedness or mischief on earth: and the End is (best) for the righteous (Qur’an 28:83)

• “That is to say they do not desire iniquity (Baghi).”Sa’id bin Jubayr, Dhamm al-Baghi

Safiyy bin Rabah al-Tamimi

O My sons! You should know that the quickest sin to be punished is iniquity (Baghi) .

The vilest ally is aggression.

The worst character trait is stinginess.

And the most wicked etiquette is excessive condemnation.

Baghi explained by some scholars• Iniquity (al-Baghi) is to desire exaltation without

right. Al-Munawi

• Iniquity is seeking to exceed the limits demarcating moderation in what is sought. Al-Raghib

• (al-baghy) translated as 'transgression' is to cross the limit. The sense is that of injustice and excess.

Ibn Faris

Base words of “Baghi” are ‘Ba’, ‘Ghain’ and ‘Ya’. It has two meanings:1- Demand or seek something2- A type of “Fasaad’ or severe disruption and disorder in the society.

• means the wound has gone beyond limits or has gone to worse stage. Then other words are derived from it.

• Baghi is also used for a woman who has turned into a sinner

Ibn Najeem Hanafi

Al Baghaat is pleural of Bagh. Bagha Alan Nas means he transgressed or did oppression against the people. Baghi also means he tried to spread “Fasaad” or mischief, disruption on earth. From this is derived, “ Baghi group” since this group exits from the obedience of a just leader.

Allama Haskafi

In Arabic Lexican, Al Baghi means to demand or seek. From this is : "That was what we were seeking after": (Al –Kahf, 18:64)In “Urf” or general meaning , it also includes extreme injustice One can find more discussion on the meaning of Baghi in:

Ibn Hamam Hanafi (D:861H)

Ibn Hamam Hanafi (D:861H)

Ibn Hamam Hanafi (D:861H)• “Baghi” according to the jurists is the one who (rebels,

commits treason and) exits ( does khurooj) from the obedience of a rightful leader. They are of four types:

1. Highway Robbers- These are gangs of people who with or without force and without any genuine reason disobey the government authority. They terrorize innocent civilians, rob their properties and attempt to kill them.

2. Falsely justifying rebellion with no force or effective group. They are like first group. If they kill or rob someone, they will be punished in accordance with the law.

Ibn Hamam Hanafi (D:861H)• 3- Khawarij- Such people have power and group

and they disobey the government due to self made false justification. They may claim that the government has lost its authority due to apostasy (Kufr) or sins (Ma’siyah).

• Rightfully established government should fight against such people and eliminate their uprising.

• Such kind of people appeared at the time of Ali (RA). They justified to kill Muslims, rob their possessions, make their women POW’s and called some companions of the Prophet (SAW) as Kafirs.

Ibn Hamam Hanafi (D:861H)• 4- Baghi- • These people engage in armed struggle against their

government (due to its oppression etc.) • They do not justify killing innocent civilian Muslims

or taking them and their women POW’s as the Khawarij did.

Mohammad bin Ahmad bin Jazi Alkalami Al Gharnati (Maliki scholar)

Baghi are the people who engage in armed struggle or refuse to obey authority of an established government due to their self made justifications. They refuse to pay their dues like Zakah or similar payables.

Imam Nawawi (D-676H) a Shafi Scholar

In the scholar’s terminology, Baghi is the one who is opposed to a just ruler. He exits from his obedience. He does that by conditional refusal to pay what is obligatory upon him ( zakah and other taxes).

Ibn Qudamah (D-620) Hanbli Scholar

(Baghi) – It is a group from Muslims who rebels against the ruler with (self made ) attractive explanation in order to topple him from power and they have hideouts and forces.

Fazal bin Hussain At-Tabarasi(D-548H)Jafari School

Baghi is the one who exits (from obeying) a just ruler or leader. He then fights against him and refuses to accept his authority.

Summarizing Scholars opinions• These renowned scholars of Islam, even though

belonging to different schools and times, agreed upon definition of “Baghi”

• They all agree that such are extremist individuals or groups who are bent to do inequity and violence

• They make justifications to disobey the just leadership and to disrupt the social order and the authority

• Scholars have identified their characteristics, their tactics and the ways to deal with them and prosecute them in accordance with the law.

Baghi defined in MAKKAH DECLARATION(Rabita Alam Islami’s 16th convention,2002)

Baghi defined in MAKKAH DECLARATION(Rabita Alam Islami’s 16th convention,2002)

• Terrorism is that transgression which is committed by individuals, groups and countries against other people by destruction of their worship places, lives, intellectual property and honor.

• This transgression includes bringing sufferings, terrorizing and unjust killings.

• Similar crimes include gang robbery, blood shed, disrupting highways and endangering people.

• This could be committed by individuals or groups with the purpose of terrorizing others by hurting, injecting fear or endangering their lives, freedom, peace or their surroundings.

Fasaad or disruption in society is prohibited

• Other types of terrorism include bringing harm to the society or the individuals by destroying property ,essentials of life and national resources.

• These are various forms of “Fasaad” or disruption on earth, which is forbidden by Allah:

• and seek not (occasions for) mischief in the land: for Allah loves not those who do mischief.

Al-Qasas,28:77