Priyambodo, M.Sc.

Klasifikasi 5 Kingdom

Klasifikasi 3 Domain

100 µm

0.5 µm

4 µm Bacteria are the most diverse

and widespread prokaryotes

and are now divided among multiple

kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped

structures in this photo is a bacterial cell.

Protists (multiple kingdoms)

are unicellular eukaryotes and

their relatively simple multicellular

relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of

protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are

currently debating how to split the protists

into several kingdoms that better represent

evolution and diversity.

Kingdom Plantae consists of

multicellula eukaryotes that carry

out photosynthesis, the conversion

of light energy to food.

Many of the prokaryotes known

as archaea live in Earth‘s

extreme environments, such as salty lakes

and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea

includes multiple kingdoms. The photo

shows a colony composed of many cells.

Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the

nutritional mode of its members, such

as this mushroom, which absorb

nutrientsafter decomposing organic

material.

Kindom Animalia consists of

multicellular eukaryotes that

ingest other organisms.

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

Geologic Timescale

Early State of Earth

KEADAAN AWAL BUMI DAN ATMOSFER

• Penuh dengan gas hidrogen, amoniak, metana dan nitrogen

• Suhu > 1000C

• Ozon belum terbentuk

• Perubahan iklim menyebabkan suhu bumi dan suhu udara menurun

Clock analogy for

some key events

in evolutionary

history

Alexander I. Oparin

• Tahun 1923

– Molekul pembangun tubuh kehidupan (senyawa organik) terbentuk pertama kali dari senyawa anorganik

• Sumber energi reaksi:

– Energi panas

– Radiasi sinar X dan UV

– Energi dari zat raadioaktif

Stanley Miller

• Mahasiswa dari Harold Urey

• 1953

– Merancang sebuah alat yang bisa mengubah zat anorganik menjadi organik, untuk membuktikan pernyataan Oparin dan Urey

• Bahan: CH4, NH3, H2

• Hasil: Asam amino

Set perco-

Baan Miller

Reaksi Miller

CH4 + NH3 HCN + 3H2 Metana amoniak hidrosianida hidrogen

CO + NH3 HCN + H2O Karbon amoniak hidrosianida air

monoksida

SINTESIS MAKROMOLEKUL AA AA AA AA AA

AA AA AA AA AA

N N N N N

N N N N N

TERBENTUKNYA SEL PERTAMA

• Teori Koaservat (Oparin)

– Terjadi reaksi thermal sehingga membentuk bulatan yang disebut mikrosfer

– Mikrosfer tumbuh menjadi pra-sel

Endosymbiosis theory (Lynn Margulis, 1970’s)

Kloroplas terbentuk