Post on 07-Apr-2018
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Purvi kakrani
Dr. Harish kakrani
Dr. Bhanu Kakrani
BACTERIA MORPHOLOGY
CHARACTERISTICS
TO STUDY BACTERIAL DIVERSITY.
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Bacteria?
Bacteria are often viewed as the cause of diseases in humans and animals.
Some bacteria are useful, for example certain bacteria aids in digestion.
Bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments.
Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme
flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age.
They can be photosynthetic, using light, or chemosynthetic, using inorganicchemicals as the source of energy, but most are heterotrophic, absorbing
nutrients from the environment.
Leptospira, causes serious disease in livestock
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Background InformationProkaryotes
Prokaryotes represent two domains, bacteria
and archaea.
Archaea live in Earths extreme environments.
Bacteria are the most abundant and diversifiedorganisms on Earth.
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Bacterial Structure
Biochemical processes that
normally occur in a chloroplast
or mitochondrian of eukaryotes
will take place in the inner
membrane of prokaryotes.
Bacterial DNA is circular and
arrayed in a region of the cell
known as the nucleotide .
Scattered within bacteriasinner membrane are numerous
small loops of DNA known as
plasmids .
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Structure
Some bacteria haveflagella with a differentmicrotubule structure thanthe flagella of eukaryotes..
Ribosomes are thestructures in cells whereproteins are assembled.
Bacterial ribosomes have
different sized ribosomalsubunits than doeukaryotes.
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Bacteria Have One of Three
Cellular Shapes
Rods (bacilli)
Coccoid-Shaped
Spirilla
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Reproduction
Prokaryotic cell division is
binary fission.
Single DNA molecule that first
replicates.
Attaches each copy to adifferent part of the cell
membrane.
Cell begins to pull apart.
Following cytokinesis, there
are then two cells of identical
genetic composition.
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NowOn to our experiment...
Purpose: Identify varieties of bacterial colonies and investigatebacterial species diversity, by isolating, culturing, and analyzingbacterial colonies, or species, that inhabit:
Air
Pond Water
Raw Chicken Washed/Unwashed hands
Keyboard
Soil Sample
Hypothesis: Knowing that bacteria can thrive in almost anywhereon our planet, we reason that all of the environments tested willgrow bacterial species. We further hypothesize that the thumbprint of the washed hand with the anti-bacterial soap, shouldhouse less species than any others tested, because the anti-bacterialsoap should kill off all bacteria.
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Methods
For chicken, soil, pond water,and keyboard samples, streakthe plate using the streak platemethod to isolate bacterialcolonies.
Leave agar plate open for airsample.
For the unwashed hand gentlypress thumb against agar.
Take washed hand and gentlypress thumb against agar.
Wrap in Parafilm and incubatethe cultures for about one weekat 22 C.
Observe and Interpret Data
Figure 1. Streak Plate Method. (a) Streak theplate back and forth across top half of plate. (b)Rotate plate a quarter turn counter clockwise andstreak top right quarter of plate. (c) Rotate plate aquarter turn counter clockwise and streak top rightquarter of plate again.
C.
B.
A
.
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Results: Soil
12
3
SIZE SHAPE MARGIN SURFACE COLOR
4 mm Irregular Lobate Wavy Yellow/white
3 mm Irregular Lobate Wrinkled Brown/yellow
5 mm Filamentous Filamentous Wrinkled Green/white
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Results: Pond Water
#Size Shape Margin Surface Color
1 2 mm round smooth Smooth grey
2 2 mm round lobate contoured beige
3 1 mm round Smooth Smooth clear
1.
2.
3.
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Results: Raw Chicken
# Size Shape Margin Surface Color1 2mm Irregular lobate contoured yellow/green
2 3mm irregular lobate wrinkled clear/white
3 1mm round Smooth Smooth Yellow/green
4 2mm Irregular wavy contoured brown
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Results: Air
# Size Shape Margin Surface Color1 5 mm Irregular Smooth Smooth Yellow/orange
2 5 mm Round smooth contoured Yellow/orange
3 1 mm Irregular Wavy contoured Yellow/white
4 3 mm Irregular Lobate wrinkled Yellow/brown
5 3mm Irregular Lobate smooth White
6 5 mm round Smooth Smooth White/yellow7 8 mm irregular lobate contoured White/yellow
12
3
4
5
6
1
7
5
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Results: Washed Hand
#Size Shape Margin Surface Color
1 4 mm Irr egular lobate Smooth yellow
2 1 mm filamentous filamentous smooth white
1.
2.
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Results: Unwashed Hand
#
Size Shape Margin Surface Color
1 2 mm Irregular lobate smooth yellow
2 2 mm round Smooth smooth yellow
3 1 mm round Smooth Smooth white 1
2 3
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Results: Keyboard
# Size Shape Margin Surface Color
1 2 mm Irregular lobate wrinkled yellow
2 1 mm roun d smooth smooth greenish
#Size Shape Margin Surface Color
1 4 mm Irregular lobate Smooth yellow
2 1 mm filamentous filamentous smooth white
1.
2.
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Control
An unopened agar
nutrient plate, which
ruled out agar
contamination, had nobacteria species
present.
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Species vs. Environments
0
2
4
6
8
# of Species
Environments
Number of Bacterial Species on Agar Plate
Series1 7 2 2 3 3 4 3
Air Keyb Unw Was Pond Chic Soil
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Conclusions/Observations
The results supported our hypothesis since
bacteria grew in all of our samples.
The results did not support our hypothesis
concerning the hand washed with anti-bacterial
soap since it did not house less species than the
other environments tested.
We were surprised to learn that the air not onlyhousedthe most bacteria, but housed the most
bacterial diversity of species as well.
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Further Investigations
Further studies can be conducted by using TEMmicroscopy, SEM microscopy, and gram staining,to specifically identify what type of bacterial
species were present in each environment. Research can also be conducted to figure out as to
why the unwashed hand contained more bacteriathan the washed hand.
Further research can be done to determine if anyof the bacteria found in our samples are harmful tohumans.
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Questions to Ponder
Do all bacteria grow at the same rate, and
what factors in the environment contribute
to determining their carrying capacity? What research can be done to determine
whether bacterial species and fungus
compete with each other for nutrients and
space in selected environments?
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References
Coccoid-shaped Bacterium (causes skin infections),Enterococcus faecium
(SEM x33,370). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at
www.davidkunkel.com, used with permission.
Morgan, I.G. and Brown Carter, M. E.,Investigating Biology: A
Laboratory Manual for Biology. California: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Co., Inc. 1993.
Rod-Shaped Bacterium, hemorrhagicE. coli, strain 0157:H7 (division)
(SEM x22,810). This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel at
www.davidkunkel.com, used with permission.
Spirilla- shaped Bacterium (SEM x33,370). This image is copyright Dennis
Kunkel at www.davidkunkel.com , used with permission.
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Gram stain Negative.Motility Motile.Habitat Occurs naturally in soil and water as well as the
intestine.Pathogenicity: Associated with urinary and respiratory tract infections,
endocarditis, wound infections, and eye infections.
Serratia marcescens
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Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
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Difference Between Gram-Negative
and Gram-Positive Bacteria
Gram-Negative Bacteria Gram-Positive Bacteria
More complex cell wall. Simple cell wall.
Thin peptidoglycan celll wall layer. Thick peptidoglycan celll wall layer.
Outer lipopolysaccharide wall layer. No outer lipopolysaccharide wall layer.
Retain safranin. Retain crystal violet/iodine.
Appear pink/red. Appear blue/purple.
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Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
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P10
C30
NA30
NB30S10
K30
E15
TE30
20
8
14
14
10
Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
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Hypothesis:
Kanamycin is one of the most sensitiveantibiotics because infections treatedinclude respiratory tract, urinary tract, skin,
soft- tissue and abdominal infections.Prediction:The size of the zone of inhibition is the
largest.Results:The size of the zone of inhibition is the 2ndlargest
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Antibiotic Resistance
Some bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics naturally. Bacteria can become resistant to drugs in a number of ways.
- Mutation.- Exchange genes with other bacteria.- Resistant traits spread to future generations quickly because
of rapid reproducing.
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Limitations Reason unknown why S. marcescens is sensitive to certain
medications.
Further research needed.
Future Work
Develop new drugs to confront bacteria resistance.
Mechanism Antibiotics kill or stop the growth of harmful bacteria.
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