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The convergence will start in the network core, which will carry all typesof traffic in packets, and have the following layered (“horizontal”)structure:

• Connectivity backbone network - optimized for the transport

and switching of large amounts of data

• Service and control layer - here the intelligence in the networkresides for everything from call control to signaling.

• Content and application servers - reside outside the network

itself - for instance, on the Internet

• It is possible to use common fiber, synchronous

digital hierarchy (SDH), and synchronous optical network

(SONET) technology as a common transport network for a number 

of different services.

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• The AXE 810 system further strengthens AXE’s position as being a 

leading switching system and telephony server node plus a vehicle

for migration to multi-service and 3G networks. Other emerging

Ericsson system platforms will gradually supplement AXE on the

Server layer and the Media Gateway layer.• The main features of AXE are as follows:

• AXE modularity 

• Meeting network operators requirements 

• AXE as a telecommunications node 

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Signaling systems

For access signaling there are different systems:

- Analogue signaling

(PSTN)

- Digital subscriber signaling

(ISDN)

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 Analogue signaling

• The information about the B-number, from the subscriber on the

analogue connection to the exchange is normally transferred either 

by decadic pulses or as a combination of two tones.

• The combination of tones is known as dual tone multi frequency

(DTMF) signaling. Two tones are used for each digit

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Digital signaling

• Digital subscriber signaling system no. 1 (DSS 1) is the standard

access signaling system in ISDN and is also called a D-channel

signaling system.

• The signaling protocols are based on the open systems

interconnection (OSI) reference model layers 1 to 3.

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Inter-exchange signaling

• Inter-exchange or trunk signaling can be divided into two main

categories or methods:

• Channel Associated Signaling (CAS)(speech and signaling follow the same

physical way through the network)

• Common Channel Signaling (CCS)(define an independent logical signaling

network)

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CAS

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• The register signals are only used during the call set up phase. The

line signals can be sent and received before, during, and at the end

of the call.

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CCS

Services that require signaling transmission via the

SS7 network are Telephony, ISDN, Data Networks, Intelligent

Networks (IN), Mobile Services -> different User Parts (UP) or 

 Applications Part (AP) have been developed

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 Advantages of SS7

• High speed 

• High Capacity

• High Reliability

• High Flexibility

• Reduced equipment volume• Multiservice

• Improved economy

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SS7 BASIC STRUCTURE

• CCS is divided into:

- User Parts/Application Parts (Telephone User Part - TUP, ISDN User Part - ISUP) 

- Message Transfer Part (MTP) (common transport system for reliable transfer of 

signaling messages)

MTP is used to deliver signaling packages between two signaling

points in the network.

Packages should bee:

- Correct (errors detected and corrected by the system)

- Correct order (if re-transmissions have to be made, the order of the signals must not be

changed)

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Message Transfer Part

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