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APA APAFormatting and StyleFormatting and Style
GuideGuide
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What is APA format?What is APA format?(American Psychological
Association)
is the most commonly used
format for manuscripts in the
Social Sciences.
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What does APA regulate?What does APA regulate?
APA regulates:
Stylistics In-text citations
References (a list of
all sources used in the paper)
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APA stylistics: Basics APA stylistics: Basics
the third person point of view rather than
using the first person point of view or the passivevoice
The study showed that«, NOT
I found out that«.
the active voice rather than passive voice
The participants responded«, NOT
The participants have been asked«.
Use:
Point of view and voice in an APA paper
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clear: be specific in descriptions &
explanations
concise: condense information when you can
plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives andminimize the figurative language
Language in an APA paper is:
APA stylistics: Language APA stylistics: Language
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TheThe
ReferencesReferencesPagePage
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The References PageThe References Page
Appears at the end of the paper
On a separate page
List all sources youquote, paraphrase or
summarize in your paper
Center the title±References-- at the top
of the page
Double-spaced
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The References PageThe References PageContent & formatContent & format
Include all quoted, paraphrased orsummarized sources in your paper
Start the first line of each entry at theStart the first line of each entry at the
margin; indent the second and subsequent margin; indent the second and subsequent lineslines --hanging indentionhanging indention
Anderson, J. (1999). Anderson, J. (1999). The bell curve.The bell curve.Boston: West PublishingBoston: West Publishing..
Margin
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The References PageThe References Page
Arrangement of Entries Arrangement of Entries Alphabetize by the authors last Alphabetize by the authors last
namename
If no author is named, alphabetizeIf no author is named, alphabetizeby the first significant word (ignoreby the first significant word (ignore
A, An A, An oror The)The) in the title.in the title.
Put the list in alphabetical order,according to the last name of each author
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The References PageThe References Page
Authors Names Authors Names Invert authors names (last name first
followed by initials).
Put the authors name first, followed by aPut the authors name first, followed by acomma & then the first initial.comma & then the first initial.
e.g. James Bond to Bond, J
If more than one work by a particularauthor, order them by publication date,oldest to latest (refer next slide)
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ExampleExampleTTwo or more works by the same
author published in the same year
References
Able, C. (1991). XXXXXXX
Able, C. (1995a). YYYYYYY
Able, C. (1995b). ZZZZZZZZ
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The References PageThe References Page : Dates: Dates
Y ear of publication (in parentheses ) Y ear of publication (in parentheses )
Place a period at the end.Place a period at the end.
(1999).
E.g. Wyatt,C.R.(1993).paper Soldiers: The
American Press and the Vietnam War . New York:
W. W.Norton.
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The References PageThe References Page
Capitalization of TitlesCapitalization of Titles
for books ,articles,& chapter titles,capitalize the first word
The first word after a colon between atitle & subtitle
Any proper nouns
Italicize titles of books & journals
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UseUse & & instead of instead of and and when listing multiplewhen listing multiple
authors of a single work( in text citations &authors of a single work( in text citations &
parentheses too)parentheses too) If used as part of a sentence the word and If used as part of a sentence the word and
is used.is used.
EditionEdition is abbreviated ed.is abbreviated ed.
EditorEditor is abbreviated Ed.is abbreviated Ed.
The References PageThe References Page (cont)(cont)
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The References PageThe References Page
Place of PublicationPlace of Publication For US give the city & stateFor US give the city & state
For others ,give the city.For others ,give the city.
If city is not well known, then add aIf city is not well known, then add acomma and give the name of thecomma and give the name of theState (and Country if needed).State (and Country if needed).
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The References PageThe References PagePublisherPublisher
The name of the Publisher and a period..
Use a shortened version of the publishersname except for an association,
corporation or university press
Author, M. (1999). This is the book title.
Johnstown, PA: Wilson Publishers.
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The References PageThe References PageJournal ArticleJournal Article
Journal titles areJournal titles are italicizeditalicized Journals titles are followed with a comma, volumeJournals titles are followed with a comma, volume
(Number), pages.(Number), pages.
--The words Volume & Number are never used.The words Volume & Number are never used.
-- E.g..E.g.. -- each issue starts with page 1each issue starts with page 1Monitor on PsychologyMonitor on Psychology,, 32 (7), 17.32 (7), 17.
E.g..E.g.. each issue continues the paging from theeach issue continues the paging from thebeginning of the volumebeginning of the volume
American Psychologist, American Psychologist, 56, 58556, 585--586.586. Only use p. or pp. when a periodical does not haveOnly use p. or pp. when a periodical does not have
a volume numbera volume number
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Making the references listMaking the references list
Identify a type source: Is it a book? A journal article?
A webpage?
Find a sample of citing this type of source in the
textbook
³Mirror´ the sample.
Make sure that the entries are listed in the alphabetical
order and the subsequent lines are indented
APA is a complex system of citation, which isdifficult to keep in mind. When compiling the
reference list, the strategy below might be useful:
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ININ--TEXT CIT ATIONTEXT CIT ATION
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InIn--text Citationstext Citations
BasicsBasics
the author¶s name and the date of publication
for quotations and close paraphrases, provide a
page number as well
Whenever you use a source, provide in
parenthesis:
In-text citations help readers locate the cited source
in the References section of the paper.
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Electronic sourcesElectronic sources
When citing an electronic document,
whenever possible, cite it in the author-
date style.
If electronic source lacks page numbers,
locate and identify paragraph number/
paragraph heading:
Example:
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter
section, para. 6).
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Format for a quotationFormat for a quotation
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic responsefrequently entails a ³delayed, uncontrolled repetitiveappearance of hallucinations and other intrusivephenomena´ (p.11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a ³delayed,
uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations
and other intrusive phenomena´ (Caruth, 1996, p.11).
When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase.
Make sure to include the author¶s name, the year of publication,
the page number, but keep the citation brief²do not repeat the
information.
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:
Format for a summary or paraphraseFormat for a summary or paraphrase
provide the author¶s last name and the year of
publication in parenthesis after a summary or
a paraphrase:
e.g. Though feminist studies focus solely on women'sexperiences, they err by collectively perpetuating the
masculine-centered impressions (Fussell, 1975).
There are several formats for a summary or paraphrase:
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Format for a summary or paraphraseFormat for a summary or paraphrase
include the author¶s name in a signal phrase
followed by the year of publication inparenthesis:
Recently, the history of warfare has been
significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987),
Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to includewomen¶s personal and cultural responses to
battle and its resultant traumatic effects.
Formats for a summary or paraphrase (cont¶d):
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Format for a summary or paraphraseFormat for a summary or paraphrase
when including the quotation in a
summary/paraphrase, also provide a pagenumber in parenthesis after the quotation:
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate
(1997), ³It is no longer true to claim that women'sresponses to the war have been ignored´ (p. 2).
Formats for a summary or paraphrase (cont¶d):
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Signal wordsSignal words
Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.
According to X. (2008), ³«.´ (p.3).
X. (2008) argues that ³««´ (p.3).
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of
verbs in signal phrases
Use such signal verbs as:
acknowledge, contend, maintain,
respond, report, argue, conclude, etc..
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:
Two or more worksTwo or more works When the parenthetical citation includes two or
more works, order them in the same way they
appear in the reference list²the author¶s name,
the year of publication²separated by a
semi-colon:
(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations: A work with two authors A work with two authors
When citing a work with two authors, use ³and´
in between authors¶ name in the signal phrase
yet ³&´ between their names in parenthesis:
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate
(1997), ³It is no longer true to claim that women's
responses to the war have been ignored´ (p. 2).
Some feminists researchers question that ³women'sresponses to the war have been ignored´ (Raitt &
Tate, 1997, p. 2).
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations: A work with 3 to 5 authors A work with 3 to 5 authors
When citing a work with three to five authors,
identify all authors in the signal phrase or in
parenthesis:
(Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)
In subsequent citations, only use the first
author's last name followed by "et al." in the
signal phrase or in parentheses:
(Harklau et al., 1993)
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:
A A work with 6 and more authorswork with 6 and more authors
When citing a work with six and more authors,
identify the first author¶s name followed
by ³et al.´:
Smith et al. (2006) maintained that«.
(Smith et al., 2006)
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:
A work of unknown author A work of unknown author When citing a work of unknown author, use the
the source¶s full title in the signal phrase and
cite the first word of the title followed by the
year of publication in parenthesis. Put titles of
articles and chapters in quotation marks;
italicize titles of books and reports:
According to ³Indiana Joins FederalAccountability System´ (2008), «
Or,
(³Indiana´, 2008)
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:OrganizationOrganization
When citing an organization, mention the
organization the first time when you cite the
source in the signal phrase or the parenthetical
citation:The data collected by the Food and Drug
Administration (2008) confirmed that«
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation,
include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the
source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in
later citations:
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
confirmed « FDA¶s experts tested«
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Th
e same last name/th
e same auth
orTh
e same last name/th
e same auth
or When citing authors with the same last names,
use first initials with the last names:
(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
When citing two or more works by the same
author published in the same year, use
lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year of publication to order the references:
Smith¶s (1998 a) study of adolescent immigrants«
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Personal communicationPersonal communication
When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc.,include the communicators name, the fact that it
was personal communication, and the date of the
communication. Do not include personal
communication in the reference list:
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students
had difficulties with APA style (personal
communication, November 3, 2002).
Or,
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4,
2001).
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Documents from the InternetDocuments from the InternetElectronic sourcesElectronic sources
Many different documents are availableMany different documents are available
JournalsJournals
NewspapersNewspapers
BooksBooks
Government report Government report
BrochureBrochure
garbagegarbage
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APA Minimum requirement
Document title, a date, a source location(URL), and the author(s).
Steps:
1. Determine the type of web page.
2. Find the title, the date, the author, thepublisher.
3. Hint: Save theURL
to find the neededinformation::
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Example ofExample of An article An article
publish
ed on th
e webpublish
ed on th
e webHealthy Eating. (1999, July 17).Healthy Eating. (1999, July 17). Barriers toBarriers to
closing the diet gapclosing the diet gap. Retrieved July 22, 2001. Retrieved July 22, 2001from http://www.eatright.org/ articles/july01/from http://www.eatright.org/ articles/july01/dietgap. htmldietgap. html
NOTE: No period after the URL!NOTE: No period after the URL!
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Example of an electronic copyExample of an electronic copyof a journal on the netof a journal on the net
Whitcome, R., List, T., Wilson, K. & Rogers. (2001). A snitch inWhitcome, R., List, T., Wilson, K. & Rogers. (2001). A snitch in
time: A review of the proximity of a Crime stopper reportertime: A review of the proximity of a Crime stopper reporterto the perpetrator.to the perpetrator. Journal of Criminal Behavior, 66,Journal of Criminal Behavior, 66, 222222--243. Retrieved September 4, 2001 from Ebscohost database243. Retrieved September 4, 2001 from Ebscohost database[Masterfile] at http://www.ebscohost.com[Masterfile] at http://www.ebscohost.com
Note that the article includes the
printed page numbers
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A message posted to a list (even A message posted to a list (even
th
ough
you get it in email form):th
ough
you get it in email form):
A message posted to a list (even A message posted to a list (even
though you get it in email form):though you get it in email form):
Russet, P. (1998, October 12). TLRT:Russet, P. (1998, October 12). TLRT:
Messaging across the internet [MessageMessaging across the internet [Message AAHESGIT #119]. AAHESGIT #119]. Message postedMessage posted totohttp://www.cren.net:8080/guest/archives/AAhttp://www.cren.net:8080/guest/archives/AAHESGIT /log0110HESGIT /log0110 / /
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Article Article
with no author, no datewith no author, no date
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). RetrievedGVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved
August 8, 2000, from August 8, 2000, fromhttp://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1
997997--1010 / /
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InIn--text Citations:text Citations:Electronic sourcesElectronic sources
When citing an electronic document,
whenever possible, cite it in the author-
date style.
If electronic source lacks page numbers,
locate and identify paragraph number/
paragraph heading:
Example:
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter
section, para. 6).
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APA Tables APA Tables
Label a table with an Arabic numeral and provide atitle. The label and the title appear on separate
lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced.
Cite a source in a note below the table:
CountryCountry Regular usersRegular users
FranceFrance 9 ml9 ml
Table 1
Internet users in Europe
Note. The data are adapted from ³The European Union and
Russia´(2007). Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
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APA Figures APA Figures
Label a figure with an Arabic numeral and provide atitle. The label and the title appear on the same line
below the figure, flush-left .
Cite the source below the label and the title:
F igure 1. Internet users in Europe
Note: Eurostat Statistical books. (2007) The European Union and
Russia: Statistical comparison. 2007 edition. Retrieved from
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
You might provide an additional title centered above
the figure.
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If you need help with APAIf you need help with APA
There are several reference sources to get ananswer to your specific question about APA:There are several reference sources to get ananswer to your specific question about APA:
P ublication Manual of the American P sychological
Association, 6th ed.
http://www.apastyle.org
REFERENCEOWL website: http://owl.english.purdue.edu
PurdueWriting Lab @ HEAV 226