Post on 28-Sep-2020
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTuli literatura
lela gabrielaSvili
qristianul simboloTa paradigmebi asurel mamaTa
cxovreba-wamebebSi
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad
warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori eliso kalandariSvili
Tbilisi
2010
avtoris stili daculia
1
sarCevi
Sesavali
Tavi I
simboluri saxismetyvelebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi
Tavi II
mcenareTa simbolika
Tavi III
zoomorfuli saxeebi
a) cxovelTa simbolika
b) frinvelTa simbolika
Tavi IV
naTlis esTetika da RvTismSoblis simboluri saxeldebebi
a) naTlis esTetika
b) RvTismSoblis simboluri saxeldebebi
Tavi V
qvaTa, stiqiaTa da sxva simboloTa saxismetyvelebiTi analizi
a) qvaTa simbolika
b) samyaros oTxi stiqiis simboluri gaazreba ,,Siosa da evagres
cxovrebis” erT epizodSi
g) ,,ganixsna sartyeli” _ erTi epizodis simboluri gagebisaTvis
daskvna
saxismetyvelebiTi sqema-leqsikoni
gamoyenebuli literatura
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12
44
66
89
93
105
109
118
133
142
151
2
Sesavali
esTetika Tavis umaRles formad azrovnebas aRiarebs. swored
esTetikurobis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli yvelaferi SefardebiTad
gamocxaddes da gamarTleba mieces. esTetika adamianis azrovnebas
aSorebs yovelgvar dogmas, zedmet TviTdajerebas. gageba nebismieri
movlenisa an sagnisa, sul erTia, iqneba is Zalze rTuli Tu Zalze
martivi, arasodes unda CaiTvalos amowurulad, radgan misi mravali
Tviseba mainc Seucnobeli rCeba. movlenis warmosaCenad mxatvruli
literatura xSirad iyenebs saTqmelis simbolizebul formas. marTalia,
simbolos danaxva movlenis axsna araa, magram simboluri Sinaarsis
miniWeba movlenis siRrmisken warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas, adamians
ganawyobs Rrma kanonzomierebis saZieblad. es aris simbolos yvelaze
didi mniSvneloba. e. kasireri ambobs: ,,ena, miTi, religia, xelovneba da
mecniereba aris `simboluri forma~, romlis saSualebiTac adamiani
awesrigebs Tavis garSemo arsebul qaoss” (kasireri 1923: 17). am
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, simbolizeba ara mxolod mxatvrul saSualebad
aris miCneuli, aramed cxovrebis, arsebobis formad, romelsac
Segnebulad irCevs adamiani.
simbolo idumalebis esTetikas emyareba. idumalebis simboloebiT
maZiebeli esTetika mxolod uZvelesi xanis an Sua saukuneebis
kuTvnileba rodia. igi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli renesansis xanaSi,
romantizmis epoqasa da XX saukuneSi.
xSirad simbolos saxelwodebaSi aerTianeben rogorc Tavad
simbolos, aseve alegorias. amas aqvs Taviseburi gamarTlebac, Tumc,
amave dros, naklovanebac axlavs. simbolosa da alegoriis gayofa
zogjer Znelia imitom, rom TviT isini Zalze uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs an
erTmaneTSi gadadian da erTmaneTs erwymian. amis gamo laparakoben
simbolur-alegoriul gamoxatvaze da amiT maT kavSirze miuTiTeben.
warmodgenili naSromis pirvel TavSi Cven SevecdebiT, vaCvenoT maT
Soris gansxvaveba.
yovel mecnierebas aqvs Tavisi kategoriebi, romelTa mixedviT
swavlobs misTvis saintereso sferos.
esTetikis mTavari kategoriaa saxe.
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xelovneba abstraqciaa. ar arsebobs zogadad xelovneba. arsebobs
xelovnebis calkeuli dargi, romelic mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
formebiT asaxavs cxovrebas da Taviseburad gamoxatavs saTqmels:
bgeriT, feriT, sityviT... TiToeul maTgans Seiswavlis
xelovnebaTmcodneoba. esTetikis mizani ki aris maT Soris saerTos
aRmoCena. Tumca esTetika marto xelovnebiT ar Semoifargleba. igi eZebs
kanonebs bunebaSi, cxovrebasa da adamianis azrovnebaSic. magram misi
kvlevebis ZiriTadi sfero mainc xelovnebaa.
xelovnebis universaluri niSania esTetikuri zemoqmedebis unari.
yoveli maTgani Taviseburad axorcielebs amas. xelovnebis nawarmoebi
azrovnebs saxeebiT. igi mxatvruli nawarmoebis mTavari Semadgeneli
nawilicaa da misi ZiriTadi elementic.
saxe, calke aRebulic, mxatvruli zemoqmedebis Zalas flobs.
,,saxeebi erTmaneTis gverdiT ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens, magram maT
aqvT SefardebiTi avtonomiuroba, anu damoukidebloba” (siraZe 1982: 81).
sxvadasxva drois xelovnebaSi sxvadasxvagvaria mxatvruli saxis
Seqmnis specifika, gansxvavebulia imis gagebac, ra aris saxe.
Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi cnobili iyo saxis aseTi ganmarteba:
,,saxe aris xilva da Cveneba dafarulisa.~ aseTi gagebiT, dafarulia
saxis Sinaarsi da Cven SevicnobT mxolod mis zedapirs. Tumc es
Secnobis procesic garkveul siZneleebs badebs iqidan gamomdinare, rom
mxatvruli teqstis ena gacilebiT rTuli aRsaqmelia, vidre sxva tipisa
(magaliTad, komunikaciuri). rogorc m. kvaWantiraZe aRniSnavs, mxatvruli
teqsti enis konotaciur dones aniWebs upiratesobas denotaciurTan
SedarebiT. es ki qmnis `mouxelTebeli da mgulisxmebeli azrebis
sivrces~, sadac mniSvneloba mibmuli araa niSanTan (kvaWantiraZe 2005:
157). swored `mniSvnelobis niSanTan miubmeloba~ iwvevs simboluri
sivrcis farTod gaSlas, rac, TavisTavad, mniSvnelobaTa simravles
aZlevs dasabams.
mxatvruli literaturis istoriaSi cnobilia saxeebi, romlebic
sxvadasxva epoqisa da xalxis sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba. Ees
mdgradi, anu paradigmuli saxeebia, igive pirvelsaxeebi (paradigma, berZ.
paradeigma magaliTi, nimuSi). maTi gamoCena gansakuTrebiT mosalodnelia
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`normirebul~ literaturaSi (vTqvaT, sasuliero mwerlobaSi), rac
calkeul avtorTan msgavsi ideuri poziciis an SemoqmedebiTi
gamocdilebis mauwyebelia. Aamgvar saxeTa arseboba da maTi xangrZlivi
sicocxlisunarianoba, TiTqos, epoqaTa da xalxTa istoriul
`SeTanxmebaze~ metyvelebs da gvauwyebs, rom cvalebad samyaroSi
(realurSi Tu mxatvrulSi) vxvdebiT ucvlel mxatvrul da ideur
warmodgenebs. aq isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom erTmaneTs saukuneebiT
daSorebuli paradigmuli saxeebi, cxadia, yovelTvis identuri
mniSvnelobisani ar arian, absoluturad ar emTxvevian erTmaneTs _
sxvadasxva konteqsti urTierTmsgavs mxatvrul elementebsac ki
gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas sZens.
unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli literaturis saxismetyvelebiTi
istoria, anu istoria mxatvrulobis TvalsazrisiT, ver aigeba
paradigmul saxeTa Seswavlis gareSe. ukve araerTi mxatvruli saxea
Seswavlili agiografiidan, himnografiidan, ,,vefxistyaosnidan”,
,,daviTianidan”, Tu sxva Txzulebebidan.
saxeTa paradigmulobis Ziebis mravali gza gamoikveTa, r. siraZe
miiCnevs, rom arsebiTia msgavsi kvleva-Zieba ,,daemyaros qarTuli enis
bunebas, misi Sinaformebis Taviseburebebs, rac unda iTvaliswinebdes
enisa da kulturis istoriis mTlianobaSi warmodgenas” (siraZe 2008: 180).
Zveli qarTuli literaturis Seswavlisas xSirad moixmobdnen
xolme enis sakiTxebs, magram es umeteswilad xdeboda teqstologiuri
miznebiT, anda sxva konkretuli filologiuri problemebis gadaWrisas.
rasakvirvelia, esec emsaxureboda literaturis Seswavlas mxatvrul-
esTetikuri Tu saerTo kulturologiuri TvalsazrisiT. magram kvlav
gansaxorcielebeli rCeba literaturuli saxismetyvelebis sagangebo da
kompleqsuri damyareba enis Sinaformebze, enobriv samyaroSi asaxul
msoflmxedvaze, da am mxriv, kulturul-tipologiur mimarTebebze.
miuTiTeben, rom qarTuli mwerloba da, arsebiTad mTeli qarTuli
saxismetyveleba, tipologiurad ,,evropulia”, radgan qarTuli mwerloba
viTardeboda aRmosavlur-evropul (anda aRmosavlur-qristianul)
kulturul-istoriul regionSi, romelSiac Sediodnen bizantiuri,
kopturi, siriuli, eTiopuri, somxuri, albanuri da Semdeg _ slavuri
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mwerlobani. amasTanave, qarTul mwerlobas intensiuri urTierToba
hqonda ebraul da sparsul mwerlobasTan. yovelive es saerTo
kulturuli orientaciis gamomxatveli iyo, rasac Soreuli Zirebi
hqonda.
amitom ,,qarTuli saxismetyvelebis enobrivi safuZvlebis kvlevis
dros arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTuli enis istoriuli Zirebis
mimarTebas indoevropul enebTan” (gamyreliZe...1984: 25).
paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia, erTis
mxriv, enis mTeli istoria, rogorc mTlianoba, riTac vlindeba
erovnuli msoflxedvis erTianoba (rac mJRavndeba enis SinaformaSi),
xolo, meores mxriv, sityvisa Tu frazeologiis Sinaforma. pirveli
maTgani gvexmareba saxeTqmnadobis istoriuli procesis gasagebad, xolo
meore _ calkeul saxeTa Sesaswavlad, rac nawarmoebTa, rogorc saxeTa
sistemis, Seswavlis safuZvelia.
mxatvruli sityva sWarbobs saganso, _ es niSnavs, rom mxatvruli
saxis Sinaarsi ar amoiwureba misi mimeturi raobiT. swored amiT
vlindeba sityvis saxisqmnadobiTi potencia, misi Sinaforma.
mecnierebi miuTiTeben, rom sityva arasdros warmoadgens
ekvivalents TviTon grZnobad mocemuli sagnisas, rom igi ,,ufro misi
ekvivalentia, Tu rogor asaxavs mas subieqti” (uznaZe 1947: 168).
amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ,,sityvaSi, viTarca
mikrokosmosSi, Zevs substrati enis Sinaformisa; sityvaSive Cans enobrivi
msoflxedvis xasiaTi” (ramiSvili 1978: 14) da rom ena araa sityvaTa
ubralo jami. ena saxismetyvelebiTi mTlianobacaa. saxeqmnadobisaTvis,
kerZod, paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania sityvaTa semantikuri mimarTebebis xasiaTi.
enaSi yvelaferia. garkveuli azriT, enaSi mocemulia adamianuri
samyaro da kidev meti ram. ena Seicavs samyaros axleburad modelirebis
SesaZleblobas. samyaroze amgvari ,,zemoqmedebis” SesaZleblobas emyareba
saxismetyveleba.
literaturul ZeglebSi dRemde SeumCneveli simboluri plastebis
povna am nawarmoebis axleburad wakiTxvis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
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marTalia, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis nimuSebi mravalmxriv aris
Seswavlili (maT Soris asurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebanic), magram
migvaCnia, rom maTi simboluri gaazreba sul sxvagvarad warmoaCens am
Zeglebis WeSmarit literaturul Rirsebas.
Cven SevecdebiT, qristianuli simboloebi ganvixiloT asurel
moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa magaliTze. Tumca manamade mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia, mokled mimovixiloT Tavad teqstebis istoria.
saqarTvelos istoriaSi cnobilni arian e.w. asureli mamebi,
romelnic CvenSi meeqvse saukuneSi SuamdinareTidan mosulan. maT didi
Rvawli dasdes qarTlis eklesiis gaZlierebas kerpTayvanismcemlebTan
brZolaSi, agreTve, samonastro cxovrebisa da misi organizaciis
damyareba-Camoyalibebas. adridanve asurel mamaTa Rvawli mociqulebriv
misias gauTanabres. ,,ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis” erT-erT gviandel
redaqciaSi ioane moZRvravs mowafeebs, raTa ganamtkicon qristianoba
,,msgavsad wmidaTa mociqulTa” (abulaZe 1955: 29). ,,Siosa da evagres
cxovrebaSi” naTqvamia: ,,moiwia ioanessa brZanebaÁ zegardamo, raTa
gamoirCines aTormetni mowafeTagan TvisTa Zlierni sityviTa da saqmiTa
da warvides queyaned qarTvelTa da ganamtkicnes erni sarwmunoebasa
zeda” (abulaZe 1955: 78). imave TxzulebaSi ioane zedaznelze naTqvamia:
,,gananaTloso yoveli ese queyanaÁ, viTarca pirvel nino” (abulaZe 1955:
81)
,,baZva-ziarebis metad gavrcelebuli principis kvalobaze
simbolurad araerTi moRvawe warmousaxavT xolme mociqulebrivi misiiT,
magram asurel mamaTa darad _ iSviaTad” (siraZe 1992: 33).
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, VI saukuneSi Cndeba qarTuli ber-
monazvnuri instituti. cxadia, rom es istoriam ganapiroba. manamde, IV-V
saukuneTa manZilze, eklesia saqarTveloSi ukve sakmaod rTuli sistemiT
iyo Camoyalibebuli. misi Semdgomi ganviTareba monastrebSi
ganxorcielda ise, rom ukeT gamokveTiliyo kulturul-istoriuli
progresis magistraluri gzebi. VI saukuneSive Camoyalibebuli Cans
monasterTa samive ZiriTadi saxe: martmyofluri (anaqoretuli;
magaliTad, martyofi da, rogorc Cans, TviT zedazenic), ,,Zmoba”, anu
kinovia (daviT gareji) da lavra (amaTi Serwyma, magaliTad, Sio-mRvime).
7
saerTod ki aRmosavleTis saqristiano centrebSi samonastro
cxovrebas ukve didi gamocdileba hqonda. es iyo kopturi monastrebi
egvipteSi (Tebaida), siria-palestina, kabadokia.... Tumca, kidev erTxel
unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul bermonazvnur cxovrebas safuZveli
asurelma mamebma Cauyares. amitom mosalodneli iyo, rom maTi cxovreba
sakmaod farTod aRiwereboda da STamomavlobas saxsovrad darCeboda.
marTlac, Cvenamde mouRwevia ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelis, daviT
garejelisa da abibos nekreselis srulsa da vrcel cxovrebas, agreTve,
ise wilknelis, ioseb alaverdelisa da anton martyofelis cxovrebis
svinaqsarul, Semoklebul redaqciebs. (redaqciaTa ganxilvisas
veyrdnobiT k. kekeliZisa da r. baramiZis Sromas ,,Zveli qarTuli
literaturis istoria” Tb., 1969).
aRniSnuli cxovrebani da svinaqsaruli sakiTxavebi gamocemulia m.
sabininis `saqarTvelos samoTxeSi~; isini warmoadgenen e.w. metafrasebs.
ibadeba sakiTxi: iyo Tu ara Zveli `litonad da martivad~ aRwerili,
gadaukeTebeli cxovreba aRniSnuli mamebisa? TviT es metafrasuli
redaqciebi mowmoben, rom aseTi Zveli redaqcia marTlac yofila Tavis
dros. ras warmoadgenda es Zveli redaqcia, Senaxulia, Tu ara is an vin
aris misi avtori?
Zveli redaqciebidan gvaqvs cxovreba Semdegi mamebisa: ioane
zedaznelis, ise wilknelisa da Sio mRvimelis, daviT garejelisa da
abibos nekreselis (swored maT magaliTze ganvixilavT qristianuli
simboloebis sakiTxs).
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebas” Semdegi saTauri aqvs: `cxovrebai da
moqalaqeobai wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa ioane zedaznelisai da mowafeTa
misTai~; aq Cven gvaqvs `cxovreba~ ara marto ioanesi, aramed `mowafeTa
misTaÁ~: Sio mRvimelisa da ise wilknelis. Mmoxsenebulni arian da TiTo-
orola cnoba motanilia sxva mowafeTa Sesaxebac. marTalia, Sio
mRvimelis cxovreba TiTqos gamoyofilia, mas singuriT saTauric aqvs
warwerili: `cxovrebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa Siosi da
evagresi~, magram namdvilad ki originalur da ganuyofel nawils
Seadgens ioanes cxovrebisas~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 106).
8
nawarmoebi iwyeba ioanes biografiiT, aRniSnulia misi samSoblo,
misi moRvaweoba jer `TÂssave queyanasa~, mere ganSorebul udabnoSi,
sadac man `ganizraxa wasvlaÁ ucxoebad~, rogor wamovida qarTls, moiwia
mcxeTas, daeSena zedazens, rogor gagzavna aqedan mowafeni saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. mere CamoTvlilia ioanes saswaulebi. amas mosdevs
Sios cxovreba: moTxrobilia, rogor daemkvidra wminda Sio mcxeTis
maxloblad `quabsa Sina~, rogor ipova is evagrem, aRnusxulia misi
saswaulmoqmedebani da mere naTqvamia: `xolo jer ars movixsenioT erTi
mowafeTagani wmidisa ioanesi saxeliT ise~. moTxrobilia, rogor,
misdauneburad, `Seipyra igi wmindaman mamamTavarman kaTalikosman~ da
akurTxa wilknis episkoposad, rogor `mihmarTa man CrdiloiT kerZo,
rameTu jereT mouqceveli iyvnes da mtkiced epyra kerpTmsaxurebaÁ~ da
rogor saswaulmoqmedebda is.
am dros ioanes moundomebia Tavisi Segirdebis monaxuleba, misula
wilkanSi isesTan, iq miuwvevia Sioc, aRnusxulia saswauli Wiqis Sesaxeb,
agreTve, Sios mier xelisgulze nakverCxlis dadeba, romelsac sakmeveli
daasxa; aRniSnulia isic, Tu rogor miiyvana isem qsnidan wyali Tavis
saydramdis. amis Semdeg moTxrobilia, rogor miiRo Siom nebarTva wminda
ioanesgan dayudebisa, rogor daeyuda da rogor moRvaweobda saSinel
mRvimeSi. mere moTxrobilia wminda ioanes gardacvaleba, sad
daasaflaves igi winaaRmdeg misi survilisa, ra moxda amis gamo da
rogor gadaasvenes Tavis savaneSi.
Semdeg mokled moxseniebulni arian ioanes mowafeebi, vin sad
daemkvidra da sad aaSena monasteri. aseTia mokle Sinaarsi am
nawarmoebisa. es nawarmoebi unda iyos is pirvandeli `kimenuri~
Txzuleba, romlis niadagze Semdeg SeuqmniaT metafrasuli cxovreba.
Txzuleba, rogorc saTaurSia aRniSnuli, `aRwera arsen qarTlisa
kaTalikosman~. vin iyo es arseni da rodis cxovrobda is?
ioane zedaznelis cxovrebas darTuli aqvs Semdegi SeniSvna:
`Semdgom oTxas oTxisa (ana dedoflis variantiT _ ocisa) wlisa
gamoikiTxa wmindaman mamaman Cuenman arseni, qarTlisa kaTalikosman~
cxovreba misio. `Cans, is redaqcia, romelic safuZvlad dadebia
metafrasuls, dawerili yofila arsen kaTalikosis mier Semdgomad
9
oTxas oTxis (Tu ocis) wlisa ioanes qarTlSi mosvlidan. ioane meeqvse
saukunis ormocian wlebSi movida CvenSi, 404-420 weliwadi modis meaTe
saukunis meore naxevarSi, da marTlac, am dros qarTlSi iyo kaTalikosi
arsen II (955-980ww.), kaci ganaTlebuli da mwignobari~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 107).
unda vifiqroT, arsens xelT hqonda raime werilobiTi wyaro,
rodesac is Tavisi Sromis weras Seudga: warmoudgenelia, rom oTxi
saukunis ganmavlobaSi raime ar Caweriliyo am mamaTa Sesaxeb.
`cxovrebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ daviT garejelisaÁ~ ar Seadgens
nawils ioanes cxovrebisas, msgavsad Sios cxovrebisa. is metad mokle
redaqcias warmoadgens. cxovreba iwyeba imiT, Tu rogor damkvidrdnen
daviTi da lukiane parexSi, anu gamoqvabulSi: amis Semdeg gadmocemulia
yvela faqti bubaqaris Svilis gankurnebamde. Aaq ki cxovreba wydeba
danarCeni furclebis dakargvis gamo. `am redaqciaSi araa grZeli,
mixveul-moxveuli adgilebi, locvebi da enawylianoba. visi dawerilia es
mokle, ueWvelia Tavdapirveli, redaqcia, amis Tqma Znelia. erTi ki
cxadia, rom kaTalikoss arsen II-s ar ekuTvnis~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 107). ena
am cxovrebisa ufro Zvelia, vidre arsenisa. daviT garejelis cxovreba
dauweria, rogorc Cans, sxva agiografs ufro adre, vidre arsen
kaTalikoss _ sxvebisa.
SedarebiT adrea dawerili `cxovreba~ abibos nekreselisa. am
Txzulebis saTaurSi vkiTxulobT: `Tqmuli arseni didisa, qarTlisa
kaTalikozisa~. `es aris kaTalikosi arsen safareli (860-887). am arsenis
mier gamoyenebuli wyaro Seicavda cnobebs im politikuri cvlilebebis
Sesaxeb qarTlSi, romelsac adgili hqonda VI saukunis ukanasknel
aTeulSi~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 107).
am Zeglebis mizania, gagvacnon, rogor ikidebda fexs CvenSi
samonastro cxovreba da monastrebi, romelnic gardaiqmnen kulturul-
ganmanaTlebeli centrebad. amasTan erTad, isini gviTvaliswineben im
daundobel ideur brZolebs, romelTa Sedegad Zvelad dawerili
Txzulebani da Tqmulebani Zirfesvianad icvleboda SemdegSi da axali
redaqciiT gamodioda. saqme iqamde misula, rom sirieli moRvaweni,
romelnic monofizitebi iyvnen, diofizitebad gamoucxadebiaT.
10
rodesac CvenSi damyarda metafrasuli mimarTuleba, Zveli,
kimenuri redaqcia asureli moRvaweebis cxovrebisa gadakeTebul-
gadametafrasebuli iqna. es metafrasuli Txzulebani or jgufad iyofa:
erT jgufs ekuTvnis daviT garejelis cxovreba, romelic SeuTxzavs
petriwonuli skolidan gamosul mwerals. vin aris es metafrasti, ar
viciT. Tavis Sromis dasawyisSi is wers: `iZulebiTa sulTamwyemsisa
onofresiTa~. ,,Tu am onofred miviCnevT ,,didsa bersa da moZRuarsa
onofre gareSjelsa~, romelic daviT aRmaSeneblis drosaa moxseniebuli,
metafrasti meTormete saukunis pirveli naxevris mwerlad unda
miviCnioT, amas zedmiwevniT udgeba petriwonuli xasiaTic TviT Sromisa”
(kekeliZe... 1969: 107-108).
rac Seexeba sxva mamaTa `cxovrebebs~, isini Seadgenen meore jgufs
da dawerili arian erTi da imave avtoris mier, romelsac zogi ram
`wignTagan~ amoukiTxavs (igulisxmeba kaTalikos arsenis mier SeTxzuli
manamde arsebuli Zveli cxovreba,) maT Sesaxeb da zogi `mamaTagan~
gaugonia. vinaidan mas zepirTqmulebiTac uxelmZRvanelia, mis TqmulebaSi
zogi ram gansxvavebac aris.
vin iyo es metafrasti, romelsac dauweria ioane zedaznelis, Sio
mRvimelis, ise wilknelis da abibos nekreselis `cxovrebani~?
ioane zedaznelis cxovrebas aseTi warwera aqvs: `ganaaxla da
ganavrco wmidaman mamaman Cuenman qristes mier qarTlisa kaTalikozman
arseni~, xolo abibos nekreselis wamebas aweria: `Tqmuli arseni didisa,
qarTlisa kaTalikosisa~. `am warweraTa fsevdoepigrafikuli xasiaTic
cxadia: metafrasul redaqciaze gadmoutaniaT saxeli mecxre-meaTe
saukuneTa kaTalikosebisa, romelTac aRuweriaT Zveli redaqcia asurel
mamaTa cxovrebisa, dedani metafrasuli redaqciisa~ (kekeliZe... 1969: 108).
ase rom, sakiTxi metafrasuli redaqciis avtoris Sesaxeb jerjerobiT
Riad unda darCes.
ioane zedaznelis cxovreba, romelic ana dedofliseul `qarTlis
cxovrebaSi~ Senaxula, dawerilia zedaznis monastris winamZRvris
miqaelis TxovniT.; is dawerili unda iyos ara ugvianes meTerTmete
saukunisa, vinaidan misgan momdinare meore metafrasuli redaqcia
(sabininis gamocema), enis mixedviT, meTormete saukunis pirveli
11
naxevrisaa. ise wilknelis cxovreba dauweria me-18 saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi kaTolikos besarions, romelsac ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi
mocemuli cnobisaTvis zogi ram Tavisic daumatebia.
asurel mamaTa cxovrebani gamocemulia prof. il. abulaZis mier:
asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi (1955w.) swored am
gamocemiT vxelmZRvanelobT Cveni naSromis werisas. ioane zedaznelis
cxovrebis wigni sami redaqciiT aris moRweuli. uZvelesi maTgani,
romelic erTaderTi da masTan naklulovani xelnaweris saxiT aris
moRweuli (Q795), X s.-is meore naxevarSia gamoTqmuli, rac ekuTvnis am
xanis moRvawes arsen II –s. meore redaqcia, agreTve erTi nusxiT daculi
(A199), misgan aris gamokrebili (mokle redaqciaa) da mesame ki, romelic
mraval xelnawerSia Semonaxuli, cxovrebis mokle wignze aRmocenebuli
metafrasuli redaqciaa, rogorc es samecniero literaturaSia
dadgenili.
pirveli ori redaqcia warmodgenilia TiTo calad Semonaxuli
xsenebuli nusxebiT, xolo mesamisaTvis moxmobilia sami adrindeli
xelnaweri (A160, A 130 da S 449). amaTgan uZvelesi xelnaweris teqsti
pirvelad gamoica il. abulaZis mier. igi anaseuli `qarTlis cxovrebis”
xelnawers aqvs darTuli (XV s.).
`Siosa da evagres cxovrebis” wignis mxolod ori redaqciaa
xelnawerebSi warmodgenili: mokle da misi gadanakazmi – metafrasi.
mecnierul literaturaSi SeniSnulia (k. kekeliZe), rom Sios cxovrebis
mokle wigni ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis mokle wignis gagrZelebaa.
amdenad, naklulovnad Semonaxuli arseniseuli ioane zedaznelis
cxovrebis wigni, romlis Tanmimdevrul gamonakrebs mokle wigni
warmoadgens, moicavda agreTve Siosa da evagres cxovrebis aRwerasac.
cal-calke es cxovrebani mxolod metafrasul redaqciebSia
warmodgenili.
metafrasuli redaqciisaTvis yvela is nusxaa gamoyenebuli,
romelic ioane zedaznelis cxovrebisaTvis iqna arCeuli (A 160, A 130, S
449), xolo mokle cxovrebisaTvis A 199 da H 1336.
daviT garejelis cxovrebis wigni ori redaqciiT aris
gamovlinebuli: mokliTa da metafrasuliT. metafrasulis
12
gamoqveynebisaTvis il. abulaZis mier gamoyenebulia yvela is nusxa,
romlebic ioane zedaznelisa da Sio mRvimelis cxovrebis wignTaTvis
iqna SerCeuli (A 160, A 130, S 449), xolo mokle redaqciisaTvis A 199 da H
1336.
abibos nekreselis wamebis ornairi redaqcia mogvepoveba. il.
abulaZe aRniSnavs: `dRemdis cnobili da gamoqveynebuli (pirvelad _ m.
janaSvilis mier 1908w., meored _ s. kakabaZis mier 1928w.) uZvelesi
xelnaweris teqsti sxvebTan SedarebiT ramdenadme momcroa, magram mas
Semdeg, rac Sematebulad miCneul adgilebs masze ufro vrcelsa da
SedarebiT gviandel nusxebSi warmodgenili cxovrebis wignebidan
gamovricxavT, ukanasknelis upiratesoba irkveva pirvelTan mimarTebiT”
(abulaZe 1955: 7).
es garemoeba dasdebia safuZvlad imas, rom gamocemaSi gviandeli
nusxebiT warmodgenili redaqcia pirvel adgilzea wamoweuli, xolo
adrindeli xelnaweriT mocemuli _ meoreze. pirveli redaqciisaTvis
gamoyenebulia is nusxebi, romelTac daucavT sxva asurel mamaTa
metafrasuli redaqciebi (A 130 da H 2121), xolo meorisaTvis _ misi
erTaderTi Semcveli xelnaweri (A 832).
vidre uSualod gadavidodeT im saxe-simboloTa ganxilvaze,
romelic am redaqciebSi gvxvdeba, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, simbolos
Teoriuli gaanalizeba.
Tavi I
simboluri saxismetyvelebis Teoriuli aspeqtebi
marTlmadidebluri anTropologia sityvis or saxes icnobs:
Sinagans (endeoteturs) da garegans (proforistuls). Sinagani logosic,
Tavis mxriv, ori aspeqtiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT: sulieriTa da
mSvinvieriT. sulieri aspeqtiT ganxiluli logosi pirobiTad saganTa
uSualo xedvas, intuitur Secnobas, Wvretas SeiZleba SevadaroT.
mSvinvier planSi danaxuli logosis moqmedebis areali ki sulis
13
saidumlo kunWulebia, sadac kodirebuli da daSifruli saxiT inaxeboda
adamianSi genetikurad Cadebuli mTeli informacia. igi imdenad didi
moculobisaa, rom antikuri periodis anTropologebi Semecnebas
gaxsenebasTan aigivebdnen. Aam informacias adamiani iRebs mTeli Tavisi
miwieri arsebobis manZilze, dabadebidan ki ara, Casaxvis momentidan,
xolo logosis Tvisebaa, erT wamSi gadaamuSaos igi. `Sinagani logosi
yvela droisa da erovnebis adamianebs axasiaTebs, ufro metic, igi erT-
erTi arsebiTi (substanciuri) Tvisebaa adamianisa, rogorc RmrTis
xatisa da msgavsebisa~ (arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 120).
Sinagani logosis zedapirze, ase vTqvaT, mis garsze, warmoiSveba
garegani (proforistuli) sityva, anu warmodgenaTa kombinacia, romelic
refleqsiaTa sibrtyeze arsebobs. Sinagan logoss pnevmatofsiqikuri
buneba aqvs, garegani logosi fsiqosomaturobiT xasiaTdeba. Sinagani
logosis moqmedeba stabiluria miuxedavad imisa, rom misi gamJRavneba,
anu kavSiri refleqsiasTan, adamianis mdgomareobazea damokidebuli,
garegani sityva ki arastabiluria, igi adamianis xasiaTis mixedviT
icvleba (uSualo gancdebi, vnebebi, miznebi). `garegani sityva Sinaganis
msgavsi unda iyos, magram adamianis buneba da vnebebi aryeven mas, swyveten
Sinagans da maSin mtyuari azrebi warmoiSveba~ (arqimandriti rafaeli
1994: 120). garegani sityva, rogorc ena, ganuwyvetliv icvleba, Sinagani ki
ucvleli rCeba. Aamrigad, garegani sityva aris niSani, ena ki _ pirobiTi
sistema. Tu garegani sityva Sinagans emTxveva, igi misi gamovlenis,
gamomJRavnebis, TiTqosda, materializaciis saSualebas warmoadgens.
garegani da Sinagani logosis damTxvevis magaliTia wmindanebis sityva.
Aamitom iyo, rom mas gansakuTrebuli Zala hqonda da saocar
zemoqmedebas axdenda adamianze _ wmindanis saubari mis sulSi
waruSlel kvals tovebda. Mmagram Tu garegani sityva ar emTxveva
Sinagan logoss, maSin igi sicarielis safarveli, TviT adamianisa da mis
garSemomyofTa dezinformaciis mizezi xdeba.
wminda werilSi gamoxatvisa da Semecnebis ZiriTadi saSualebaa
simbolo, romlis garSemoc Tavmoyrilia saxismetyvelebis sxva formebic.
biblia garegani da Sinagani logosis harmoniis unikaluri magaliTia.
realuri movlenebi sulieri substanciebis an procesebis simboloebia,
14
amitom wminda werilSi istoria mocemulia rogorc sulis saidumlo
metyveleba.
`xelovnebisa da esTetikisaTvis simbolo Zalze mniSvnelovania,
daaxloebiT ise, rogorc mizidulobis kanoni fizikaSi, an ricxvi
maTematikaSi. Cven am sityvas xSirad viyenebT ise, rom misi zusti
ganmarteba arc ki viciT~ (siraZe 1982: 75-76).
Zveli poetebi da filosofosebi farTod iyenebdnen simbolos,
magram misi gansazRvreba aravis moucia, SesaZloa imitomac, rom maTTvis
simbolo mxolod gamoxatvis saSualeba ki ara, yofierebis saidumlo
iyo.
amJamad simbolo erT-erTi kargad Seswavlili Temaa, misi
ganmartebac araerT mecniersa Tu mkvlevars aqvs mocemuli, Tumca
migvaCnia, rom simbolos srulad Seswavla da misi arsis amomwuravad
amocnoba SeuZlebelia.
simbolosTan erTad sagangebod gamovyofT alegoriasac, radganac
qristianul mwerlobaSi simbolo da alegoria ara marto mxatvruli
gamoxatvis xerxebadaa gamoyenebuli, aramed isini mauwyebelni arian
azrovnebis Taviseburi sistemisa. `simbolo aris ara marto mxatvruli
gamosaxvis saSualeba, aramed azrovnebis stili~ (baramiZe 1966: 164).
simbolo, rogorc marTebulad aRniSnavs akad. k. kekeliZe, aris
sarwmunoebis aRsareba. amdenad, qristianul sarwmunoebasa da, saerTod,
religiaSi, simboloebi gacilebiT ufro rTuli movlenaa, vidre
mxatvruli gamosaxvis romelime xerxi. igive iTqmis alegoriis Sesaxebac,
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom simbolo alegoriisa da emblemisagan
upirvelesad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom misi arc SeTxzva SeiZleba, arc
Sedgena. igi im garemoSi arsebobs, romelic adamianTanaa dakavSirebuli
(istoriuli, kulturuli, sazogadoebrivi da materialuri garemos
CaTvliT) da kacobriobis ganzogadebul SegnebaSi, gansakuTrebiT,
SemoqmedebiT SemecnebaSi vlindeba, alegoria ki garegnul msgavsebas
emyareba da xelovnurad qmnis saxes. simbolo mravalmniSvnelovani da
mravalwaxnagovania, alegoria ki, Cveulebriv, erTmniSvnelovani.
simboloze zogjer saubroben, rogorc niSanze, magram Tu niSans
xSirad erTi mniSvneloba aqvs da niSanTa sistemis mravalmniSvnelianoba
15
vnebs niSnis funqcionirebas, simbolo mravalniSnaa da rac ufro bevri
mniSvneloba aqvs mas, miT ufro Sinaarsiania. simbolos martooden
iterpretaciaa SesaZlebeli. Tu niSani miuTiTebs sxva obieqtze,
yovelTvis erTsa da imaveze, simbolo aseTi calsaxa ar aris. igi
alegoriisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom simbolos arsis gaSifvra martivi
gansazRvrebiT SeuZlebelia; simbolo ganuyofelia gamosaxulebis
struqturisagan. misi struqtura mimarTulia iqiTken, rom nebismieri
kerZo movlenis meSveobiT Seqmnas samyaros mTliani xati.
simbolos ganmarteba codnis dialoguri formaa: simbolos arsi
arsebobs mxolod adamianTa urTierTobaSi.
alegoriisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis gaSifvra SedarebiT martivia,
simboloSi SeigrZnoba SemakavSirebeli idumalebis siTbo. klasikuri
antikurobisa da Sua saukuneebis epoqebSi xeldasmulTa rolSi
gvevlinebodnen xalxebi da kulturul-konfesiuri erTobebi, xolo
burJuaziul epoqaSi simbolo funqcionirebda elituri garemos
farglebSi, raTa mis adeptebs ecnoT erTmaneTi ,,gulgril brboSi”.
alegorias Txzaven, emblemas adgenen, emblemebisa da alegoriebis
ricxvi ganusazRvrelia, amasTn, isini icvlebian kidec, simbolos ki
mudmivi da myari xasiaTi aqvs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi mkvlevari niSansa da simbolos
sinonimebad moiazrebs. semiotika axali drois mecnierebaa. igi
Seiswavlis sxvadasxva niSnuri sistemis Seqmnis, agebisa da
funqcionirebis kanonebs. Tavisi kvlevis obieqts ki poulobs yvelgan:
enaSi, maTematikaSi, literaturaSi, arqiteqturaSi, qvecnobier
procesebSi, miTSi, ritualSi, cxovelTa da mcenareTaA samyaroSi da a.S.
semiotikis ZiriTadi terminia niSani. igi gansxvavebulad
ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva avtorTan. magaliTad, aristotelesTvis niSani
mis ZiriTad mniSvnelobasTan erTad simptomsac aRniSnavs, xolo sityvebi
azris pirobiT niSnebad aris miCneuli. pirsisTvis niSani Suamavalia
adamianur gonebasa da samyaros Soris. ,,aRsaniSnTan damokidebulebis
mixedviT, pirsi gamoyofda: ikonur niSnebs, indeqsur niSnebsa da
simbolur niSnebs” (barbaqaZe 2007: 19).
16
pirsis semiotika ganaviTara morismac. sosiuri ganixilavda niSans,
rogorc bilateralurs (ormxrivs), rogorc aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis
erTobliobas, romelsac mniSvneloba TavisTavad ara aqvs da
ganisazRvreba sistemis sxva elementebiT. igi niSnis sinonimad simbolos
ar gamoiyenebda, radgan miaCnda, rom niSani pirobiTia, xolo simbolo ar
SeiZleboda, bolomde pirobiTi yofiliyo.
zogierTi mkvlevari simbolos metaforasac upirispirebs.
,,metaforas, romelic saxes azrobriobisken mimarTavs, upirispirdeba
simbolo, romelic, agreTve, saxes emyareba, magram mimarTulia formis
stabilizaciisken. metafora niSnis sinonimad ar moiazreba, maSin, roca
simbolo SeiZleba gaigivebuli iyos rogorc saxesTan, ise niSanTan”
(aruTinova 2007: 235) simbolo inarCunebs ra avtonomiur adgils enis
semantikur sistemaSi, erTgvari semantikuri xidis funqcias atarebs da
saxes niSanTan aerTebs. mkvlevris azriT, simbolosTan miaxloeba
yovelTvis aRmasvlas gulisxmobs.
saxis, simbolosa da niSnis urTierTkavSiris gamosaaSkaraveblad
avtori averinceviseul koncefcias iSveliebs, romlis mixedviT, simbolo
aris saxe Tavis niSnur aspeqtSi da, amasTan, niSani, romelSic Tavs iCens
saxis amouwuravi da mravalmniSvnelovani organuloba. yvela simbolo
aris saxe (da yvela saxe, garkveulwilad, simboloa), magram simbolos
kategoria saxis sazRvrebidan gasvlas, garkveuli azris arsebobas
gulisxmobs, romelic saxesTan aris Serwymuli, magram saxesTan
gaigivebuli ar aris (averincevi 1987). losevi ki ,,filosofiis
enciklopediaSi” simbolos ganmartavs, rogorc ,,ideur, saxeobriv an
ideur-saxeobriv struqturas, romelic ama Tu im gansxvavebuli
sagnebisadmi mimarTebas moicavs da ganzogadebul, bolomde gauSlel
niSans warmoadgens” (losevi 1970: 10-11).
mkvlevars saxe, simbolo, niSani sinonimebad esaxeba, Tumca, iqve
aRniSnavs, rom ar arsebobs konteqsti, sadac samive sityvis iseTi xmareba
iyos daSvebuli, rom amiT mTavari azri ar Seicvalos.
simbolo saxesTan da niSanTan apelaciiT ganimarteba, magram arc
saxe da arc niSani simbolosTan mimarTebiT ganmartebas ar saWiroebs.
saxe warmoadgens im safuZvels, razec simbolo da niSani aigeba. ,,saxe
17
fsiqologiuria, metafora _ semantikuri, simbolo ki _ funqciuri”
(aruTinova 2007: 236).
simbolo, metaforisgan gansxvavebiT, ,,miwieri mizidulobis”
daZlevas iolad axerxebs. is cdilobs, aRniSnos maradiuli da
mouxelTebeli, is, rac mistikuri tendenciebis mqone moZRvrebebSi
(magaliTad, daoizmSi) WeSmarit realobad iTvleba da
konceptualizacias ar eqvemdebareba. metaforas ki ,,miwieri amocana” aqvs.
is obieqtis iseTi saxis SeqmnisTvis aris mowodebuli, romelic mis
latentur arss gamoavlens. metafora realobis gagebas aRrmavebs, xolo
simbolos am realobis sazRvrebs gareT gavyavarT.
sxvadasxva skolisa da avtoris mier niSnisa da simbolos
gansxvavebulma da xSirad sinonimurma gansazRvrebebma gamoiwvia am
terminTa aRreva. saboloo jamSi, Sejerda ra simbolosa da niSnis
gansazRvrebebi, ZiriTad terminad semiotikaSi aRiares niSani, xolo
simbolo _ niSnis saxed ganmartes, romelsac Tavisi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs
da dauSves, rom igi, zog SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iyos niSnis sinonimi.
niSani da simbolo semiotikuri leqsikonis saerTo sakvanZo
sityvebs warmoadgenen da am leqsikonSi gvareobriv terminebad aRiarebis
pretendentebad gvevlinebian. orives agebuleba samkomponenturia _
aRmniSvneli, aRsaniSni da semiotikuri kavSiri _ struqturis
konstituciuri elementi, romelic niSnis mxareebis urTierTmimarTebebs
,,molaparakebis” Sedegad amyarebs. miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, simbolo da
niSani imdenad gansxvavdebian TavianTi sintaqsuri da semantikuri
distribuciiT, rom isini urTierTSenacvlebadi ar arian da mxolod
Zalze iSviaTad amyareben pirdapir semantikur opoziciur mimarTebebs
erTmaneTTan.
rogorc aRiniSna, simbolos zogadi Tvisebaa niSnisa da
aRsaniSnis erTianoba. magaliTad, lomi Zlierebis simboloa. Zlierebaa
misi Sinaarsi, anu aRsaniSni, xolo TviT lomi misi garegnuli niSania.
Aase usasrulod SegviZlia CamovTvaloT.
Sua saukuneebSi yvelaferi simbolod miaCndaT. Qqveynad ar iyo
raime, rasac adamianisaTvis mxolod erTi mniSvneloba hqonda. U ubralo
wyaro, romliTac kaci wyurvils iklavda, mas cxovrebis wyaroze
18
mianiSnebda. xec sicocxlis Zalas gamoxatavda, xolo varskvlavebi _
zeciur Zalebs.
erTi sityviT, rasac ki xedavdnen, an rasac gaifiqrebdnen,
yvelafers simbolur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. yovel sagans Tavisi
daniSnuleba hqonda, magram amiT aravin kmayofildeboda. saWiro iyo misi
meore mniSvnelobis, raRac dafaruli, ezoTeruli arsis amocnobac.
amgvari ram didi saidumloebebiT aRavsebda yovelives, amave dros,
swored simboloTa meSveobiT iZendnen sagnebi da movlenebi siRrmiseul
mniSvnelobas da ufro masStaburni xdebodnen. simbolos aseTi gageba
gavlenas axdenda mTel imdroindel xelovnebaze.
simboloTa samyaro mdidari da mravalferovania. WeSmaritad,
`sinamdvilisa da cxovrebis yoveli are savsea simbloTa uricxvi
raodenobiT~ (losevi 1973: 191). simboloebi iqmnebian da gamoiyenebian
adamianis mier cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis yovel sferoSi, dawyebuli
yofidan, damTavrebuli sulieriT, romelic isaxavs usazRvro
perspeqtivebs Semoqmedebisa da srulyofis gzaze. Mmis (simbolos) gareSe
warmoudgenelia mecniereba, religia, literatura (gansakuTrebiT,
poezia), xelovneba. simbolo gvxvdeba niSanTa TiTqmis yovel sistemaSi.
`Cveni garemomcveli samyaroc mdidaria bunebrivi simboloebiT. maT,
gansxvavebiT adamianis mier Seqmnili simboloebisagan, `xelTuqmneli~
SegviZlia vuwodoT~ (ivanovi 1987: 336).
simboloTa Zieba da aRmoCena SesaZlebelia yvela im sferoSi,
romelTa wiaRSic mkvidrobs adamiani, magram simbolizaciis mTavar
saSualebad gamoyenebulia bunebisa da adamianTa samyaros ZiriTadi
substanciebi _ sinaTle da sibnele, Zala da uZlureba, sicocxle da
sikvdili, suli da materia, sikeTe da boroteba. yofierebis calkeuli
elementi mTlianad misi damaxasiaTebeli niSani xdeba.
andrei beli Tavis gamokvlevaSi `simbolizmi~ aRniSnavs: `simbolo
aris saxe aRebuli bunebidan (cxovrebidan) da gardaqmnili SemoqmedebiT.
is aris saxe, romelic Tavis TavSi aerTianebs Semoqmedis gancdasa da
bunebidan aRebul masalas~ (beli 1910: 8). amis gamoa swored, rom
simbolos ganzogadebuli da ganmazogadebeli xasiaTi aqvs. igi yvela
droisa da yvela xalxisaTvis gasagebia, Tumca sxvadasxva doneze
19
mJRavndeba. Aaqedan momdinareobs warmarTul da qristianul samyaroTa
simboloebis TanakveTa, romelic kosmiurobiTa da universalurobiT
xasiaTdeba. am msgavsebas, romelic adamianTa modgmis erTianobidan
gamomdinareobs da mis SemecnebiT Ziebas asaxavs, seqtantebi da aTeistebi
xSirad profanacias uweven da qristianobaSi warmarTobis SeRwevad
miiCneven. Mmagram maT, vinc simboluri enis msgavsebas eklesiaSi
warmarTobis recidivad miiCnevs, SevaxsenebT, rom qristianoba ver
gamoigonebda axal simbolikas, raRac xelovnuri enis msgavss; es
simbolika ki ara, gaugebari, adamianebisaTvis ucxo ena iqneboda.
rogorc samecniero literaturaSia cnobili, literaturisa da
saxviTi xelovnebis istoriuli ganviTareba gamoyofs mxatvruli saxeebis
sam tips:
1. iqmneba `eideturi~ saxeebi. igi ukavSirdeba `ideas~ (rac
gulisxmobs gamoxatul azrs, berZnulad _ `eidos~). aseTi saxeebis
saukeToso nimuSebi gvxvdeba antikur xelovnebaSi, imdroindel
qandakebebSi, xuroTmoZRvrebasa Tu literaturaSi. aq azri da grZnoba
uSualod vlindeba saxis xilul, fizikur raobaSi. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, saxis Sinaarsi, uSualod, plastikaSi Cans. mag., zevsis qandakebani
uSualod avlens mis bunebas. amas safuZvlad udevs miTologia.
2. qristianobis warmoSobis Semdeg damkvidrda `eikonuri~
saxismetyveleba (anu xatisebri, berZnuli sityvidan `eikon~ _ xati).
eikonuri saxeebi emyareba qristianul moZRvrebas adamianis Sesaxeb,
romlis mixedviT, adamianis suli da xorcieli buneba erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba: suli RvTaebrivia, amaRlebulia da uxilavi, xorcieli
buneba ki _ mdabali da warmavali. `eikonuri saxis garegnoba mxolod
miniSnebaa da ver-ki amowuravs missive Sinaars. igi Cven TviTon unda
warmovidginoT~ (siraZe 1998: 17). magaliTad, macxovris nebismieri xatis
RvTaebrivi Sinaarsi Cvenve unda warmovisaxoT TanaSemoqmedebiT.
3. dabolos, sakuTriv mxatvruli gansaxiereba, romelic
uSualod esteTikur safuZvels emyareba da ara mxolod miToss an
qristianul saxismetyvelebas. aseTia axali drois saxismetyveleba;
Tumca TiToeuli zemoT aRniSnuli saxis Serwyma Zalze xSiria xolme.
20
r. siraZe miiCnevs, rom eikonuri, anu xatisebri gansaxovnebaa
mTel agiografiaSi. aq araa Cveulebrivi mxatvruli saxeebi. agiografia
orplanian xatisebur saxeTa sistemaa: maT amqveyniuri Sinaarsic aqvT da
sulieri mniSvnelobac.
Qqristianobam zogadkacobruli simbolika miiRo da Tavisi Rrma
azri Cado Sig. Zvel eklesiaSic da warmarTul samyaroSic anTebdnen
CiraRdnebs, msxverpls swiravdnen RmerTs, locvebs aRavlendnen, magram
iq miznobrivi ideebi da warmodgenebi simbolizebulis Sesaxeb
damaxinjebuli iyo. rac Seexeba Zveli aRTqmis taZrisa da axali aRTqmis
eklesiis simboluri enebis urTierTmimarTebas, marTalia, maT Soris
genetikuri kavSiri SenarCunebulia, magram axali aRTqmis simboloebi
ufro Rrmaa da ierarqiulad ufro maRal safexurzec dgas.
`simboloebad SeiZleba istoriuli movlenebic iqnas gamoyenebuli,
radgan kacobriobis istorias providentuli (winaswar gansazRvruli)
xasiaTi aqvs~ (arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 130). istoriis yvelaze
damaxasiaTebeli movlenebi kacobriobisa da samyaros momavali bedis
simboloebad iqcevian xolme.
rogorc aRvniSneT, simbolos iyenebs qristianuli eklesia.
simbolo jer kidev pirvelma qristianebma aiTvises. Mmisi arseboba Zvel
eklesiaSi tradiciulad ori garemoebiT aixsneba. uTiTeben, rom
simboloebs, upirveles yovlisa, mimarTavdnen kerpTmsaxurTa mier
qristianTa devnis gamo, radgan aSkara RvTismsaxureba SeuZlebeli iyo;
pirveli qristianebi saidumlod ikribebodnen erToblivi locvisaTvis
da axali religiis Sinaarss simboloebis saSualebiT gamoxatavdnen.
simbolikis ganviTarebis meore mizezi iyo xalxis erTi nawilis
arasakmarisi mzadyofna da meoreTa jer kidev Camouyalibebeli swrafva
gamouTqmel, RvTaebriv saidumloebaTa misawvdomad. `saxarebis mosmena, _
wers am sakiTxis Sesaxeb kirile ierusalimeli,_ yvelasaTvis
nebadarTulia, magram madli saxarebisa mxolod WeSmarit qristianebze
gadmodis. amitomac maT, ramelTac ar SeswevT Zala gagebisa, ufali
igavebiT esaubreboda, mowafeebs ki, calke uxsnida igavebs, radgan is,
rac Suqia madlisa naTelRebulTaTvis, sibrmavea urwmunoTaTvis.
Yyoveli saidumlo, romelsac eklesia gauwyebs Sen, kaTakmevlobis
21
gamsrulebels, ar gaendoba warmarTs, ar gadaecema mas saidumlo
swavleba mamaze, Zesa da suliwmindaze. kaTakmevlebsac ar velaparakebiT
saidumloebebis Sesaxeb pirdapir da xSirad rames SefarviT vambobT,
mcodne morwmuneebi gulisxmahyofen, ucodinrebs ki ara evnebaT ra~
(kirile ierusalimeli 1855: 103).
analogiur gafrTxilebebs vxvdebiT wminda irineos lionelis,
klimenti aleqsandrielisa da tertulianes TxzulebebSi.
qristianuli simbolizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, klimenti
aleqsandrieli, marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom SeniRbuli (simboluri)
anbani (kriptografia) damaxasiaTebeli iyo jer kidev egviptelebisaTvis,
romelTac weris sami urTierTisagan gansxvavebuli saSualeba hqondaT
da qristianebmac maTgan aiTvises igi; wminda mama dawvrilebiT
mimoixilavs maT. unda iTqvas, rom erT-erTi pirveli damamkvidrebeli
qristianobaSi am `SeniRbuli anbanisa~ iyo TviT klimenti
aleqsandrieli.
klimenti aleqsandriels mizanSewonilad miaCnia aseTi SeniRbva
sarwmunoebisa da, swored amitom, is iyo erT-erTi pirvelTagani,
romelmac qristianul `simbolizmSi~ wvlili Seitana. mis mier
dadgenili tradiciiT, qristianebi TavianTi sarwmunoebrivi
saidumloebis SeniRbvis mizniT dogmebsa da principebs orazrovnad,
pirobiTad gamoxatavdnen. eklesia iZulebuli iyo mTavari dogmebi
daemala ara marto cnobismoyvare warmarTebisaTvis, aramed, nawilobriv,
Tavis axalmoqceuli wevrebisaganac, romelTa simtkiceSi jer kidev ar
iyo darwmunebuli. es iyo eklesiis mamaTa mier mtkiced dadgenili wesi,
raTa sarwmunoebis sibrZne, romelTac ukeTurni ver gaigebdnen da ver
daafasebdnen, ar yofiliyo Sebilwuli. amas gulisxmobs iesoc: `nu
miscemT siwmindesa Cemsa ZaRlTa, nuca daufenT margalitsa Tquensa
winaSe RorTa, nuukue daTrgunon igi ferÃTa maTiTa da mogeqcen da
gangxeTqen~ (maT. 7, 6).
rogorc marTebulad SeniSnavs a. uvarovi (uvarovi 1908), eklesiis
mamebi sruliad mizanSewonilad cdilobdnen religiuri dogmebis
Sesaxeb elaparakaT SefarviT, gansakuTrebiT, e. w. saeklesio
`saidumloebaTa~ Sesaxeb, raTa is yvelasaTvis gasagebi ar yofiliyo.
22
yvelaferi, rac exeboda rva wminda saidumlos, gadaecemoda
mxolod WeSmarit qristians da mas icavdnen metismeti simtkiciT. yovel
uxerxul sityvas, yovel uxerxul frazas SeeZlo moulodnelad
daerRvia es wesi. yovelgvari uxerxuloba ki mdgomareobda azris
naTlad gadmocemaSi. amitom cdilobdnen, epovaT gansakuTrebuli
pirobiTi sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, romlebic garkveul azrs naTlad
gadascemda morwmuneebs da, amave dros, urwmunoTaTvis darCeboda
gamoucnobi, gaugebari.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,sityvis semantikuri velis ierarqiis SreTa
gasaazreblad mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod TviT enobriv monacemebs,
aramed saxviTi xelovnebis saxeTa paradigmulobasac” (demusi 1970:
111).Gsityvier gansaxovnebas bevri aqvs saerTo freskasTan, xatTan,
xuroTmoZRvrebasTn. taZarTa freskuli moxatulobis paradigmuli
mizandasaxuloba mravalmxriv ganpirobebulia imiT, Tu visdamia
miZRvnili taZari da ra tipis liturgiaa misTvis wamyvani. taZarSi
nebismieri gansaxovnebisa da nebismieri liturgiis saerTo mizania
soflis da zesoflis dakavSireba. amave azriT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
sasuliero mwerlobaSi nebismieri sityvieri gansaxovneba, upirveles
yovlisa, liturgikulia da mxolod amis Semdeg da amis farglebSi
SeiZleba iyos esTetikuri. swored amitom gvinda oriode sityviT
SevexoT xatis simbolur mniSvnelobas. rogorc ieroglifia Sualeduri
rgoli arssa da naxats Soris, iseve xati iTavsebs Tavis TavSi
simbolosa da suraTis Tvisebebs. xati mravalplaniania, zogjer es
perspeqtivis uqonlobiT, anu sivrcis iluzoruli aRqmiT miiRweva,
zogjer ki ramdenime urTierTgamsWvalavi sferos moxazviT.
erTplanianoba da vizualuri perspeqtivis arseboba xatweris principebis
darRvevaa da did asparezs iZleva religiuri profanaciisTvis.A
amrigad, xati arc sulieri samyaros ferweruli gadmocemaa da
arc ganyenebuli niSani, esaa mTeli aRmosavleTis eklesiis mistikuri
gamocdilebis mxatvruli idioma. xats ramdenime aspeqti aqvs:
informaciuli, fsiqologiuri, mistikuri, soteriologiuri da
esqatologiuri. informaciul planSi xati vizualuri saxeebiT
dawerili wignia. sulieri samyaros substancia (arseba) gamouTqmelia,
23
magram nu dagvaviwydeba, rom materialuri samyaroc gamouTqmelia Tavisi
arsebiT da moqmedebisa da Tvisebebis saSualebiT gadmoicema. adamiani
materialuri sagnis arss ki ar aRiqvams, aramed mis dinamikur-
energetikul gamovlinebas da mxolod amis Semdeg axdens mis
transformirebas sagnad, (mag: sxivuri talRebisas - ferebad da bgerebad
da a.S.). sulieri samyaros gadmocema sityviT SeuZlebelia, magram Cven
gvaqvs wminda werili, rogorc TviT sulieri samyaros gamocxadeba
adamianuri enis doneze, bgerebisa da grafikis sistemaSi ,,xati da biblia
RmerTTan Tanaziarebis gzaa... xati da eklesiis moxatuloba bibliis
analogiaa vizualur aspeqtSi” (arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 128)
xatis meore, anu fsiqologiur aspeqts, asociaciaTa rTuli
sistemis saSualebiT aRviqvamT. masSi Cveni emociuri sferoa CarTuli.
sagani, romelic Cvens axlobels ekuTvnis, imiTaa Zvirfasi, rom mis Tavs
gvagonebs. sayvareli adamianis portreti misi CvenTan yofnis gancdas
badebs. amitom, fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, xati locvisas gonebis
Semokrebas da Cveni religiuri grZnobis aqtualizacias uwyobs xels.
xatis mniSvnelobis uaryofa am racionalur planSic ki SeuZlebeli
iqneboda.
xats mistikuri da soteriologiuri xasiaTic aqvs, igi wmindanis
saxesTanaa SeerTebuli. wmindanis hipostasi mis xatSi gansakuTrebuli
sulier-energetikuli velis saSualebiT vlindeba. am azriT, xati ZalTa,
kurnebaTa da saswaulTa wyaroa, es kargadaa cnobili eklesiis
istoriaSi da amitomac ewodeba zogierT xats _ saswaulmoqmedi.
sagulisxmoa xatis esqatologiuri aspeqtic: esaa adamianis
momavali feriscvaleba suli wmidiT. xati aris kosmosis momavali
gansulierebis idea, rodesac bolo moeReba sulisa da materiis
dapirispirebulobas. umaRles simbolos da am fernacvalebi kosmosis
xats taZari warmoadgens. ,,simbolo aris kavSiri da urTierTqmedebis
saSualeba, materialursa da suliers, warmavalsa da maradiuls,
Seqmnilsa da xelTuqmnels, SemosazRvrulsa da absoluturs Soris”
(arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 129).
rac Seexeba adamianis sxeulis nawilTa gamoxatvas, gvinda
aRvniSnoT, rom aqac udides ,,simbolizms’’ vawydebiT. saxe da Tavi zecis
24
simboloa, sulis simboloa xeli. calke mtevani aris wyalobis simbolo.
freskis kuTxeSi xSirad aris xolme moxatuli aseTi makurTxebeli xeli.
aseve, freskaze adamianis cal Tvalsac vnaxavT xolme mixatuls. esec
simbolurad aRiqmeba, masSi Cvensken mopyrobili wyalobis mzera
igulisxmeba.
xorcieli buneba, adamianis sxeuli, misi garegnoba ver avlens
misive sulier bunebas. ,,sxeulidan mxolod xelebi da Tvalebi miaCndaT
sulis gamomxatvelad. adamianis xelebs etyobao sulis moZraoba, xolo
Tvalebi – sulis sarkeao. TvalebSi Cans kacis sikeTe an boroteba.
adamianis suli TvalebiT gamoanaTebs sxeulidano” (siraZe 1987: 5).
suls da Tvalebs RmerTsa da mzes adareben. Tvali mzes
emsgavseba, xolo suli _ RmerTs. Tvali sulis sarkmeliao, suli ki
zecas eswrafvis. amitom, keTili Tvali mipyrobilia zecisken. ase
xatavdnen freskebs – keTili Tvali sikeTes xedavs, sikeTis damnaxavi
Tvali mSvenierebasa sWvrets da TviTonac mSvenierdeba.
gansxvavebulia adamianis gamoxatva antikur samyaroSi. Zveli
berZeni xelovanis Tvali mSveniers, suliers mxolod materialurSi,
miwierSi, sxeulSi eZebs. lesings mohyavs erTi Zveli epigramatistis
sityvebi maxinji garegnobis kacis Sesaxeb: ,,vin moisurvebs dagxatos Sen,
roca dasanaxavad ezarebi yvelas” (lesingi 1957: 80). igi ase axasiaTebs
antikur esTetikur normas: gonieri berZeni ganuwesebs mas (xelovans)
ufro viwro sazRvrebs (axal drosTan SedarebiT) da amocanad usaxavs
mas mxolod mSvenier sxeulTa gansaxierebas. berZeni xelovani arafers
gamoxatavda, garda silamazisa... berZeni xelovanis namuSevarSi
momxibvleli unda yofiliyo srulyofileba TviTon sagnisa.
sul sxva rames vkiTxulobT Cven, magaliTad, Sua saukunis
ikonografiasa an arqiteqturaSi, arafers vambobT literaturaze, sadac
garegnuli materialuroba gamoxatavs ara sakuTar Tavs, aramed raRac
suliers, rac sxeulze maRla dgas da masSi poulobs Tavis mxolod
miaxloebul gamoxatulebas. ,,amisdakvalad, obieqturi ganuyofloba
sxeulis silamazisa TviT sxeulisagan, roca Sinagani Sinaarsi
maincdamainc isev imave sxeulad gvevlineba, aris arsebiTi Tavisebureba
antikuri silamazisa” (farulava 1982: 16).
25
qristianuli xelovneba uars ambobs klasikuri xelovnebis
ganuyofel mTlianobaze, ramdenadac man moipova Sinaarsi, romelic
klasikuri xelovnebis formisa da gamoxatvis miseuli saSualebebis
sazRvrebidan gamodis.
SeuZlebeli iyo, rom xelovnebis saxeebSi fizikur silamazes ar
daexia ukana planze da ar gadasuliyo Tavis sapirispiro
adgilmdebareobaSic ki. dadga dro sxva silamazis Ziebisa, romelic
aRqmuli da gamoxatuli iqneboda sxvagvarad. am xelovnebisaTvis ucxoa
siyvaruli naturaluri, normaluri formebis silamazisadmi, swrafva
cxovrebisaken, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia samyarosTvis. igi amjobinebda
STagonebuli eqstazis gamoxatvas ulamazo, galeul sxeulSi.
,,warmodgenac ki lamazi garegnobisa, lamazi sxeulisa, garkveul
disproporciulobas da deformacias ukavSirdeba. es TvalsaCinoa ara
marto goTikaSi, aramed, agreTve, magaliTad, bizantiur xelovnebaSi:
saxeebi pawawina tuCebiT, gazviadebuli, viwro cxviriT da Zalian didi
TvalebiT, wagrZelebuli, wvrili, moxrili figurebi” (egorovi 1960: 264).
qarTul qristianul xelovnebaSi am axal, zogadesTetikur
tendencias sanimuSod gamoxatavs, magaliTad, Weduri xati zarzmidan,
romelzec uflis feriscvalebaa gamoxatuli (IXs.). akad. g. CubinaSvili
amis Taobaze wers: ,,zarzmis feriscvalebis xatis figurebi ara marto
yovelgvar plastikurobas da moculobas arian moklebulni, aramed sust
reliefsac ki. Cven winaSea sakuTriv xazobrivi naxati... amgvarad,
gamoxatulad moxazulia figuris konturi. figuris mTeli SigniTa
mxatvroba mocemulia xSiri xazobrivi gamkafoebiT tansacmlis naoWebisa;
TviT saxeebi figurebisa Sesrulebuli iyo ubralod saRebavebiT, e.i.
principulad uaryofdnen plastikurobas” (CubinaSvili 1959: 37-38).
axalma drom silamazis axali gageba moitana, mniSvnelovanwilad
Rrma da iseTi sferoebis mimwvdomeli, romelic misi gziT da mis Semdeg
gaxda nawili adamianurobis cnebisa.
,,sxeuli, romelsac mzeras miapyrobs qristianuli msoflaRqma,
TvaliT saWvreti ki ara, aramed Sinaganadaa SegrZnobili. es aris saxe
tanjuli sxeulisa, wamebulis sxeulisa, oRond romelSic cocxlobs
iseTi ,,sisxlismieri”, ,,mSobliuri”, ,,guliTadi” siTbo intimurobisa,
26
romelic ucxoa elinuri aTletis statuirebulad saCveneblad
gadmodgmuli sxeulisaTvis” (farulava 1882: 19).
ganixilavs ra bizantiur ferweras, lazarevi aRniSnavs: ,,Tavi,
rogorc centri sulieri gamoxatulebisa, xdeba figuris dominanti,
imorCilebs ra yvela danarCen nawils. sxeuli mTlianad gadadis meore
planze da gadaiqceva TiTqmis uwono sidided, romelic imaleba
tansaburavisa da Txeli naoWebis miRma. maTi xazobrivi ritmika
ganyenebulia da iracionalur xasiaTs amJRavnebs. imave gansxvavebul
rols, rasac antikur qandakebaSi TamaSobs torsi, bizantiur xatze
asrulebs Tavi” (lazarevi 1986: 32).
Tavis kompoziciaSi ki aqcentirebulia maRali Subli da
xazgasmulia farTo Tvalebi, sadac, ZiriTadad, sulieri Sinaarsia
koncentrirebuli. Tvalebi is sarkmelia, romliTac vuyurebT gmirs
sulSi da romliTac, meore mxriv, gmiris Sinagani samyaro aSuqebs.
yuradReba eqceva kidurebis, gansakuTrebiT, mtevnis damuSavebas.
wagrZelebuli xelis nervuli Jestikulacia, rTul Sinagan cxovrebaze
miuTiTebs. Zvel qarTul xelovnebaSi ase warmogvidgebian daviT garejis,
beTaniis, ubisis freskis wmindanebi, iSxnis, berTis, martvilis Wedur
nimuSebze gamosaxuli figurebi jvarcmulisa. marTlmadidebluri
xatebis simbolikaSi ar aris araviTari TviTneburi saxovneba, ar aris
naturalizmi. is savsebiT Seesabameba Semecnebisa da sulier
substanciebTan miaxloebis adamianur SesaZleblobebs. aseTi simbolika
SeiZleba ganviTardes mxolod RvTaebriv-adamianuri Semoqmedebis
Sedegad, romelic SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac adamianis Zalebi
gadasxvaferebuli da gasulierebulia, rodesac adamians ZaluZs
,,gonieri” xedva samyarosi.
devna, qristianuli simboloebis warmoSobis erT-erTi mizezi,
Sewyda IV saukuneSi, RvTaebriv saidumloebaTa araswori ganmartebani ki
dRemde arsebobs. Aamitom yovelTvis ZalaSia wminda ziarebis dros
warmoTqmuli locvis sityvebi: `arca mterTa vuTxra saidumlo Seni~.
Oori zemoaRniSnuli mizeziT bolomde ver avxsniT simboloebis
gamoyenebis safuZvels qristianul eklesiaSi. ibadeba uamravi kiTxva,
27
romlebic erT mTavar SekiTxvamde SeiZleba daviyvanoT: riTaa
gamowveuli simboloTa aucilebloba eklesiis WeSmariti wevrisaTvis?
aq ki simbolos bunebas da mis mniSvnelobas unda SevexoT.
pirvel saukuneebSi simboloTa cdiseulma wvdomam asaxva pova
wminda dionise areopagelisa da wminda maqsime aRmsareblis TxulebebSi.
samwuxarod, wminda dionises erTi SromaTagani – `simboluri
RvTismetyveleba~ dakargulia. gviandel moRvaweTagan simbolos
problemas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo mRvdelma pavle
florenskim.
qristianuli simbolos mniSvneloba liturgikuli xasiaTis
TiTqmis yovel naSromSi SegviZlia amovikiTxoT. maTSi simbolos
mniSvneloba, Cveulebriv, Semdegnairadaa axsnili: `simbolo migvaniSnebs
sulieri samyaros movlenebze, bibliur da saeklesio istoriul
faqtebze, gvexmareba yuradRebis koncentraciaSi locvisas~ (ivanovi 1987:
368).
mwerlisTvis, da gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebis mwerlisTvis,
araistoriuli, zogadi informaciis wyaro bibliaa; magram, amasTanave,
igi realoba, samyaros sqema, konstruqciaa. realuri da sakraluri
istoria erTmaneTTan mWidro da arsebiT kavSirSia, radgan xSir
SemTxvevaSi tropi Tavisi reminiscenciebiT ufro metad gamoxatavs
movlenis arss _ samyaros msgavsad Tavisi mravalferovnebiT da
mniSvnelobiT _ vidre mkacr CarCoebSi moqceuli cneba, erTmniSvnelovani
sityva; mwerlis mier damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli bibliuri codna
Txrobas siRrmes aZlevs, qmnis garkveul qveteqsts, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
gasaRebia sinamdvilis sibrZniT SecnobisaTvis.
bibliuri saxismetyvelebiTi sqemebi tradiciulia da, kanonikuri
teqstebis msgavsad, ucvleli, magram igi ar gamoricxavs axali,
originaluri saxe-simboloebis Seqmnas an sxva kulturul memkvidreobaSi
arsebulis bibliur sibrZnesTan daqvemdebarebas. amisi magaliTi
araerTia, rogorc mwerlobaSi, aseve mxatvrobasa da sxva tipis
saxelovnebo dargebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bibliuri SexedulebiT
samyarosa da kacobriobis istoria teleologiuri procesia, swored
teleologiurobis gamo igi ganfenilia RvTaebriv, miuwvdomel,
28
universalur droSi. igi marad arsebuli realobaa _ gamoxatuli
konkretul situaciaSi, konkretul movlenaSi, konkretul sityvaSi.
simbolo gvexmareba RvTis gonebiT SemecnebaSi. yovelive es, ra
Tqma unda, Seesabameba simbolos bunebasa da mis Sinaarss, magram ver
amowuravs simbolos mTel arss, romelic mowodebulia ara mxolod
gamosaxos, migvaniSnos an gvaswavlos, aramed, upirveles yovlisa,
gvaziaros im realobas, romelsac simbolo warmoadgens.
wminda dionise areopageli `ciuri ierarqiis” Sesaxeb saubrisas
acxadebs, rom SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad gamobrwyindes RmerTmTavrobis
zeamzidveli Saravandi, Tu ara `wminda fardebis~ feradovnebaSi
dafaruli, sadac, mamiseul winagangebiT, Cveni bunebis Sesabamisad
gardaiqmneba igi.
`saidumloddasabamma sjuldebam ciur ierarqiaTa zekosmiuri
msgavsebis Rirsad gamoaCina Cveni wmindaTawminda mRvdelmTavroba,
amasTan, xsenebuli aramiwieri ierarqiebi nivTieri saxeebiTa da xatovani
SezavebebiT gaamravalferovna da ise gadmogvca Cven. Aam uwmindesi
gamosaxulebis gziT, SeZlebisdagvarad zeavizidebiT martiv da usaxo
msgavsebaTa wiaR, radganac Cvens gonebas ar Seswevs Zala miemsgavsos
aramiwier ciur ierarqiebs da ganWvritos isini, Tuki igi ar isargeblebs
misTvis Cveuli miwieri saxeebiT. xiluli silamaze unda aRviqvaT,
rogorc uxilavi mSvenierebis gamoxatuleba. aseve grZnobadi surneleba
saxea goniseuli mimokmevisa” (dionise areopageli 1987: 207). (terminebi
υοητός da υοερός, romlebic, zogadad, zeciur, sulier Zalebs aRniSnaven,
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imiT, rom pirveli gulisxmobs mas, rac
`Sesacnobia~, xolo meore _ Tavad `Semcnobels~, `Semmecnebels~.
Aaramiwieri naTliscemis xatad nivTieri naTeli gvevlineba. Ggonebiseul
mWvretelobiT sisavses ganmartebiTi samRvdelo swavlani gamosaxavs,
RvTivharmoniul da Sewyobil wesrigs _ aqaur ganwesebaTa simwyobre,
iesosTan ziarebas _ usaRvToesi evqaristiis miReba. Kkidev sxvac aris
amgvari, rac RvTiur arsebebs kosmiuri saxiT, Cven ki simbolurad
gadmogvecema~ (dionise areopageli 1987: 207-208).
Tavad ufalma _ `kacTmoyvare saidumlod dasabamobam~ _ Cveni
SeZlebisdagvari ganRmrTobis mizniT gamogviCina ciuri ierarqiebic. am
29
gziT vmaRldebiT grZnobadidan gonebisken, wmindaTSeZerwili
simboloebidan _ ciur ierarqiaTa `martivi mwvervalebisken~.
berZnuli sityva σσύμβολον _ Semdegi mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba:
pirobiTi niSani, niSan-Tviseba, niSani, emblema, simboluri gamonaTqvami
da sxv. zmnaSi σσυμβαλλοω (Sekreba, mierTeba, mirTmeva, xelis Sewyoba,
SeerTeba, Sexvedra, Tanxvedra da sxv.), romlisganac nawarmoebia sityva
`simbolo~, ufro mkveTrad Cans am sityvis azri.
ra aris simbolos safuZveli? miwiersa da sulier samyaros erTi
Semoqmedi hyavs. Mmiwieri samyaros (kosmosis) mizania feriscvaleba,
gansuliereba da sulier sferosTan erTianobis miRweva, harmoniuli
TanaSewyvileba.
`RvTaebrivi sibrZniT Seqmnili materialuri samyaro simboloTa
ierarqiul sistemas warmoadgens da am simboloebSi Cadebulia
informacia maradiulisa da maradisobis, soflisa da misi Semoqmedis
daniSnulebis Sesaxeb~ (arqimandriti rafaeli 1994: 122).
aRsaniSnavia, rom qristianul simboloSi erTmaneTs xvdeba da
erTiandeba ori realoba: materialuri da sulieri, fizikuri (simbolos
`garegnuli~ mxare) da metafizikuri (sulieri Sinaarsi). aseTi erTianoba
SesaZlebelia. is ar gamoricxavs grZnobad da goniT Sesacnob samyaroTa
sxvadasxva bunebas da, amasTan erTad, gvexmareba, gadavWraT maTi
winaaRmdegoba.
am sinTezis gageba mxolod winaaRmdegobaTa damTxvevis
dialeqtikiTaa SesaZlebeli. marTlac, Tumca es ori samyaro
ganusazRvreladaa daSorebuli, isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs;
gvaqvs ori principuli sabuTi maTi erTianobisaTvis. Ppirveli _
`grZnobadi~ samyaro RvTis Seqmnilia da, rogorc aseTi, is axlobeli da
Zvirfasia SemoqmedisaTvis, misi erTianoba RmerTTan ara marto
SesaZlebeli, aramed aucilebelicaa. meore _ Ze RvTisa da Ze kacisa, anu
qristes saxiT aseTi erTianoba ukve ganxorcielebulia.
simbolo adamians materialuri samyaros saSualebiT yofierebis
sulier sawyiss aziarebs, radgan `xilulni saganni _ rogorc wers
wminda dionise areopageli _ gamovlenilni xatni arian uxilav saganTa~
(averincevi 1977: 331). `xiluli~ da `uxilavi~ fundamenturi diqotomaa
30
(berZ. dichotomia _ mTelis gayofa orad) qristianobisa (misi saSualebiTaa
aRwerili samyaro nikea-konstantinepolis rwmenis simboloSi: ,,yovelTa
xilulTa da uxilavTa~. swored am diqotomis gamoa saWiro simbolos,
anu xatis mediacia (Suamavloba). simbolo aucilebelia imitomac, rom is
emsaxureba RvTaebriv saidumloTa gacxadebas, romelTa aRwera da
gamoxatva sxva gziT SeuZlebelia.
simbolo aris ra mniSvnelovani mxatvruli xerxi, amave dros,
SesaniSnavi saSualebaa azrovnebis gamoxatvisa, romelsac
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia religiis istoriaSi. andrei belis
dakvirvebiT, simbolo gamoxatavs ideas da ver ki amowuravs mas,
gamoxatavs grZnobas, romelic ver daiyvaneba emociamde (beli 1910: 8)
Cveni mxridan davamatebdiT _ simboluri azrovneba aris misticizmis
safuZveli.
mistikuri warmosaxvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizezTagani
aris simboluri azrovneba, romelmac gansakuTrebuli gamovlena hpova
religiaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli religiuri da, miTumetes,
mistikuri Semecneba, iZulebulia, Seqmnas sakralur niSanTa da
simboloTa sistema, romlis gareSec mas ar SeuZlia aRweros Tavisi
`gamouTqmeli~ Sinaarsi. amasTanave, qristianuli niSnebiTa da
simboloebiT gamowveuli sulieri zemoqmedeba principulad
gansxvavebulia sxva religiebSi arsebuli simboloebiT aRZruli
gancdebisagan.
ar unda vifiqroT, rom, radgan simbolos `garegnuli mxare~
gadmogvcems sulier realobas, TiTqos, igi hgavs kidec am realobas,
magram araviTar `msgavsebaze~ aq ar SeiZleba iyos laparaki.
simbolo realisturi gamosaxvis forma araa, rom misi
pirvelsaxesTan maqsimaluri msgavseba moviTxovoT. simbolos arsi da
buneba ar gamomdinareobs garegnuli saxidan; is bevrad ufro Rrma da
mravlismomcvelia. Aase rom, sruliadac ara aris aucilebeli simbolos
garegnuli mxaris xelovnurad galamazeba. igi SeZleba iyos ubralo,
sqematuri, magram mas moeTxoveba arsebiToba da originaloba. simbolo
unda miuTiTebdes misgan sruliad gansxvavebul saganze da yuradRebas
31
unda amaxvilebdes am sagnis ara garegnul mxareze, aramed Sinaganze,
arsebiTze.
simboloebi SeiZleba gamoisaxos nivTierebis Tundac yvelaze
uRirsi nawilebiT, movlenis yvelaze uRirsi mxareebiT; TviT maTac xom
WeSmaritad mSvenierma mianiWa arseboba! Aamqveyniur nivTTa da movlenaTa
mTeli wesrigic, garkveulwilad, swored gonismieri simSvenieris
gamoZaxilia. amitomac, `ZalgviZs avmaRldeT univTo pirvelsaxeebamde~,
Tumca, rogorc iTqva, aseT dros msgavsebani umsgavsod unda aRviqvaT
(igulisxmeba, rom TviT iseTi simboloebic ki, romelnic, TiTqosda,
WeSmaritad Sehferis RvTiur arsebebs (magaliTad: ciuri Zalebis
warmodgena naTlisferi da elvare samosiT damSvenebul kacebad),
sinamdvileSi iseve Sors dgas maTdami msgavsebisagan, rogorc aSkarad
umsgavso simboloebi (magaliTad: RvTis gamosaxva klded, gzad, cxvrad...).
wminda dionises azriT, e. w. `Rirseuli xatwera~ ufro
macdunebelia, vidre umsgavso simboloebi, radgan es ukanasknelni TviT
yvelaze miwierma adamianmac ki ar SeiZleba RvTis WeSmarit
gamovlinebebad miiCnios, isic uTuod arapirdapir, simbolur azrs Cadebs
masSi.
Mmisi azriT, amgvari Rirseuli msgavsxatovnebac ki, sinamdvileSi,
odnavadac ver emsgavseba RvTis bunebas. Sesabamisad, saWiroa isini
`umsgavso~ xatebad miviCnioT, anu uarvyoT TviT yvelaze ufro
aRmatebuli msgavsebani da am gziT RvTiuri bunebis absoluturi
gamosaxuleba da gamousaxveloba, miumsgavsebloba SevicnoT.
amasTan, igiveoba ki ar unda mivaniWoT maT, aramed gavmijnoT isini
goniseuli da grZnobadi bunebis Sesabamisad (igulisxmeba, rom erTsa da
imave simbolos saxismetyveleba gansxvavebuli aqvs, roca igi grZnobad,
materialur samyaros miemarTeba da roca RvTiur arsebebs ukavSirdeba).
simbolos garegnuli mxare yovelTvis xelmisawvdomi,
`zogadadamianuri~ unda iyos. simbolos gadatvirTva zedmeti detalebiTa
da wvrilmanebiT araTu xels uwyobs mis aRqmas, aramed, piriqiT. aseTi
gadatvirTva, rogorc miuTiTebs pavle florenski, Cveulebriv, gvxvdeba
maSin, rodesac simbolos Semqmnels ara aqvs sakmarisi sulieri
gamocdileba da TvalTaxedva~ (florenski 1972: 109); amgvari Semqmneli
32
fiqrobs, rom `saRvTismetyvelo sistemis sirTule~, TiTqos, simbolos
WeSmariti simdidrea da, amitom, mTel Tavis yuradRebas garegnul
detalizacias uTmobs. Ggaregnuli konkretizacia ki am SemTxvevaSi, rac
unda paradoqsuli iyos es, Sinagan siRaribed gvevlineba. aseT simbolos
ar Seswevs Zala, adamiani RmerTamde aamaRlos, is mxolod kvebavs mis
STambeWdaobas, TviTon ki gamsWvalulia racionalizmiTa da
grZnobierebiT.
Aaqedan gamomdinare, Tumca simbolo garegnulad ar hgavs imas,
rasac gamoxatavs, magram nebismieri saxis ar SeiZleba iyos. qristianuli
simbolika emorCileba kanonikur formebs, romlebic SemuSavebulia
zeSTagonebis, wminda mamebis gamocdilebisa da WeSmaritad saeklesio
tradiciebis safuZvelze. Kkanonikuri formebi ar aviwroveben
simboloebis Semoqmedebas. es formebi yvelaze metad bunebrivni arian,
`isini haerovanni arian da mZimdebian yoveli SemTxveviT xelisSemSleli
moZraobiT. rac ufro myari da Zlieria kanoni, miT ufro Rrmad da
mkafiod gamoxatavs zogadadamianur sulier moTxovnebs~ (florenski
1972: 109).
IV saukunis damdegs qristianoba oficialur sarwmunoebad
gamocxadda. am garemoebam farTo asparezi gadauSala saRvTismetyvelo
azrovnebis ganviTarebas da saeklesio mwerlobis ayvavebas. am etapamde
eklesia mTel Tavis energias andomebda warmarTobasTan brZolas da
sakuTari arsebobis dacvas, axla ki mas saSualeba mieca, gaeRrmavebina
morwmuneTa SegnebaSi qristianobis Sinaarsi, Camoeyalibebina dogmatebi
da yovelmxriv ganemarta saqristiano moZRvrebis umTavresi wyaro _
saRmrTo werili.
IV-V saukuneebSi moRvaweobda bevri SesaniSnavi mwerali, romelTa
Sromebic samagaliTodaa aRiarebuli Semdegi droisaTvis. amis gamo, es
periodi cnobili aris istoriaSi saqristiano mwerlobis klasikur
oqros xanad. aRniSnul xanaSi iyo ori mniSvnelovani saRvTismetyvelo
skola: aleqsandriisa da antioqiisa. am skolebs axasiaTebda sakuTari
saegzegetiko meTodebi. aleqsandriis skolaSi damkvidrebuli iyo
alegoriuli (Zveli qarTuli terminologiiT, `saxis-metyuelebiTi~)
33
meTodi, romelic saRmrTo teqstSi eZebda uaRresad saidumlo azrs. is
ufro misticizmisaken iyo midrekili.
antioqiis skolaSi, piriqiT, miRebuli iyo realisturi meTodi,
romelic alegorias uaryofda da saRmrTo werilSi mxolod imas
xedavda, ris danaxvac SeuZlia adamianis gonebas. amitom am skolas ufro
enaTesaveboda racionalizmi, rac naTlad gamoixata arianobis wvalebaSi.
aRniSnuli drois ufro cnobili egzegetebi arian: epifane
kvipreli, efrem asuri, aTanase aleqsandrieli, basili didi, diodore
tarseli, grigol noseli, ioane oqropiri, evsuqi ierusalimeli, kirile
aleqsandrieli, Teodorite kvireli da sxva.
qristianul Sua saukuneebSi farTod gavrcelebul alegoriuli
interpretaciis meTods safuZveli Cauyares filon aleqsandrielma,
klimenti aleqsandrielma, origenem, magram mis mesaZirkvled miiCneven
pavle mociquls.
qristianul dogmatikaSi simbolosTan erTad metad didi adgili
uWiravs alegorias da xSir SemTxvevaSi azrovnebis gamoxatvis es ori
xerxi imdenad mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli, rom maTi gaTiSva, gamijvna
SeuZlebeli xdeba.
Zveli aRTqmis wignebis alegoriuli ganmartebebi sistemurad
warmodgenilia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aleqsandriul skolaSi, jer kidev
filonTan, xolo misi skolis warmomadgenlebi da mimdevrebi kidev ufro
arTulebdnen da azustebdnen am meTods. filonis sam wignSi `alegoriis
Sesaxeb~, agreTve wignebSi qerubimebis Sesaxeb da patriarqebis
biografiaSi Camoyalibebulia wminda wignebis ganmartebebis alegoriuli
meTodi. yovel movlenaSi filoni pirdapiri, materialuri mniSvnelobis
iqiT xedavs gadakvriT naTqvam, ganyenebul mniSvnelobas, ase rom, misi
ganmarteba ki ar xsnis wminda wignebis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobas,
aramed warmogvidgens simbolo-alegoriad; teqsti ar eqvemdebareba
kritikul garCevas, igi avtors aZlevs saSualebas, ganmartebis safarqveS
ganaviTaros sakuTari Teoriebi. filoni tipuri elinisti ebraelia,
misTvis mose udidesi avtoritetia da metwilad misi saxeliT
laparakobs. filonis mtkicebiT, moses wignebSia moTavsebuli sruli
WeSmariteba, rac ki aris yvela filosofosTan erTad aRebuli, da
34
amitom filosofiis marTebuli meTodia striqonebs Soris amokiTxva da
ganmarteba wminda wignebisa. cnobili bibiliuri ambavi, rom abrams Svili
eyola colis – saras msaxuri agarisagan, xolo Semdeg kanonieri
colisagan, filons gaazrebuli aqvs Semdegnairad: kanonieri colisagan
Svilis yola ebrauli rwmenaa, xolo agarsagan _ es berZnuli
filosofiaa da moxda maTi Serwymao.
ebraul dResaswaulebs, filonis azriT, aqvs ormagi mniSvneloba.
magaliTad, ,,maTi nacionaluri dResaswauli: paseqis dros aRiniSneba
gaTavisufleba egviptelTa monobisagan da, amave dros, es zeimia sulisa,
romelic gaTavisuflda vnebebisagan” (trubeckoi 1901: 173).
filonisaTvis yoveli sakuTari saxeli aris alegoria: eva
sicocxlis, kaeni _ SeZenis, iakobi _ dabrkolebis da a.S. ara marto
adamianebi, aramed cxovelebic garkveuli cnebis gamomxatvelni arian:
vefxvi _ vnebis, aqlemi _ maxsovrobis da a.S.
abramis mier ciknis, cxvrisa da Txis Sewirva alegoriulad
niSnavs suls, gonebas, grZnobas. Zveli aRTqmis calkeuli gamoTqmebi
filons saSualebas aZlevs, mTeli traqtati Camoayalibos. noes
simTvrales miuZRvna ori wigni, romelTagan meore dakargulia. is
arkvevs, Tu ra aris simTvrale misi sulieri mniSvnelobiT. ra aris
siSiSvle da ramdennairia igi. sayuradReboa agreTve traqtati ,,gaqcevisa
da povnis Sesaxeb”. filoni dawvrilebiT Cerdeba im adgilze, sadac
naTqvamia, rom angelosma agari naxa wyarosTan: aanalizebs, Tu ras
niSnavs povna, naxva, xolo imis Semdeg aRniSnavs, rom wyaros aqvs xuTi
mniSvneloba; filonma dagvitova mTeli teqstis detaluri, alegoriuli
ganmarteba. TviT samyaro, filonis azriT, aris RvTaebis saxeTa Tqma,
misi alegoriuli gamocxadeba da netaria is, vinc amaRldeba
alegorizmze RvTaebis uSualo sxivebiT gaciskrovnebuli.
SeniRbulad azris gamoTqmis es xerxi did siZneles warmoadgenda
mqadageblebisTvis. gaufrTxileblad gamoTqmul yovel winadadebas
SeeZlo, daerRvia wesi saidumloebisa, amitomaa rom ioane oqropiri Civis
im dabrkolebebis Sesaxeb, romelnic aferxeben azris gamoTqmas: ,,me
visurvebdi melaparaka garkveviT (laparakia ziarebis Sesaxeb), magram
veridebi aramorwmuneebs. isini aZneleben Cvens saubars, gvaiZuleben,
35
vilaparakoT bundovnad da SeniRbulad” (samociqulos ganmarteba... 2006:
253).
siZneleebi, romlis Sesaxebac laparakobs ioane oqropiri, rig
SemTxvevaSi aiZulebdnen mqadagebels, dumiliT aevloT gverdi imisTvis,
ris garSemoc surdaT saubari. magaliTad, klimenti aleqsandrieli
ufro mizanSewonilad miiCnevs gamotovebul iqnas is, rac metad Zneli
asaxsnelia, vidre aramorwmune adamianTa yuramde mivides is, rac maTTvis
unda rCebodes saidumlod. aseve moqmedebda grigol RvTismetyvelic.
miuxedavad siZneleebisa, eklesiis mamebi mividnen im daskvnamde,
rom aucilebeli iyo, gamoemuSavebinaT azris gamoTqmis alegoriul-
simboluri xerxebi. jer kidev netari Teodorite am pirobiT enas
saidumlosa da mistikurs uwodebs.
simbolur enas aqvs azris gamosaxvis ori saxeoba: erTi saxeoba
warmoadgens calkeul pirobiT sityvebs, saxelwodebebs, gansakuTrebul
mokle winadadebebs, romelnic savsebiT naTelia qristianul moZRvrebaSi
kargad ganswavlul morwmuneTaTvis da savsebiT gaugebari gareSe
pirTaTvis.
meore xerxi Camoyalibda ara sityvebisagan, aramed garkveuli
pirobiTi niSnebisagan an gamosaxulebebisagan. es niSnebi da
gamosaxulebebi gvxvdeba qristianul Zeglebze da, egvipturi
ieroglifebis msgavsad, warmoadgenen gansakuTrebuli wminda enis
dawerilobas.
eklesiis msaxurni metismeti sifrTxiliT epyrobodnen saeklesio
saidumloebebs da simboloTa gacema did codvad iTvleboda. am mxriv
sayuradReboa paladis monaTxrobi ioane oqropiris cxovrebidan (,,iovane
oqropiris cxovrebis”....1986: Tavi IX). is kicxavs ioanes mtrebs imis gamo,
rom maT ioanes winaaRmdeg aRZres SfoTi da amiT saSualeba misces
gareSe xalxs, SeWriliyvnen eklesiaSi da enaxaT is, risi naxvac maT
ekrZalebodaT.
dogmebis, saidumloebis SeniRbvis mizniT araiSviaTad laTinur
teqsts werdnen berZnuli asoebiT. specialistTa dakvirvebiT, SeniRbvis
ramdenime saSualeba arsebobda. yvela es xerxi gamiznuli iyo imisaTvis,
rom eklesiis saidumloeba ar gamxdariyo advilad misawvdomi
36
aramorwmuneTaTvis. eklesia amtkicebda, rom mxolod cnebebiT ar
gamoixateba misi moZRvreba, masSi aris ufro meti, rac ar Tavsdeba
cnebebSi, rom sarwmunoebis simboloSi aris ufro Rrma azri, vidre es
mocemulia sityvis pirdapir mniSvnelobaSi. amitom isini dabejiTebiT
xmarobdnen termins ,,simbolo”. aseT simboloebSi Cawvdoma garkveuli
ganaTlebisa da xelmZRvanelobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo.
saRmrTo werilis teqstSi Sefaruli mniSvnelobis Ziebas da
amoxsnas jer kidev palestineli moZRvrebi, rabinebi misdevdnen. `maTTan
am meTods `midraSi~ ewodeboda, (rac sityvasityviT `raRacis Ziebas~
niSnavs), xolo imas, rac gaxsnili da aRmoCenili iyo midraSuli
meTodis gamoyenebiT _ ,,kanonis saidumlo~ (volfsoni 1970: 24). rabinebs
swamdaT, rom saRvTo sjuli STagonebiTaa savse da, rom saWiroa masSi
Sefaruli azris Zieba. Aamis gamo isini ganmartavdnen yovel frazas,
yovel sityvas da cdilobdnen, epovaT misi WeSmariti mniSvneloba.
`cxadia, pavle mociquli icnobda palestinel moZRvarTa am
meTods. igi Taviseburi modifikaciiT iyenebs mas da avrcelebs `axal
aRTqmazec~ (kalandariSvili 2005: 40).
rac Seexeba termin `alegorias~, igi jer kidev berZnul
ritorikaSi arsebobda, rogorc teqnikuri termini da ganekuTvneboda
metaforaTa rigs. egzegetikuri mniSvnelobiT igi pirvelad filonma
gamoiyena. miuxedavad imisa, rom saberZneTSi arsebobda homerosis
ganmartebis didi tradicia, termini ,,alegoria” am mizniT ar iyo
gamoyenebuli. filoniseuli interpretacia safuZvels uyris termin
,,alegoriisadmi~ arapirdapiri, gadataniTi mniSvnelobis miniWebas.
aRsaniSnavia terminTa siuxve, romelic warmoSva alegoriulma,
anu arapirdapiri interpretaciis meTodma. es terminebia: ,,hiponoia~, anu
dafaruli mniSvneloba, ,,dianoia~, anu SidamniSvneloba, ,,misteria~,
,,apokrifi~, anu saidumlo, aCrdili. arapirdapiri interpretaciis meTods
filoni uwodebs ,,tropuls~, xolo imas, rac unda ganimartos,
arapirdapirad uwodebs ,,saxes~, ,,simbolos’’ an ,,igavs~.
pavle mociquli uyris ra safuZvels saRvTo werilis ganmartebis
qristianul-alegoriul meTods, iyenebs ZiriTad terminad ,,saxes~
(,,tipos~). amitomac am meTods pavleseuli tipologia ewodeba. igi
37
moixmobs agreTve terminebs ,,safarveli”, ,,xati”, ,,aCrdili”. termin
alegorias pavle iyenebs erT SemTxvevaSi: abraamis colebi, sara da
agara, misi ganmartebiT ganasaxiereben or aRTqmas da or ierusalims _
agari Tanamedroves, iudaisturs, xolo sara _ zeciur ierusalims. aseve
maTi Svilebi _ ismaili da isaaki, romlebic iwodebian ,,mxevlis
Svilebad” da ,,aRTqmis Svilebad” (gal. 4,24-31), Sesabamisad ganasaxiereben
iudevelebs da qristianebs. am saxis interpretacias pavle uwodebs
alegorias. sainteresoa, rom ,,axali aRTqmis” Zvel qarTul TargmanSi
Sesabamis adgilas pavleseuli termini ,,alegoria” gadmocemulia sityviT
,,igavi”: ,,romel ars igavad, rameTu eseni arian orni aRTqumani” (gal. 4,
24). ebraelTa mimarT epistoleSi moxseniebuli karavi, romelic
israelianebma udabnoSi dadges, pavles interprataciiT, ars ,,igavi Jamisa
mis mowevnadisa” (ebr. 9, 9). am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli ,,parabole”
epistoles Zvel qarTul teqsSi ucvlelad aris Targmnili _ ,,igavi”.
pavle mociqulis mier arapirdapiri interpretaciis aRsaniSnavad
gamoyenebuli meore termini ,,saxe” Zvel qarTul bibliaSi gadmocemulia
Zireuli mniSvnelobis Seucvlelad: ,,saxed mermeTa maT JamTa” (rom. 5, 14).
igive termini ,,saxe” petres pirvel epistoleSi alegoriuli
interpretaciis aRsaniSnavad aris gamoyenebuli: ,,romlisa saxed aw
Tqvenca gacxovnebs naTlisRebaÁ” (3, 21). zogjer pavle moixmobs termins
,,aCrdili”, romelic zustad, leqsikuri sxvaobis gareSe aris
gadmocemuli qarTul TargmanSi: ,,aCrdili aqunda sulsa mermeTa maT
keTilTa” (ebr. 10, 1).
amrigad, ,,axali aRTqmis“ (am SemTxvevaSi pavles epistoleTa)
,,Zvel qarTul TargmanSi daculia is terminologiuri niuansebi,
romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tvali vadevnoT qristianuli
RvTismetyvelebis Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze mimdinare mniSvnelovan
procesebs _ Teologiuri terminebis Camoyalibebas, egzegetikis, rogorc
saRvTo werilis teqstis interpretaciis, Teoriuli safuZvlebis Seqmnas”
(kalandariSvili 2005: 42). es adasturebs, rom qarTvel mwignobarTa
mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweoba, maTi principebi efuZneboda ara mxolod
berZnuli enis ubralo codnas, aramed qristianuli Teologiis
msoflmxedvelobrivi, Teoriul-esTetikuri sakiTxebis Rrmad gaazrebas.
38
bibliis arapirdapir interpretaciebs palestineli rabinebi
yofdnen ramdenime saxeobad: 1. sjulismieri; 2. moraluri; 3. sibrZniTi; 4.
racionaluri; 5. rwmeniTi. filonis azriT ki, alegoriuli
interpretaciebi, ZiriTadad, orgvaria: fizikuri da eTikuri. orive es
saxeoba yovelTvis dasabuTebulia mis mier filosofiidan nasesxebi
magaliTebiT. amitomac, alegoriuli interpretacia misTvis niSnavs
filosofiur interpretacias.
filonis gavleniT klimenti aleqsandrielma arapirdapiri
filosofiuri interpretacia qristianul yaidaze gadaakeTa da miuTiTa
oTxi saxeoba ,,axali aRTqmis~ interpretaciisa, es oTxive saxe
gaerTianebulia terminiT ,,alegoria~. klimenti ,,alegoriis”
eqvivalentad iyenebs mraval sxva termins, magram sabolood saRvTo
werilis interpretaciis yvela saxeobas is yofs or klasad: pirdapiri
(bukvaluri, literaluri) da alegoriuli, xolo alegoriuls sam
qveklasad: moraluri, fizikuri da Teologiuri.
unda aRiniSnos, rom origene, iseve rogorc klimenti, ZiriTadad
filons eyrdnoba, magram misgan gansxvavebiT Semoaqvs axali termini
,,anagogia”, romelsac iyenebs arapirdapiri interpretaciis ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobiT. is upirispirebs ,,anagogiur azrs” da ,,istoriul azrs”.
,,origene ,,anagogias” iyenebs ori sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT: pirveli,
gamoTqmaSi ,,mistikuri anagogia”, sadac termini ,,anagogia”, romelic
sityvasityviT niSnavs momzadebas, aris ekvivalenti ,,egzegezisa” da
iyenebs mas zogadad interpretaciis mniSvnelobiT, xolo meore
SemTxvevaSi ,,anagogias” miiCnevs alegoriis gansakuTrebul saxeobad,
romelsac uwodebs agreTve ,,spiritualurs”, ,,mistikurs” (volfsoni 1970:
63).
laTineli mamebi _ ieronime, avgustine, kasiane, Toma aqvineli _
iziareben bibliis interpretaciis sityvasityviTi da alegoriuli
meTodebis gamijvnas. Tumca, rogorc aRniSnaven, maTTan SeimCneva
terminTa Taviseburi gamoyeneba. mag. ieronime termin ,,tropologiurs”
iyenebs moraluris mniSvnelobiT, ,,alegoriuls” _ spiritualuris
mniSvnelobiT. netari avgustine bibliur alegorizmze msjelobisas
erTgan wers: ,,mTeli saRvTo werili, romelsac ewodeba ,,Zveli aRTqma”
39
aris gadmocemuli oTxgvar planSi maTTvis, visac surs misi codna:
istoriuli, etiologiuri, anagogiuri da alegoriuli” (volfsoni 1970:
43). Tumca, es oTxgvari klasifikacia realurad SeiZleba oramde davides.
Toma aqvineli aRniSnavda, rom pirveli sami saxeoba am klasifikaciaSi
gamoxatavs erT _ sityvasityviT, anu literalur mniSvnelobas, xolo
termini ,,alegoriuli” niSnavs arapirdapir interpretacias Tavisi
qvejgufebiT. avgustine alegoriuls miakuTvnebs yvela sxva arapirdapiri
saxis interpretacias, romelic gvxvdeba ,,axal aRTqmaSi”. misi
ganmartebiT, ,,alegoria aris tropi, romelSic erTi ram gaigeba, aixsneba
meoriT”. igi alegoriis oTx saxes gamoyofs: 1) istoriis alegoria; 2)
faqtebis alegoria; 3) Txrobis, msjelobis alegoria da 4) ritualis,
tradiciis alegoria.
xolo kasiane ,,alegoriiT” aRniSnavs adventualur (gankacebiTi)
interpretacias, ,,anagogiiT” _ esqatologiurs, ,,tropologiiT” ki _
moralurs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua saukuneebis laTin TeologTa es
Sexedulebebi mTlianad gaiziara dante aligierim da safuZvlad daudo
Tavis ,,RTaebriv komedias”.
qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi bibliis alegoriuli Targmanebis
aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva termini. mitrofane smirnelis
Txzulebis ,,TargmanebaÁ eklesiastÀsi~-s Zvel qarTul TargmanSi
sagangebod aris xazgasmuli es terminebi: ,,saxismetyvelebiTi~,
,,saxisSemoRebiTi~, ,,mopovnebiTi~, ,,aRyvanebiTi~, ,,sacnauri~, ,,xedviTi~,
romelnic k. kekeliZis ganmartebiT, gulisxmoben saRvTo werilis
teqstis xatovani, arapirdapiri, alegriuli gziT gaazrebas (kekeliZe
1972: 178).
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi am mxriv sanimuSod aris
miCneuli efrem mciriseuli ganmarteba, romelic mocemulia mis mier
gadmoqarTulebuli egzegetikuri Sromis ,,TargmanebaÁ daviTnisis”
SesavalSi: ,,romelime ganmartebiT Targmanis muxlisa da romelime saxis-
metyuelebiT da ara orni da organ, aramed TÂT igive erT da erTsa Sina
adgilsa ganhmartebsa da saxis-metyuelebaca misive da erTsa muxlsa ...
40
yovelive muxlsa saxis-metyuelebaÁ SesaZlebel ars ara erTi saxe oden,
aramed mravalsaxedca~ (SaniZe 1968: 82).
am monakveTebidan Cans, rom efrem mcire erTmaneTisgan mijnavs
ganmartebiT, anu sityvasityviT, da saxismetyvelebiT Targmanebs. iseve
rogorc eklesiis mamebi, efremic miiCnevs, rom ,,saxismetyvelebiTi”, anu
alegoriuli Targmaneba sxvadasxva saxis SeiZleba iyos. samecniero
literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ,,saxismetyvelebis” qveS
saxeobrivi gamoxatvis sxvadasxva formis gaerTianeba unda ekuTvnodes
efrem mcires (siraZe 1978: 252). k. kekeliZis ganmartebiT, ,,anagogias”
qarTulSi ,,aRyvanebiTi” Seesabameba” (kekeliZe 1972: 224-225), rac
TavisTavad gulisxmobs umaRlesi WeSmaritebis, ,,zeSTa sibrZnis”
amocnobas nawarmoebSi.
eklesiis mamebi interpretaciis am meTodebs xSirad uwodeben
garegans da Sinagans. garegan mniSvnelobas isini adareben ,,sxeuls”,
xolo Sinagan (alegoriul) mniSvnelobas _ ,,suls”. ioane oqropiri,
rogorc aRniSnaven, sammag Sinaarss Wvrets saRvTo werilSi. misi TqmiT,
,,iseve, rogorc kaci Sedgeba sxeulisagan, samSvinvelisgan da sulisgan,
aseve werilic Sedgeba sityvis ,,sxeulisagan”, riTac irgebs umartivesi
adamiani da rasac ewodeba zedapiruli ganmarteba, agreTve Sedgeba
,,samSvinvelisagan”, anu zeamzidveli mniSvnelobisagan, romelsac aRiqvams
is, vinc ramdenadme amaRlebulia, da sulierisagan, anu uzenaesi da
pnevmuri mWvretelobisagan, rasac wvdebian da gamoTqvamen srulqmnilni”
(Zveli qarTuli enis...1973: 26). amasve gvauwyebs andria kesarieli: ,,mTeli
RvTivsulieri werili, msgavsad samnawiledi adamianisa, samnawiledad
gveniWeba saRvTo madlis mier: misi daweriloba warmoadgens, ase vTqvaT
,,sxeuls”, anu grZnobad uwyebas, saxismetyveleba (tropologia) werilisa
aris samSvinveli, rac grZnobadisagan goniseulisaken miuZRvis
mkiTxvels, xolo ,,sulad” iTqmis samomavlo da uzenaes saqmeTa Sesaxeb
mauwyebeli misi zeamzidveli mniSvneloba (,,anagoge”) da mWvreteloba
(Zveli qarTuli enis...1973: 28). e. WeliZis ganmartebiT, ,,andria kesarieli,
wm. ioane oqropirisagan gansxvavebiT, saRvTo werilis anagogikur, anu
zeamzidvel mniSvnelobas meore safexuris nacvlad mesame safexurad
41
dagvisaxavs. aq saqme gvaqvs oden terminologiur da ara Sinaarseul
sxvaobasTan” (Zveli qarTuli enis...1973: 29).
sayuradReboa efrem mciris mier moxmobili saxis-metyvelebiTi
Targmanebis nimuSi: `gesmodin raÁ Ãeli da ferÃni RmrTisani, Tualni da
guli, uwyode, rameTu amissaca gulis-xmis yofasa saxis-metyvelebaÁ uxms
da ara ganmartebaÁ, vinaÁTgan araraÁ xorcielTa da zrqelTagani ipoebis
uÃorcosa mas Tana da uxilavsa~. moxmobili magaliTebidan aSkaraa, rom
saxismetyvelebiTi Targmaneba upirispirdeba sityva-sityviT ganmartebas;
revaz baramiZis azriT _ `saxis-metyveleba _ mxatvruli xerxis
gamomsaxveli termini, gulisxmobs rogorc alegorias, ise simbolos,
masSi es ori cneba ar aris diferencirebuli da is gamoxatavs orives
erTad, orive xerxi gaigivebulia da saerTo terminiT `saxis-metyveleba~
aRiniSneba~ (baramiZe 1966: 181).
,,WeSmariteba, romelic Sefarulia saRvTo werilis striqonebs
Soris, aris sulieri, mistikuri xasiaTisa iseve, rogorc sulis
safarveli aris sxeuli, saRvTo werilis sityvebs Sorisac Sefarulia
umaRlesi WeSmariteba. saRvTo werili Seicavs miniSnebebs, romelTac
SeiZleba ewodoT ,,saidumlo azri~, - wers klimenti aleqsandrieli.
,,SemdgomSi es terminebi ,,alegoriasa~ da ,,metaforasTan~ erTad adgenen
erT did jgufs, romelsac ewodeba ,,tropebi~ (kalandariSvili 2005: 46).
am mniSvnelobis saidumlo azris gaxsnisa da ganmartebis gareSe saRvTo
werili ubralo istoriad iqceva, _ ase msjeloben alegoriuli meTodis
mimdevarni. ,,simboluroba bibliisa ganpirobebulia imiT, rom masSi
gancxadebuli saRvTo WeSmariteba TavisTavad, pirdapir ar gamoiTqmis.
Aam uzenaes WeSmaritebas Zilsaebr SevicnobT mxolod idumal saxeebSi,
niSnebSi. TiToeuli saxe, niSani, zedapiruli mniSvnelobis miRma Seicavs
gacilebiT Rrma mniSvnelobas, romlis wiaR zogjer ufro Rrma azria
davanebuli” (WeliZe 1990: 32).
simbolo savse unda iyos `cxovelmyofeli siTxiT~ (florenski
1972: 98). ZiriTadad, Aam TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavdeba igi niSnisa da
alegoriisagan. ukanasknelTa kombinaciebi adamians TviTneburad SeuZlia
awarmoos. Aaseve TviTneburad debs adamiani maTSi ama Tu im Sinaarss.
niSani da alegoria moklebulni arian azrobriv siRrmes da sulier
42
daZabulobas, romlebic mogviwodeben Semecnebis, RmerTis gaazrebisa da
zneobrivi ganaxlebisaken.
niSani da alegoria mizanmimarTuli azrovnebis Sedegi aris da
maT nebismieri ganyenebuli azrovneba SeiZleba gamoiwvion. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, sruli TviTneboba maTi Seqmnisa iwvevs maT aseve TviTnebur
aRqmas. Aaqedan gasagebi xdeba is sifrTxile, romliTac eklesia ekideba
wminda werilis ganmartebis alegoriul meTods. Ees meTodi yovelTvis
ar gamodgeba imitom, rom bibliur teqstSi, garda gamonaklisisa, ar
gvxvdeba alegoriuli adgilebi. `RvTismetyvelebis aleqsandriuli
skolis mimdevarni am meTods iyenebdnen wminda werilis sulieri
interpretaciisaTvis da amiT ramdenadme gaurbodnen ganmartebaTa im
ganyenebulobas, rac nebismieri alegoriisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli~
(ivanovi 1987: 372).
miuxedavad amisa, iseve rogorc antioqiuri, sityvasityviTi stili,
romelic ar iZleoda wminda werilis siRrmisa da cxovelmyofelobis
bolomde wvdomis saSualebas, aseve aleqsandriuli skolis alegorizmi,
romelic zedmetad Tavisufal azrobriv damokidebulebas uSvebda
bibliuri teqstis mimarT, ukidures meTodebad iTvlebian.
simboloebiT ki biblia metad xSirad sargeblobs. Bbibliuri
simboloebis umravlesoba pirvelsaxeebia (qristesi, misi msxverplis,
eklesiis, axali aRTqmis, RvTismsaxurebis da sxvaTa). garda amisa,
simboloebis saSualebiT xSirad exdeba farda wminda werilis sulier
samyaros.
simbolos mTavari daniSnulebaa, moamzados da aamaRlos adamiani
mistikur, sulier WeSmaritebamde, aziaros yofierebis im sferos,
romelsac simbolo waroadgens.
is, rom simbolo ver utoldeba ferweras TvalsaCinoebiT, xolo
skulpturas moculobiT, mis Rirsebas ar amcirebs. piriqiT, swored
imitom, rom simbolo gaurbis sinamdvilis uSualo imitacias, mas Zala
Seswevs gamoxatos bevrad ufro meti, vidre Cveulebrivi, grZnobadi
aRqmis saSualebiT gveZleva.
amasTan erTad, is ara marto gamoxatavs mis mier asaxul
sinamdviles, aramed gvixsnis mas, misawvdoms xdis sulieri aRqmisaTvis.
43
is ar SeiZleba iyos carieli an unayofo, is `realurad ganuyofelia
miznisagan, umaRlesi realobisagan, romelsac is warmoadgens~
(florenski 1972: 93). amitom `... Cveulebrivi gageba simbolosi, rogorc
raime TviTamomwuravi WeSmaritebisa _ Tundac nawilobriv, pirobiTad _
Zirfesvianad mcdaria~ (florenski 1972: 98).
ganuyofeli kavSiri qristianuli simbolos garegnul saxesa da
mis madlmosil Sinaarss Soris, romelic potenciuradaa masSi Cadebuli,
kargadaa axsnili mRvdel pavle florenskis mier sarkmlis magaliTze.
sarkmels, romelic sinaTles atarebs, araferi aqvs saerTo sinaTlis
bunebasTan. Aamitomac, sinaTlis gareSe is aris ara sarkmeli, aramed xe
da mina, sinaTle rom SenobaSi Semovides, aucilebelia xe da mina iseve,
rogorc aucilebelia garegnuli mxare simbolosi, raTa es ukanaskneli
iqces moqmedad, madlmosili sinaTlis Tanamoziared.
nebismieri wminda simbolos aRqmisaTvis rwmenaa aucilebeli,
radgan amgvari simbolo `niSania~, romelic moiTxovs rwmenas (rogorc
rwmunebas RmerTis `erTgulebisa~) da, amave dros, alamia, romelic
moiTxovs erTgulebas (rogorc pasuxs RmerTis `erTgulebaze~)
(averincevi 1977: 324).
aseTi rwmena iTvaliswinebs cocxal kontaqts simbolos aRmqmelsa
da aRsaqmelis arss Soris. simbolo arc saTavea racionaluri codnisa
da arc jami. `pirvelsaxesTan kavSiris gareSe, Tuki mas mxolod gonebiT
ganvWvretT, igi sxvadasxva Secdomamde migviyvans. simbolos
`racionalizeba, mxolod faravs mis WeSmarit arss da cvlis yovelgvari
siyalbiT. simbolo `dums~, roca Cven mas racionalurad vekidebiT da
`dums~ swored pasiuri obivateluri damokidebulebis sapasuxod~
(losevi 1973: 188).
simbolos pasiur Wvretas Tan ar axlavs sulieri sifxizle,
radgan amgvari Wvreta ar isaxavs miznad Seimecnos, Tu rogor
airekleba RvTaebrivi samyaro simbolur saxeebSi.
sulieri WvretisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia simbolos garegnuli
`silamaze~, Tuki aseTi ram mas aqvs. pasiuri Wvreta Zveleburad tovebs
adamians grZnobismier SegrZnebaTa tyveobaSi, ar ahyavs is ganviTarebis
ufro maRal safexurze. Aaq magaliTisaTvis movixmoT RvTismsaxurebis
44
simbolika _ `aseTi ganWvretisaTvis garegnuli efeqtis mets arafers
qmnis. am dros RvTismsaxureba fasdeba, rogorc `mdidruli~,
`oqromkerdiT naqsovi~ farCis Sesamoseli; aRiqmeba rogorc mxolod
lamazi samosi, sinamdvileSi ki is, Tavisi WeSmariti mniSvnelobiT, aris
ganwmendil xorciel samyaroSi RvTaebrivi sxivis SeRwevis materialuri
gziT asaxva~ (florenski 1972: 131).
Tavi II
mcenareTa simbolika
Temaze muSaobisas simboloTa mravalferovnebam gvibiZga, dagveyo
isini saxeebad: mcenareTa, zoomorful, qvaTa, naTlisa da RvTismSoblis
aRmniSvnel simboloebad; aseve, gagveanalizebina stiqiaTa da zogierTi
calkeuli Sinaarsis simbolo. amjerad msjeloba gveqneba mcenareTa
simbolikaze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mcenareTa simbolika uZvelesi droidan
momdinareobs da simbolurad mniSvnelobs TiTqmis yvela xalxis
miTologiasa da religiaSi.A gansaxilvel teqstebSi gvxvdeba xeTa
(finiki, naZvi, zeTisxili, SeSa), yvavilTa (vardi, SroSani) simboloebi.
Aaseve SevCerdebiT mcenaris nawilTa (nayofi, Tesli). simboloebzec.
xe: xis simboluri gaazreba jer kidev preqristianuli
periodidan momdinareobs.
is Tavisi feradovnebiT, yovlismomcvelobiT, adamianTan
SedarebiT `ukvdavobiT~, mSvenieri xidan RvTaebriv xed iqca.
`adamianisaTvis ki yvelaferi isaa misawvdomi da advilad gasagebi,
rasac sakuTari sulieri Tu fizikuri arsebobiT acxovrebs da raSic
sakuTar Tavs dainaxavs~ (bize 1990: 4).
adamianma xis ukeT SecnobisaTvis, Tavdapirvelad, SeiZleba iTqvas,
xec sakuTari, adamianuri, oRond ufro mSvenieri cxovrebiT acxovra.
Ees iyo xis kultis ganviTarebis pirveli safexuri, romelic
moicavda xalxis rwmenas, rom xe (an tye) warmodgeniliyo sulier
arsebad, romelsac SeeZlo, adamianisaTvis vneba an sikeTe moetana. meore
45
safexurze xe (an tye) winaparTa sulis sadgomad iqna miCneuli, mesameze
ki _ TavSesafrad uzenaesi RvTaebisa.
saqarTveloSi xis kulti swored bolo, umaRlesi safexuriT iyo
warmodgenili, romlis Sesaxebac cnobebi Semogvinaxes uZvelesma
saistorio wyaroebma, xalxSi gavrcelebulma zne-Cveulebebma Tu
uZvelesma miTebma da legendebma.
`jer kidev prokofi kesarieli aRniSnavda, rom mis dros afSil-
afxazebi Tayvans scemdnen tyeebs, xeebs, romlebic maT gulubryvilo
RvTaebebad miaCndaT~ (lomaia 1926: 168).
aseve afxazebs swamdaT xis sulis arseboba da am moazrovne suls
mamrobiT sawyiss miawerdnen.
warmarTul saqarTveloSi arsebul xis kults, rogorc mamrobiTi
sawyisis gadmonaSTs, qristianul saqarTveloSic vxvdebiT, sadac
TiTqmis yvela wminda xe an tye wminda giorgis saxeliTaa monaTluli.
wminda giorgis saxelwodeba enobrivi TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli aqvs
niko mars, romlis azriT, `svanuri `jggrag~ da `jgege~ misi
mravalsaxeobiT warmoadgens warmarTuli kultis termins, saxeldobr,
muxas~ (lomaia 1926: 177).
wminda xeebi, wminda giorgis garda, aseve RvTismSoblis
saxelTanacaa wilnayari.
`Cerqezebi wminda xes uwodeben panjassan-s anu panajiassan-s, rac
damaxinjebuli berZnuli sityvaa da RvTismSobels niSnavs~ (lomaia 1926:
174).
RvTismSoblis erT-erTi epiTetia-panagion (yovladwminda), an panages
(xelSeuxebeli).
Aaseve sainteresoa rkonis RvTismSoblis eklesiis wminda cacxvis
xec. radgan rkonis eklesia RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiaa, bunebrivi
iqneboda, rom wminda cacxvis xec RvTismSoblis saxelTan yofiliyo
dakavSirebuli, magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi xis kultTan
upirvelesad wminda giorgis saxelia dakavSirebuli. albaT, amitomac,
cacxvis ZirSi asvenia qva-xati, masze amoqandakebulia wminda xe; totebis
qveS, am xis orive gverdze mxedruli asoebiT amoWrilia warwera:
`cacxvis wminda giorgis xe~, marjvniv amoqandakebulia adamianis figura
46
maxviliT xelSi da warwera _ `deda RvTismSoblis~ (lomaia 1926: 165).
amasTan, TviT sityva `rkoni~ amtkicebs, rom aqac Tavdapirvelad muxa
unda yofiliyo~ (javaxiSvili 1967: 134). muxa-Quesus, aWarulad _ rko,
Wanurad _ Wyoni, megrulad _ Wyoni (sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom
martvilis monasteri aSenebulia im adgilas, sadac idga didi muxa _
didi Wyoni, sakulto xe warmarTuli religiisa), svanurad jira, jihra.
`mogvianebiT, mTieli xalxis warmarTi RmerTebis saxelebi ukve
qristianul jvars Seerwya da am Serwymis nayofia laSaris, jimaRis,
gudanis, xaxmatis jvari.… Tavis mxriv ki xis jvari metad gavrcelebuli
yofila fSav-xevsureTSi~ (elaSvili 1997: 6).
aseTi mZlavri SeWra qristianuli jvrisa Zvel warmarTul
wesebSi, albaT, qristianuli moZRvrebis gamavrcelebelTa erT-erTi
xerxi iyo.
magram, miuxedavad qristianuli sarwmunoebisa, saqarTvelos mTaSi
SemorCenili iyo xis kultTan dakavSirebuli warmarTuli ritualebi,
wes-Cveulebebi, romlebsac qristianuli elferi dahkravda.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mTis salocavSi xis dargva da misi movla-
gaxareba ufro mniSvnelovan sakulto ritualad iyo miCneuli, vidre
cxovelis Sewirva. `aseT wminda xeebs `xemxvivanebi~ ewodeboda.
xemxvivanebi, anu nayofierebis xe, sicocxlis momniWebeli miTologiuri
xis simboloa da amitomac rgavdnen xatis karze, e.i. am wesSiac igive
warmodgenaa asaxuli, rac amiranis eposSi, sadac tarosis gamgebeli
RvTaebis karze vaziT Semosili wminda xea nagulisxmevi~ (surgulaZe 1986:
143).
sakulto ritualebis garda, xis Tayvaniscemis gadmonaSTs
vxvdebiT yofiT cxovrebaSic; avadmyofis tablaze aRmarTuli `batonebis
xe~ Tu `megruli kelaptari _ micvalebulis saxelze Camosxmuli
realuri sididis xe~ (bardaveliZe 1941: 75).
micvalebulisa da xis urTierTobis Sesaxeb cnobebs jer kidev
vaxuSti batoniSvili gvawvdis: afxazebi micvalebulebs Cacmulebsa da
iaraRasxmuls kuboTi xeze dgamdnen~ (elaSvili 1997: 168). albaT,
micvalebulis, ukve maTi winapris, suli rom gadasuliyo xeSi.
47
Aaseve xis kultis elementebs Seicavs `kezi~, xevsurebis saxlis
Tavze an Wuris Tavze mdgomi rcxila, romelic angelozebis
sabrZanebelia, Tu `dedaboZi~ anda `guruli CiCilaki~ _ qarTvelebis
msoflio xis uZvelesi simbolo...
xe erT-erTi yvelaze gavcelebuli kosmologiuri simboloa. is
mravalferovnad da gansxvavebulad vlindeba rogorc sxvadasxva, ise
erTsa da imave kulturaSi. cnobili magaliTebis mixedviT kosmiuri xe
vlindeba rogorc samyaros xateba (imago mundi), samyaros RerZi (axis mundi),
romelsac zeca eyrdnoba da aerTianebs sam kosmiur zonas _ zecas, miwas,
qvesknels. xe, amave dros, komunikaciis saSualebadac gvevlineba
dedamiwasa da zecas Soris.
samyaros kosmiuri RerZis da centris idea sakmaod Zvelia da
farTodaa gavrcelkebuli mTel msoflioSi. specialistebs igi dahyavT
sam ZiriTad saxesxvaobamde. esenia: xe, boZi (ufro zustad ,,dedaboZi”) da
mTa.
,,sakraluri xis simbolos variantebi saqarTveloSi mravalia.
yoveli tipi an am simbolos nairsaxeoba garkveuli intensivobiTa da
sicxadiT avlens sakraluri xis simbolizmis sxvadasxva aspeqts”
(abakelia 2007: 24).
qarTveli xalxis miTo-poetur cnobierebaSi (iseve, rogorc sxva
mravali xalxisa) adamianis sicocxlis cikli xSirad xis simbolikis
garkveul aspeqtTan aris dakavSirebuli. amiT aixsneba jer kidev gasul
saukuneSi dadasturebuli wes-Cveuleba, romlis mixedviTac axalSobilis
saxelze xes rgavdnen. umeteswilad es kaklis xe iyo (Tumca SesaZlebeli
iyo sxva jiSis xeebic, magaliTad _ kopiti). amgvari xis gazrda-gaxareba
uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli bavSvis bed-iRbalTan. axalSobilis
saxelze xis dargvas win uswrebad specialuri rituali, romelic ufro
mZlavrad dasavleT saqarTveloSi iyo SemorCenili, TiTqmis XX saukunis
I naxevris CaTvliT. is cnobilia nerCis locvis saxelwodebiT. mis
paralelurad arsebobs azrobrivad identuri termini ,,fuZe”, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs rogorc safuZvels, ise mogvareebsac. cnobilia
aseve sxva ritualic, romlis drosac saxlSi iwvevdnen bebia-qals da im
qalebs, romlebic mSobiarobas eswrebodnen. am ritualis dros nigvzis
48
xis sam kakals miagorebdnen miwis iatakze bavSvis sawolTan, daklavdnen
qaTams gogos, xolo mamals _ biWis SemTxvevaSi, Semdeg iwyeboda nadimi
nerCis saxelze. ritualur sam kakals miwaSi Cargavdnen. ,,es wes-Cveuleba
gamiznuli iyo momavalSi bavSvis simrTelisa da dacvis
uzrunvelyofisTvis. Tu bavSvi xidan Camovardeboda, es nerCis risxvas
miewereboda, romlisTvisac samsxverplo ritualis Sesruleba
daviwyebodaT. Tu Carguli kaklebi gaixarebdnen (erTi mainc), es karg
niSnad iTvleboda. xis gaxmoba misi patronis sikvdilis momaswavebeli
iyo” (abakelia 2007: 25). amgvari magaliTebi dasturdeba rogorc
aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSic.
aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi bolo dromde SemorCenili iyo
salocavi, e.w. saxvamlobo kakali ezoSi, romlis salocavi rituali
qristianul kalendarTanaa misadagebuli da sulTmofenobis
dResasawauls emTxveva. am ritualis aRsruleba tradiciulad
gulisxmobda locvis aRvlenas nigvzis xis qveS. saxvamlobo kaklebi
umravles SemTvevaSi Sewiruli iyo xvela-saxadisTvis. amgvari xeebi
SesaZloa sxva jiSisac yofiliyo, magaliTad _ TuTisa. ,,dasavleT
saqarTveloSi dasturdeba sakraluri xe, romelic sxvadasxva sneulebis,
gansakuTrebiT xvelis Tavidan asacileblad aris gankuTvnili” (abakelia
2007: 26).
aseve Zalian sainteresoa saqorwino ritualebSi gavrcelebuli
,,maSxala” an ,,CiraRdani”, romelic warmoadgenda xisgan damzadebul
mravaltotian xis formis sagans, romelzedac Camokidebuli iyo xili,
CurCxelebi, yvavilebi, puris comisgan gamomcxvari cxovelTa da
adamianTa figurebi. saritualo ,,maSxalebi” an ,,CiraRdnebi” saqorwino
sufraze mefe-dedoflis sadRegrZelos Semdeg SemohqondaT.
CiraRdani, Tavisi morTulobiT saaxalwlo sufris aucilebeli
ritualuri obieqtis, CiCilakis asociacias iwvevs. igi axali wlis
mudmivi bednierebis simboloa. CiCilaki mzaddeboda dResaswaulis wina
dRes tyeSi sagangebod am SemTxvevisTvis moZebnili Txilis totisagan.
swored Txils eZleoda upiratesoba, radgan igi nayofierebis simbolod
iyo aRiarebuli.
49
yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi sakraluri xe sxvadasxva
informaciis momcemia. ,,axali wlis CiCilaks ramdenime mniSvneloba aqvs:
rig SemTxvevaSi, is aris sakraluri xe, romelic nayofierebis da
keTildReobis momtania da amitom mekvles (ritualuri ,,stumris”) xonCis
aucilebeli atributia” (abakelia 2007: 31). mniSvnelovania, rom qarTuli
xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT, mekvle SeiZleboda yofiliyo
TviTon RmerTi, wm. giorgi an wm. basili. yvelaze xSirad (es karTan
gamarTuli dialogidan Cans, mekvlesa da diasaxliss Soris) mekvle wm.
basilis ganasaxierebda (SesaZloa es ganpirobebuli iyo imiTac, rom 1
ianvari wm. basili didis xsovnis dRe aris qristianuli kalendriT).
CiCilaks xSirad basilas wversac eZaxdnen.
n. abakelia CiCilaks mzesac adarebs: ,,CiCilaki aseve SeiZleba
mzesac Seedaros, Tuki mas sxva rakursiT SevxedavT. bokeli am
SemTxvevaSi ganasaxierebs mnaTobs, xolo burbuSelebi _ misgan
gamomaval sxivebs” (abakelia 2007: 32). (aRsaniSnavia, rom v. bardaveliZem
naSromSi ,,qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan” (RvTaeba babar-
babar, Tb. 1941) pirvelad daakavSira CiCilaki mzesTan da mzis
qalRvTaebasTan). mraval tradiciaSi mzis xateba dakavSirebulia xesTan
da rogorc r. genoni aRniSnavs, ,,igi gaizrdeba, rogorc samyaros xis
nayofi” (genoni 2002: 356-357) es nayofi Sordeba (gamoeyofa) xes ciklis
dasawyisSi da kvlav ubrundeba mas sabolood. am SemTxvevaSi xe
namdvilad ,,mzis sadgoms” warmoadgens (Sesadareblad genons mohyavs
Cinuri ieroglifi, romelic gamoxatavda mzis Casvlas. mze eSveba xeze).
qarTveli mkvlevari amaxvilebs yuradRebas termin ,,mzebudobaze” da
aRniSnavs, rom igi maCvenebelia mzis astronomiuli mdgomareobisa. es
termini ara mxolod astronomiuli codnis TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso,
aramed rwmena-warmodgenebiTac, romlis mixedviT _ mzis saxls bude
warmoadgens. bude, Tavis mxriv, xis arsebobas adasturebs. aq mzes Tavisi
sadgomi aqvs, budis saxiT. ,,es warmodgena ori urTierTSemavsebeli
elementisagan _ xisa da masze dabrZanebuli mzisgan Sedgeba, rac ori
urTierTSemavsebeli modalobis gamomxatvelia” (abakelia 2007: 32-33).
CiCilakis burbuSelebic SeiZleba ganxilebodes, rogorc
talRovani sxivebi da rogorc elva (cecxli) da wvima, romelic
50
anayofierebs miwas. sainteresoa, rom mzis da wylis RmerTebi Zvel
samyaroSi talRovani xazebiT gamoisaxebodnen (nilosis RmerT hapis
sxeuli talRovani xazebiTaa dafaruli).
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba xis monawileoba dakrZalvisa da
glovis ritualebSi. micvalebulisTvis icodnen ezoSi xis moTxra,
gansakuTrebiT, rodesac ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci gardaicvleboda,
romlisTvisac amoTxridnen vazian xes, ufros qalze ki _ TuTis xes.
amoTxril xes saflavze dargavdnen.
,,Seyraze” sxva simbolo-niSani Cndeba _ kelaptari, (,,kilantari”),
romelsac micvalebulis gamzrdelebi amzadebdnen. eTnografiuli
aRweris mixedviT, kelaptars akeTebdnen grZeli alvis xisgan, romelsac
Semoaxvevdnen gasanTlul Savi da TeTri feris mitkals da wverze
daakravdnen ixvismagvari frinvelis qandakebas.
rogorc vnaxeT, qarTul religiur azrovnebasa da yofiT
cxovrebaSi sakmaod aris SemorCenili xis Tayvaniscemis elementebi.
swored amitom ar SeiZleboda, rom xes Taviseburi asaxva ar epova
qarTul mwerlobaSi, sadac xis simbolika, ZiriTadad, bibliuria,
bibliaSi ki xis rvaasamde saxeobaa moxseniebuli.
`xe Tavisi simbolizmiT ganuzomelia. igi moicavs mTel samyaros.
samyaro mTliani xea, romlis CrdilSiac dasaxlda xalxi~ (diufuri 1974:
278).
amave xalxma sicocxlis maradiulobac xes daukavSira da Seqmna
sicocxlis xe Tavisi ukvdavebis nayofiT. `am xesTan misavali gza
samoTxeSi xsnilia yvela morwmunisaTvis~ (diufuri 1974: 278).
Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi xe warmodgenilia mTeli Tavisi
mravalferovnebiT.
rogorc aRvniSneT, xis simbolikis Zirebi Soreul warsulSia
saZiebeli. Bbibliis Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi es saxe
mravaljeraa gamoyenebuli. xis simbolo ase ganimarteba: adamianis
TvalSi xe aris Semoqmedis mier bunebaSi ganfenili sicocxlis Zalis
cxadi gamovlineba.
xis simbolika sami mimarTulebiT ganviTarda:
51
xe cxovrebisa _ bibliuri warmodgeniT, cxovrebis xe ukvdavebas
ukavSirdeba. Amisi sapirispiroa cru sibrZnis simbolo _ xe cnobadisa,
romlis nayofis mirTmeviTac adamianma dakarga ukvdavebasTan
wilnayaroba. Qqristes mier jvarcmiT codvis gamosyidvis saboloo
mizani is aris, rom adamianma kvlav igemos cxovrebis xis nayofi.
xe samefosi _ aRmosavleTis miTosi icnobda kosmiuri xis
simbolos, romelic mTlianad samyaros ganasaxierebda. Bbibliam uaryo
amgvari mniSvneloba da am xeSi dainaxa xelovnuri adamianuri dideba,
romelic siamayes efuZneboda. saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, RvTiur
samsjavroze es xe moiWreba, rogorc warmarTuli sicruisa da
unayofobis simbolo...
jvris xe _ xe wyevlis niSnad iqceva, rodesac mas adamianis
dasasjelad iyeneben. saRvTo werilis Tanaxmad, iesom Tavis Tavze aiRo
es wyevla, roca jvarze aitana adamianTa codvebi. imavdroulad, wyevlis
uZvelesi niSani (adamianis satanjveli xis jvari) axal aRTqmaSi
cxovrebis xed iqca _ iesos jvarcmaSi daibada xsna, kacis ukvdavebasTan
ziareba.
`wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ dadasturebulia xis moWris (ecema
Zveli rwmena) da misgan jvris gakeTebis (Zvelis axalSi gardasaxva)
simboluri mniSvnelobis mqone faqtebi.
xis simbolikas Zalian xSirad vxvdebiT qarTul himnografiaSi.
ioane minCxi Tavis erT-erT himnSi wers:
`kacebaÁ pirveli
xisagan dacemuli,
aw aRzdga Zelsa mis aRmarTebaTa,
romelsa zeda
ivno mÃsnelman ÃorciTa…~ (ioane minCxi 1987: 297-298)
aq gacxadebulia, rom `pirveli xisgan~, anu xe cnobadisagan,
codvas naziarebi adamiani (`dacemuli~) aRsdga `Zelsa~ anu jvris
aRmarTviT, romelzec xorcielad ivno macxovari. `sainteresoa, rom am
SemTxvevaSi `pirvandel~ xes ukavSirdeba `Semdgomi~ jvari, romelic
Zveli WeSmaritebis gardasaxul aRdgenas gulisxmobs~ (murRulia... 1992:
288).
52
Cveni Temis mizania mxolod qristianul simboloTa paradigmebi,
Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom miTologiebi da warmarTuli kultebic, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, axdenen zegavlenas qristianuli simbolos Camoyalibebaze.
xe umaRlesi, dinamiuri, bunebrivi simboloa zrdis, sezonuri
mokvdinebisa da regeneraciis. sxvadasxva religiasa Tu kulturaSi
mravali xe iTvleboda wmindad an magiurad. Pprimitiul religiebSi
mowiwebiTi damokidebuleba xis Zalaze dafuZnebulia cru rwmenaze, rom
maTSi cxovroben RmerTebi da sulebi. `sulieri~ xeebis simbolizmi
Semoinaxa evropul folklorsa da `adamian-xeTa~ saxeSi an `mwvane
adamianSi~. jadosnur zRaprebSi xeebs SeuZliaT rogorc daxmareba, aseve
xifaTis Seqmna an SeSineba adamianisa. isini agreTve gvevlinebian
eSmakeul qmnilebebad.
`miTologiis ganviTarebisas yovlisSemZle xis idea, romelic
warmoadgenda RvTaebrivi energiis centralur xazs, damakavSirebels
`araCveulebrivi~ da `Cveulebrivi~ samyaroebis, gardaiqmna cxovrebis
xisa da kosmiuri xis simbolur saxed (tresideri 1992: 75). misi fesvebi
CaSvebulia miwisqveSa wylebSi, xolo kenwero zecas wvdeba. es simbolo
gvxvdeba TiTqmis yvela xalxis folklorsa Tu miTebSi. cxovrebis xe
xSirad xdeboda metafora samyaros Seqmnisa. mravali tradiciiT, is
izrdeba wminda mTaze an samoTxeSi. sulieri energiis wyaro SeiZleba
misi fesvebidan gamovides.
Ggveli, spiralurad daxveuli xis merqanze, SeiZleba iyos rogorc
miwidan momdinare energiis, aseve damangreveli Zalis simbolo.
frinvelTa budeebi emblemaa sulebisa an RvTis mociqulebis.
xis saSualebiT maRldeba adamiani umdablesi ganviTarebidan
RvTaebriv ganmanaTlebobamde, Tavisufldeba yofiTi wrisgan.
Suasaukeneobrivi gamosaxuleba qristesi, romelic gakrulia xeze da ara
jvarze, swored amis simboloa.
Tavisi formiT xe ganviTarebis simboloa. Mmisi totebi gamodian
tanidan, rac simboloa mravalsaxeobisa da erTianobisa. indur
ikonografiaSi xe kosmiuri kvercxidan aris amozrdili da ganasaxierebs
brahmas, romelic materialur samyaros qmnis.
53
piriqiT, gadmotrialebuli kosmiuri xe, romlis fesvebi ikvebebian
RvTaebrivi energiiT da vrceldebian garemomcvel samyaroSi _
kabalistur da sxva mistikur Tu magiur formebSi arsebuli
gamosaxulebaa. Ggadmobrunebuli xe, aseve xSirad, gamoiyeneba
geneologiur sqemebSi.
Bbevr tradiciaSi cxovrebis xeze gamoxataven varskvlavebs,
globusebs an nayofebs, romlebic gaxlavT simboloebi planetebisa an
mzis da mTvaris ciklebisa.
xSiria aseve xis `mTvareuli~ simbolizmi. mTvare izidavs wyals
msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor adis wyali xis `sxeulSi~.
cxovrebis xeSi aseve SeiZleba igulisxmebodes ukvdaveba. (CineTSi
aseTia atmis xe). egvipteSi mravali xexilia warmodgenili cxovrebis xed
(nuSi _ iranSi, zeTisxili, palma an broweuli _ Sua aziasa da sxva
regionebSi, semitur tradiciebSi). es simbolizmi warmodgeba primitiuli
kultebidan, sadac xe iyo nayofierebis simbolo (deda-bunebisa). Aamis
gamo xeebi dedobriv (qalur) simbolizmsac atareben. Aaseve, magaliTad,
egviptur ikonografiaSi wminda figus adidebdnen qalRmerT xatorTan,
romelsac gamoxatavdnen xis formiT. igi iZleoda sakvebsa da wyals.
Ddeda-bunebis nayofierebis saxe, Cveulebriv, dakavSirebuli iyo
foTlovan xeebTan. maTi SiSveli totebi zamTarSi da ayvaveba
gazafxulze Sesaferisi simbolo iyo sikvdilisa da ganaxlebisa.
gamonaklisi gaxldaT atisis Tayvaniscema mcire aziasa da, mogvianebiT,
berZnul-romaul samyaroSi. xe-emblema atisisa gaxldaT fiWvi, ZiriTadi
simbolo ukvdavebisa. Aatisis sikvdilsa da aRdgenis zeimobisas wiwvebs
aclidnen fiWvs da axvevdnen masze abreSums. albaT, aqedan momdinareobs
maisis xis morTvac _ simbolo siuxvisa.
dualizmi xis simbolikaSi gamoixateboda gayofiltaniani xiT.
legendis mixedviT, tristanisa da izoldas saflavebze
gaizardnen gadawnuli xeebi. axlo aRmosavleTSi sicocxlis xis
gverdiT xarobs sikvdilis xe. Ees bibliuri cnebaa sikeTisa da
borotebis xisa, romlis nayofis mirTmeviTac kacobriobas ukvdaveba
waerTva.
54
davubrundeT Cvens gansaxilvel teqstebs da vnaxoT, rogoria
maTSi xis simboluri datvirTva. uSualod xe samjer gvxvdeba. pirvelad
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~, sadac saubaria dauZlevel survilze,
kvlav daibrunos adamianma samoTxis netareba da mieaxlos ufals.
`miix[una] Ãorcni, mis mier mivemTxÂeniT Cuen sawadelsa mas Cvensa
pirvelsa, samoTxisa uzeSTaessa, da moviReT xisa misgan cxorebisa da
vcxovndiT ukue. dauteveT gzaÁ igi sacavi qerobinisaÁ mis, da zecad
avmaRldiT ukudav, maxlobel RmrTisa viqmneniT Cuen~ (abulaZe 1055: 31).
rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi xe warmodgenilia sicocxlis xed da
misi nayofis mirTmevac saukuno cxovrebas da RmerTTan siaxloves
aRniSnavs.
Mmeored xe gvxvdeba `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~. Aam epizodSi
saubaria Sios RvTismosaobaze: `eseviTarisa raÁ mwyemsisa TualTaÁsa
queS[e] dawesebul iqmna Rirsi Sio, ganiswavleboda mis mier wurTiTa,
saRmrToTa werilTaÁTa ganpoxebuli, da keTilad aRizardeboda sityvaTa
mier da moZRurebaTa sulierisaTa mamisaTa morwyuli, rameTu danergul
iyo keTili ese xe Tana-warsadinelsa wyalTasa da gamoiRebda nayofsa
saTnoebaTasa, Semwynarebeli Teslsa RmrTis-mecnierebisasa, viTar keTili
miwaÁ...~ (Zveli qarTuli... III, 1971: 268) (Teslsa da nayofs Cven odnav
qvemoT SevexebiT). nayofier niadagze gazrdili xe Tavadac keTil nayofs
gamoiRebs, iseve rogorc Sio, aRzrdili RvTismosavi aRmzrdelisagan,
kargi niadagia sxvaTaTvis.
TiTqmis imave mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba xe Semdeg epizodSi. Aaq
saubaria daviT garejelis RvTismosav mSoblebze da im `keTil nayofze~,
romelic maT gamoiRes wminda daviT garejelis saxiT: `garna esreTve
keTilTa ZirTagan sagonebel ars keTilisa amis rtoisa aRmorCebaÁ da
keTilman xeman keTilica gamoiRos nayofi, viTar da eseca sanatreli
nayofaTa TÂsTagan sacnaur hyofda romlobasa ZirTasa~ (abulaZe 1955:
147).
`Sios da evagres cxovrebaSi~ Sios sulier srulyofilebaze
saubris dros avtori aRniSnavs: `xolo amieriTgan raÁRa vin Tquas
RuawlTa misTaTÂs ZlierTa, romel Tavs-isxmida, dRiTi-dRe
waremateboda ZaliTi-Zalad, viTarca xe, Tana-warsadinelsa wmindaTa
55
wyalTa RmrTis mecnierebiTasa danerguli. Dda nayofier iqneboda,
viTarca finiki mcxmoÁ tkbilTa da sulierTa nayofaTgan...~ (abulaZe 1955:
77). aq imave simbolur saxes vxvdebiT nayofieri xisa, romelic `wminda
wyalTagan~ RvTiuri madliT ikvebeba; mxolod ukve xed dasaxelebulia
finiki.
Semdeg magaliTSi finikTan erTad libanis naZvia moxseniebuli,
rac imave nayofierebis simbolur saxed unda aRviqvaT. `viTarca finiki
aRyuavnes da viTarca naZvi libanisa ganmravldes, WeSmaritad amaRldes
wmindani ufrois simaRleTa da ganmravldes nayofni maTni ufrois
yovelTa xeTa nayofierTa da yuavian saxlsa Sina RmrTisasa viTarca
vardni Suenierni da viTarca SroSanni sulnelni...~ (abulaZe 1955: 70).
vardisa da SroSanis simbolikas qvemoT SevexebiT. Aamjerad, finiksa da
naZvze SevCerdeT.
finiki da finikis palma simboloa nayofierebis, gansakuTrebiT
mamrobiTisa. Aaseve RvTaebrivi guluxvobisa, amitomac igi gaxda
bibliuri simbolo maTi, vinc miiRebs kurTxevas zecaSi. ~finikis
palmaTa kolonebi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia Zvelegvipturi
arqiteqturisaTvis, cxovrebis xis simboloa~ (tresideri 1992: 394).
rac Seexeba naZvs, is `mamacobis, siZlieris, zeaweuli sulieri
mdgomareobis, erTgulebisa da ukvdavebis simboloa~ (tokarevi 1988: 369).
saqarTveloSi naZvi odiTganve muxasTan erTad yofila
gaRmerTebuli, gansakuTrebiT svaneTSi. adgilobrivi rwmeniT, wminda
naZvnaridan nafotis gamotanac ki RvTis risxvis gamomwvevia da moavlens
uCveulod msxvil setyvas.
wminda naZvnaris RvTiurobis darRvevisas RvTis risxvad setyvis
movlineba mogvagonebs muxis kults, romelic zevsisa da iupiteris xed
iyo miCneuli.
`rac Seexeba muxis qristianul simbolos _ is siZlierisa da
xangrZlivi sicocxlis maCvenebelia, riTac muxa uaxlovdeba naZvis
simbolur mniSvnelobas~ (elaSvili 1997: 17).
naZvs muxasTan akavSirebs revaz siraZec: `naZvi, albaT,
qristianuli saxe unda iyos gakultebuli muxisa~ (siraZe 1987: 110-111).
56
migvaCnia, rom Cvens motanil magaliTebSi finikica da naZvic
nayofierebas gamoxataven da agiograf avtors moyavs pirdapir
fsalmuniseuli citata, rac sakmaod Cveulebrivi movlenaa
agiografiisTvis: `marTali, viTarca finiki, aRyuavnes da, viTarca naZÂ
libanisa, ganmravldes~ (fs. 91,13).
imave simboluri datvirTviT gvxvdeba zeTisxili `Siosa da
evagres cxovrebaSi~: `nayofier iqmneboda, viTarca zeTis xili msxmoi
saxlsa RmrTisasas~ (abulaZe 1955: 72).
unda aRiniSnos, rom am mcenares sul sxva simboluri datvirTva
aqvs sxvadasxva xalxTa miTologiebsa da kulturebSi. is kurTxeuli xea
antikur, iudeur, qristianul da islamur tradiciebSi. zeTisxili
odiTganve miCneuli iyo mSvidobis, siuxvis, ubiwoebis, ukvdavebis,
sixarulisa da gamarjvebis simbolod. Ees iSviaTad uxvmosavliani xe,
erT-erTi cnobiT, kunZul kretaze iyo kultivirebuli, xolo meore
versiiT _ libiaSi. Aasea Tu ise, faraonebisdroindeli egvipte ukve
zeTisxilis qveynadaa cnobili, xolo Zveli saberZneTis, romis (iseve,
rogorc xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebis umetesobis) meurneobis
umniSvnelovanes nawils Seadgenda zeTisxilis moSeneba, movla da zeTis
gamoxda. ar aris gasakviri, rom Zvel saberZneTSi zeTisxilis momWreli
sikvdiliT isjeboda. patarZlebi saqorwino kabebze imagrebdnen
zeTisxilis tots an xelSi eWiraT ubiwoebis simbolod; zeTisxilis
gvirgvinebiT amkobdnen olimpiur TamaSebSi gamarjvebulebs.
mSvidobis simbolod zeTisxilis rto Zvel romSi damkvidrda,
rodesac dapyrobil xalxTa elCebs zeTisxilis rto mohqondaT romael
mbrZaneblebTan morCilebis niSnad. Aam tradiciam Taviseburi
interpretacia pova bibliur simbolikaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, warRvnis
Semdeg noes kidobanSi mofrenil mtreds niskartiT zeTisxilis rto
eWira. Aamitomac igi iTvleba ara mxolod moaxloebuli xsnis macned,
aramed RmerTsa da adamians Soris kavSiris simbolodac.
rogorc cnobilia, xe nayofis mixedviT fasdeba. uSualod nayofi
Cven mier gaanalizebul teqstebSi mravladaa moxseniebuli.
`keTilman xeman keTilica gamoiRos nayofi, viTarca da eseca
sanatreli nayofTa TvisTagan sacnaur hyofda romlobasa ZirTasa~
57
(abulaZe 1955: 147). es citata zemoTac movixmeT da aRvniSneT, rom aq
saubaria daviT garejelis mSoblebze da am SemTxvevaSi `nayofi keTili~
daviT garejelia.
N`nayofi qristianul sarwmunoebaSi simboloa RvTiurobis, sikeTis
da, amave dros, atributia RvTismSoblisa~ (tokarevi 1988: 370), radganac
swored RvTismSobelma mogvca RvTiuri nayofi _ qriste.
`RvTismSobelo qalwulo, gixaroden! Mmimadlebulo mariam, ufali
SenTana! kurTxeul xar Sen dedaTa Soris da kurTxeul ars nayofi
muclisa Senisa, rameTu macxovari gviSev sulTa CuenTa.~
swored RvTismSoblis mimarT am locvis perifrazia mocemuli
Semdeg monakveTSi:
,,yovlad wmindao RmrTis mSobelo mariam, kurTxeul ars nayofi
muclisa Senisai da kurTxeul ars saxeli wmidaÁ didebisa misisaÁ~
(abulaZe 1955: 89).
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ avtori ixsenebs samoel
winaswarmetyvels, romelic dedis mxurvale locvis SesmeniT moavlina
ufalma amqveynad: `rameTu yovelTa keTilTa ganmasurnelebel locvai
ars. Aman mucelsa Sina dedisasa ganapoxa samoel da winaswarmetyuel
gamoaCina. ixileT-Ra nayofi igi locvisai winaswarmetyuel iqmna
WeSmaritebisa siyrmiTgan, rameTu iTxova igi ana cremliTa da locviTa~
(abulaZe 1955: 6). es epizodi gaxsenebaa 1 mefeTasi (1 mef. 1-20).
moyvanil magaliTSi `nayofi~ `Sedegis~ identuri mniSvnelobisaa;
Aanu _ ixileT Sedegi mxurvale locvisa, gveubneba avtori.
Aarc Tu ise iSviaTad gvxvdeba `nergi~ simboluri mniSvnelobiT.
nergi _ dasargavad gankuTvnili norCi mcenare an misi nawilia.
qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSi nergi scildeba Tavisi
biologiuri arsebobis farglebs da qristianuli gaazrebiT is iqceva
WeSmaritebis safuZvlad. `yoveli nergi, romeli ara dahnerga mamaman
Cemman zecaTaman, ZiriTurT aRifxuras~ (maT. 15,13).
qristianobas axlad naziarebi xalxi _ nergebia, mxolod axal
nergebad iwodebian isini. `xolo mas Jamsa ineba wmindaman mamaman iovane.
raÁTa moixilnes mowafeni TÂsni da cnas, Tu romelsa sazomsa miwevnul
arian, da raÁTa gamoacxadnes saqmeni maTni keTilni kacTa Soris, rameTu
58
axal nerg iyunes kacni da uxmda ganmtkicebaÁ~ (abulaZe 1955: 89). `raTa
aTormetni gamorCios mowafeTagan TÂsTa da mivides qarTlad, rameTu
axalnerg iyvnes~ (Zveli qarTuli... IV 1968: 370).
Aaxali nergi SeiZleba qveyanac iyos, roca is axali naziarebia
qristianobas. wminda Sio da misi mowafeebi `warvides queynad qarTvelTa
da ganamtkicnes erni sarwmunoebasa zeda, rameTu axalnerg iyvnes maSin
qarTvelni da orasni oden weliwadni warsrul iyvnes moqceviT
maTiTgan...~ (abulaZe 1955: 78).
igivea naTqvami `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~: `axal nerg ars
queyanai ese~ (abulaZe 1955: 28).
qarTul agiografiul ZeglebSi wmindani `viTarca nergi~
aRmocendeba da ixarebs. igi Tavisi mowameobrivi cxovrebis miwuruls
iqceva fesvmagar xed, romelzedac damwifdeba nayofi misi sulis, misi
moRvaweobisa. igi nergia da Tavadaa keTili nayofis gamomRebeli,
Tavadaa saTave sikeTisa: `xolo wmindai Sio, mkvidri udabnoisaÁ da
yuavili Suenieri, nergi ukvdavebisaÁ, gamomRebeli nayofsa keTilsa...~
(abulaZe 1955: 138).
`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ gvxvdeba `Tesli~ (mcenaris
Canasaxovani safexuri). Tesli yvelaze ufro Rrma filosofiuri
simboloa mcenareul simboloTa Soris, `radgan is saTavea axali
sicocxlis~ (tokarevi 1988: 370gv.). agreTve is uyris safuZvels raimes
ganviTarebas.
agiografi avtori ganmartavs, Tu ratom da visTvis aRiwereba
wmindanis `cxovreba~. swored am ganmartebis mixedviT, aseTi nawarmoebi
gaxlavT is Tesli, romelic nayofs gamoiRebs. nayofis gamoRebaSi ki, am
SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeba mkiTxvelis rwmenis gaRviveba da ganmtkiceba:
`egreTve ese gonierad daaTrobs keTilTa TxrobaTa mier sulsa
msmenelTasa da, Tesl saRmrTosa swavlisa qmnilni gamoiReben nayofsa
samoceulsa da aseulsa~ (abulaZe 1955: 145).
SeSa: dacvis simbolo, romelic damyarebulia keTilsuliani
xeebis warmodgenebze da universalur tradiciaze, romlis mimarTebiT xe
aris materialuri zrunvisa da sicocxlis Zalis simbolo.
59
induri tradiciiT, SeSisgan Seiqmna yoveli nivTi, _ brahma.
CineTSi is aris emblema gazafxulisa da aRmosavleTis.
xis kultis miuxedavad, adamians arsebobisaTvis esaWiroeba xis
praqtikuli gamoyeneba; miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom xe cocxali arsebaa da
amitom, xelSeuxebeliao, droTa ganmavlobaSi unda Secvliliyo miTiT,
rom xe aris sasufeveli sulisa an uzenaesi RvTaebisa.
swored amitom, `roca aucilebloba moiTxovda xis mokveTas,
sruldeboda garkveuli rituali, patiebas sTxovdnen wminda suls
simyudrovis darRvevisaTvis da sTxovdnen mas, rom Seecvala samyofeli~
(diufuri 1974: 278). Yyovelive amis Semdeg xe aRar iyo xelSeuxebeli da
SeiZleboda misi moWra da Tundac SeSad gamoyeneba.
`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ SeSa gvxvdeba Semdegi simboluri
datvirTviT.Bbarbarosma wminda mamis mokvla ganizraxa, magram, rogorc
ki xeli SemarTa, `meyseulad SehÃma igi da iqmna viTarca SeSaÁ~ (abulaZe
1955: 170).
rogorc vxedavT, aq SeSas Taviseburi emociuri datvirTva aqvs. is
aracocxali, statikuri sawyisis maCvenebelia.
mayvali, mayvlovani: mayvlovani mniSvnelovani bibliuri saxea:
`uCvena mas (moses) angelozi uflisa cecxliTa alisaTa mayvlovaniT
gamo, da ixila. viTarmed mayvlovansa mas aRtydebis cecxli da mayuali
igi ara Seiwvebis~ (gam. 3,2).
aqedan modis Seuwveli buCqi, anu mayvlovanis simbolika, romelic
ase sainteresod aris gaSlili `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~. iq `angelozi
mayvlovanSi da wminda nino mayvlovanSi migvaniSnebs, rom RvTismSobelia
misi Semfarveli, misi sulieri sadguri~ (siraZe 1987: 103).
rac Seexeba `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ naxseneb mayvlovans, aq
igi bibliuri analogiiT gvxvdeba: `gamoecxada angelozi RmrTisaÁ
cecxliTa mayulovansa mas Sina, saidumloÁ qalwulisaÁ, da zarganxdili
movida xilvad~ (abulaZe 1955. 6).
Mmayvlovanis saxismetyvelebiTi mniSvneloba, TiTqosda, aRemateba
sasuliero mwerlobaSi warmoCenil sxva xe-mcenareTa bibliur
simbolikas, radganac mayvlovani martooden angelozTa xilvisa da
gamocxadebis niSandobliv adgilad ar unda miviCnioT, aramed `es
60
`Seuwveli buCqi~ moiazreba, rogorc RmerTis droebiTi sasufeveli...~
(elaSvili 1997: 42). swored amitom, saxarebiseuli simbolikiT, qarTul
agiografiaSi mayvlovanSi igulisxmeba RvTismSobeli an RvTismSoblis
`xeldasxmuli~, rogorc es aris miniSnebuli `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~.
yvavili: yvavilis simbolika farToa: silamaze (gansakuTrebiT
qaluri), sulieri srulyofileba, bunebrivi ucodveloba, RvTaebrivi
kurTxeva, gazafxuli, axalgazrdoba, sikeTe, magram, amave dros,
sicocxlis xanmokleoba, samoTxis sikeTe; yvavilia lakoniuri simbolo
bunebisa, emblema wriuli moZraobisa _ dabadeba, cxovreba, sikvdili da
ganaxleba. ikebana Taigulebis Seqmnis iaponuri xelovnebaa, romelic
dafuZnebulia am simbolur Temaze.
aRmosavlur religiebSi yvavili aseve simboloa sulieri
cxovrebisa (gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelobs am mxriv lotosi). Bbrahmasa da
budas yvavilebs Soris gamoxatavdnen. wylis yvavilebi arian niSanni
suli wmidisa.
RvTismSobeli gamoixateba SroSaniT an zambaxiT xelSi.
aseve xelovnebaSi, yvavilebi imedis (rwmenisa) da ganTiadis
alegoriul atributebad gvxvdebian da amqveyniuri cxovrebis
warmavalobis simboloebad gvevlinebian.
rogorc aRvniSneT, yvavilTa simbolika sakmaod farToa:
dawyebuli gulmowyalebis alegoriidan (SroSanis siwminde) da
sibrZnidan (daosis `oqros yvavili~; igi gvirgviniviT iSleba Tavze),
damTavrebuli sisxliani msxverplSewirviT da RmerTebis sikvdiliT
(wiTeli yvavilebi, anemiebi, yayaCoebi).
yvavilebis Seferiloba, surneli da `faqtura~ xSirad
gansazRvravs maT simbolikas: TeTri SroSani, magaliTad, niSania
siwmindisa, mZafri Jasmini _ seqsualobis, magnoliebi _ Tavmoyvareobis an
siamayis.
dakrZalvis ceremonialSi gamoyenebuli msubuqi surnelis
yvavilebi simboloa sicocxlis gagrZelebis an aRdgomisa. Aamave mizniT
mimofantavdnen xolme saflavze vardebs romSi.
61
`moRunuli forma yvavilisa, romelic farTod aris
gavrcelebuli, simboloa pasiurobisa da qalurobis; misi samnawiliani
agebuleba gamoxatavs kosmiur harmonias~ (tresideri 1992: 403).
mSvenieri yvavilebi odiTganve poetebis aRmafrenis sagans
warmoadgendnen, Mmagram sasuliero mwerlobaSi es mSveniereba
ganzogaddeba da adamianis sulierebas gansazRvravs.
Yyvelaze didi mSveniereba amqveynad sicocxlis dabadebaa,
amitomac qarTul agiografiaSi yvavili xSirad axali sicocxlis
(Svilis) saxe-simboloa.
`yvavilad mxolod is Svilia saxeldebuli, romelic momavalSi
SeiZleba iqces WeSmarit morwmuned~ (elaSvili 1997: 43). amitomac aris
wminda ioanes erTi mowafeTagani, ise, mSvenier yvavilad wodebuli:
`saxeliT ise, ganTqmuli yovliTave saTnoebiTa, nergi igi samoTxisaÁ,
yuavili Suenieri da yovlisa keTilisa Ziri~ (abulaZe 1955: 87).
meore SemTxvevaSic yvavili gamoyenebulia wminda mamis
dasaxasiaTeblad: `romel-igi iyo erTi aTormetTagani netarTa maT
mamaTa, romlisa saxeli friad ganTqmul iyo ubiwoebiTa da saTnoebasa
srolebisasa miwevnili, nergi samoTxisa, yuavili ferSuenieri, surneli~
(Zveli qarTuli... IV, 1968: 400). Aam simboluri saxis moxmobiT avtors
surda, rom xazi gaesva wminda mamis saTnoebis, sikeTisa da
RvTismosaobsTvis.
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ Sesaval nawilSi agiografi avtori
Tavmdablad acxadebs, rom ver SeZlebs am didi Sromis Sesrulebas da
saTanadod aRweras wminda mamis cxovrebisa, magram ganagrZobs: `aramed
ganviZraxe, raÁTa vemsgavso futkarsa Sromis moyuaresa da samoTxeTa
SuenierTa wignTa mier moviwilne yuavilni, raÁTa ganumzado Wamadi
tkbili wadierTa sadideblad Cuenda~ (abulaZe 1955: 6). Aaq SesaniSnav
saxeebs vxvdebiT _ avtori futkris SromismoyvareobiT moekideba saqmes
da samoTxis wignebidan mopovebuli yvavilebis sitkboebiT (Cveni azriT,
aq saRmrTo werili igulisxmeba) tkbil neqtars daamzadebs morwmune
mkiTxvelisaTvis.
agiografiis sxva ZeglebSi yvavilis simbolika ufro farToa:
`wminda SuSanikis wameba~ _ sicocxlis xibli, `wminda abos wameba~ _
62
ieso qristes simbolo, `wminda ninos cxovreba~ _ xalxi, magram Cven am
SemTxvevaSi ar SevCerdebiT maTze.
yvavilTa saxeobebidan asureli mamebis cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi
uSualod gvxvdeba vardi da SroSani. aRsaniSnavia, rom am yvavilTa
simbolika sakmaod farToa, rogorc qristianul samyaroSi, aseve sxva
religiebsa Tu kulturebSi.
vardi: vardis bibliuri simbolika Warbad aris Caqsovili qarTul
sasuliero mwerlobaSi. igi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli miTosur-
poeturi saxea. dasavleTis tradiciaSi sanimuSo yvavilia, gulis
simbolo, msoflxedvis centri, kosmiuri borbali, aseve RvTaebrivi,
romantikuli da emociuri siyvarulis emblema. TeTri vardi simboloa
umankoebis, siwmindisa da qalwulobis, wiTeli _ vnebisa da survilis,
grZnobieri silamazis.
vardi aris aseve srulyofilebis simbolo, xolo misi naxevrad
gaSlili kokori ki _ saukuno cxovrebisa, swored amitom mis furclebs
fantavdnen romSi rozariis dResaswaulze, xolo romis imperatorebi
atarebdnen vardis gvirgvins.
gaSlili vardi sikvdilis niSania, wiTeli vardi SeiZleba
aRniSnavdes daRvril sisxls, tanjvas, sikvdilsa da ganaxlebas
(aRdgomas).
Zvelromauli miTebi akavSireben wiTel vards omis RmerT marsTan,
agreTve mis meuRle venerasa (berZnul miTologiaSi afrodite) da
moklul sayvarel adonisTan (miTis berZnuli versiiT, adonisi iyo
sasikvdilod daWrili taxisgan. roca afrodite mirboda masTan, mas
fexSi SeerWo TeTri vardis ekali da misma sisxlis wveTebma SeRebes
yvavili wiTlad).
vardi aseve iyo simbolo mzisa da ganTiadis.
qristianebisaTvis sisxlisferi vardi da misi eklebi aris
simbolo qristes vnebebisa.
vardi gaxda mTavari emblema da simbolo okulturi da
kabalisturi ordenisa, romelic daarsda me-17 saukuneSi. Mmisi emblema
gaxda vardebis jvari an xis jvari vardiT centrSi. furcelTa simravle
63
niSnavda safexurebs ufalTan miaxlebisa, xolo vardiscentri, am
ordenis warmomadgenelTaTvis, iyo guli iesosi, RvTiuri naTeli;
RvTismSobels zogjer uwodeben zecis vards eklebis gareSe, rac
mianiSnebs mis umankoebaze.
Aasurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi vardi ramdenimejer
gvxvdeba. wminda abibos nekreselis daxasiaTebisas avtori acxadebs: `Cemi
ars mowame ese da ara sxvisa, Cemisa amisgan saydrisa, nayofi Suenieri,
mxiarulebisa Cemda momRebeli, spetaki vardi, haerisa sulnel-myofeli,
Cemda momfeneli...~ (abulaZe 1955: 189).
rogorc vxedavT, aq vardis moxmobiT avtors surda, mowamis
sispetakisa da siwmindisaTvis gaesva xazi. Aaq `vardi~, iseve, rogorc
`nayofi~, mowamis gamorCeulobaze mianiSnebs. xolo imis aRniSvniT, rom
es vardi `sulnel-myofelia~, anu moafens Tavis surnels garSemomyofT,
simbolurad aRiqmeba _ mowameobrivi sikvdili, yovelTvis didi
magaliTia morwmuneTaTvis; igi surnelis msgavsad moefineba
garSemomyofT, `ganamxiarulebs~ da rwmeniT aRavsebs maT.
vardi agiografiul ZeglebSi xSirad wmindanTa `RvTiuri madlis~
misaniSneblad gamoiyeneba. igi Tavisi metaforuli saxecvlilebebiTac
gvevlineba. Tu `wminda abibos nekreselis wamebaSi~ is `vardi spetakia~,
`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ _ `vardni Suenierni...~ swored asea
moxseniebuli wminda mamebi am ZeglSi. `yuavian saxlsa Sina RmrTisasa,
viTarca vardni Suenierni, da viTarca SroSanni sulnelni...~ (abulaZe
1955: 70).
aq kidev erTi saxe Segvxvda yvavilisa, romelic simbolurad
mniSvnelobs.
SroSani: erT-erTi araerTgvarovani simboloa yvavilTa Soris.
qristianul religiaSi simboloa sisufTavis, siwmindis, magram, amave
dros, Zvel tradiciebSi asocirdeba nayofierebasTan da siyvarulTan.
qristianul xelovnebaSi gvxvdeba TeTri SroSani, romelsac IX saukuneSi
uwodebdnen `madonas~ (RvTismSoblis asociaciiT). is aseve iyo atributi
mravali wmindanisa. mas xSirad gamoxatavdnen larnakSi an wmindanis
xelSi.
64
SroSani antikur samyaroSi iTvleboda miwis qalRmerTis _ geas _
rZisagan gazrdil yvavilad.
bizantiaSi SroSani simbolo iyo aRzevebisa da samefo didebis da,
albaT, swored es da ara misi kavSiri siwmindesTan, gaxda mizezi imisa,
rom SroSani safrangeTis simbolo gamxdariyo.
SroSanis emblemuri mniSvneloba qristiani wmindanebis
gamosaxulebaSi momdinareobs, upirvelesad, qristes mTaze qadagebidan.
`da samoselisaTÂs rasa hzrunavT? ganicadeniT SroSanni velisani, viTar
igi aRorZindis! ara Surebin, arca sTavn. xolo gety Tquen: rameTu
arcaRa solomon Seimosa, viTarca erTi amaTgani~ (maT. 6. 28-29)
SroSani gvxvdeba `qebaTa-qeba solomonisaSic~, sadac saubaria
satrfos siwmindeze: `me yuavili velisaÁ da SroSani ReleTaÁ. da
viTarca SroSani Soris ekalTa, esreT ars maxlobeli Cemi Soris
asulTa~ (qeb. 2. 1-2).
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom SroSans, ZiriTadad, sispetakisa da
sisufTavis, silamazis aRsaniSnavad moixmoben xolme, ise, rogorc es
nikoloz baraTaSvils aqvs:
`viTa pepela
arxevs nel-nela
spetak SroSanas, lamazad axrils,
ase sayure,
ucxo sayure,
eTamaSeba Tavissa aCrdils~ (baraTaSvili 1968: 102).
aseve sayuradReboa wm. SuSanikis saxelic. is ,,SroSanidan”
momdinareobs: ,,mamisagan saxeliT vardan, da siyuaruliT saxeli misi
SuSanik” (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 11).
rac Seexeba `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ moxseniebul `SroSanni
sulnelnis~, is, iseve rogorc vardi, RvTiuri madliT dajildoebuli
adamianebis simbolod unda aRviqvaT.
ifqli da RuarZli: ifqlisa da RvarZlis simboluri gaazreba
saxarebiseulia. kerZod, igi momdinareobs xorblisa da RvarZlis
igavidan (maT. 13. 25), romlis mixedviTac puri siwmindea, RvarZlSi
Sereuli xorbali _ Sebilwuli sikeTe; es simboluri saxe araerTgzis
65
gvxvdeba rogorc asureli mamebis cxovreba-wamebebSi, ise, zogadad, mTel
mxatvrul literaturaSi _ `ifqli RvarZlad gadaiqca, zed mobrunda
cecxlis kevri~ (guramiSvili 1955: 42).
avtori asureli mamebis cxovrebisa axasiaTebs wminda ioanes
mowafeebs, romlebic moZRvris davalebiT gaeSurnen qveynis sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi; isini ganswavlulebi iyvnen yovelgvar sikeTeSi. maT muSakebs
uwodebs, romelnic ara sasyidlisTvis iyvnen momuSaveni; aqve aRniSnavs
maT unars sikeTisa da borotebis garCevisa: `eseviTarni keTilni muSakni
da ara sasyidliT dadginebulni warivlinnes sanatrelisa mamisa ioanes
mier keTilsa mas samuSakosa, romelTa keTilad eswava moZRurisa
TÂsisagan aneul qmnaÁ erquniTa swavlaTaÁTa sulebsa morwmuneTasa da
ganrCevaÁ ifqlisa RuarZlisagan, romelsa moSurne igi da mteri kacTaÁ
dasTesavs maradis gonebasa Sina maTsa gulis-sityuaTa borotTa
STaTesviTa sulTa Soris kacTasa~ (abulaZe 1955: 39).
imave simboluri SinaarsiT aris naxsenebi ifqli da RvarZli
`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~. Sio locavs evagres: `uflman RmerTman
gangaZlieren da mogecin Sen Zali moTmenad yovelTave SemTxveulTa
Senda ZÂris xilviTa da WirTa mterisa mier mowevnulTa... borotman
eSmakman... nu sada Senca dagirwyas sabrxe da STasTesnes keTilsa ifqlsa
Sina gonebisa Senisasa borotni RuarZlni kualad soflad
ukunqcevisani~ (abulaZe 1955: 104).
Yyovelive zemoaRniSnuli migvaniSnebs imaze, rom asurel
moRvaweTa cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi mcenareTa da mis Semadgenel
nawilTa simbolika sakmaod vrcladaa mocemuli. am teqstebSi
mcenareTagan simbolurad mniSvnelovania xe da misi saxeobebi _ finiki,
naZvi, zeTisxili, mcenaris Semadgeneli nawilebi: nayofi, Tesli; agreTve
gvxvdeba: SeSa, nergi, mayvali, yvavili, vardi da SroSani. Cven SevecadeT,
maTi simbolika sxva religiebsa da kulturebSic mogveZia, Tumca,
dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom maTi simboluri mniSvnelobebi asurel mamaTa
cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi, ZiriTadad, bibliur safuZvlebs emyareba.
66
Tavi III
zoomorfuli saxeebi
zoomorful saxeTa Sesaxeb msjelobisas gamovyofT or qveTavs:
cxovelTa da frinvelTa simbolur saxeebs. maTi qristianuli
simbolikis kvlevisas, ZiriTadad, viTvaliswinebT basili didis
Txzulebas `mÃecTaTÂs saxisa sityuaÁ~. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom
zoomorfuli simbolika daedo safuZvlad uZveles religiur
warmodgenebs: totemizms, animizmsa da magiis sxvadasxva rwmenas. es
warmodgenebi dResac cocxloben sxvadasxva xalxTa miTebsa da
religiaSi da qmnian `samyaros suraTs~.
a) cxovelTa simbolika
agiografiul TxzulebebSi asurel mamaTa urTierToba maT
garemomcvel bunebasTan, Cveulebriv, meorexarisxovan adgils imsaxurebs.
avtorTaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania imis warmoCena, ramdenad zrunavs
ufali Tavis mosavebze, roca irmebisa Tu frinvelis saSualebiT
ugzavnis xorciel sazrdos; anda ramdenad Zlieria dayudebul mamaTa
siwminde, rom maT winaSe morCil iqmnebian veluri mxecnic ki. teqstebSi
aqa-iq gabneulia am urTierTobis amsaxveli epizodebi. mTlianobaSi es
scenebi Zalauneburad gadmogvcems asurel mamaTa pirovnul-
fsiqologiur niuansebsac _ wmindanTa gansakuTrebiT faqiz da mzrunvel
damokidebulebas bunebis mimarT, rac metad niSandobliv Strixs matebs
maT pirovnebas da naTlad warmoaCens mamebis amaRlebul, spetak suls.
gansaxilvel ZeglebSi cxovelTa simbolika sakmaod
mravalferovania. aq gvxvdeba irmis, mglis, daTvis, saxedris, gvelis (am
ukanasknels ganvixilavT cxovelTaA rigSi), veSapis simboloebi. maTi
umetesobis simboluri gaazreba bibliidan momdinareobs, Tumca,
TiToeuli maTgani miTologiebSic mniSvnelovania. Cven SevecdebiT, isini
ganvixiloT, upirvelesad, qristianuli simbolikis niadagze,
warmovaCinoT maTi paradigmuloba da aseve mokled mimovixiloT, Tu
67
rogor gaiazrebs am simboloebs ama Tu im xalxis religiuri da
miTologiuri sistema.
cxovelTa samyaro warmoadgens bunebis nawils; im nawils,
romelic axlosaa adamianTan. es naTesaoba da siaxlove sakmaod didi
ZaliT SeigrZnoboda Zv. ebraelebTan. amis gamoa, swored, rom bibliaSi
xSirad gamoiyeneba cxovelebi adamianTa bunebisa da Tvisebebis
aRmniSvnelad. adamiansa da cxovels Soris msgavseba, dawyebuli maTi
warmoSobidan da damTavrebuli saerTo xvedriT _ sikvdiliT, xandaxan
daundobeli gulaxdilobiTaa gamoTqmuli. xSirad orive maTgani
gaerTianebulia saerTo saxeldebiT _ `sulierni~. cxovelebi imdenad
axlos arian adamianebTan, rom erTvebian kavSirSi adamiansa da RmerTs
Soris.
metad sainteresod aris warmoCenili bibliaSi am simbolikis
Casaxva-ganviTareba.
cxovelTa bibliuri simbolika ise kargad ar aris damuSavebuli,
rogorc Sua saukuneebis bestiariebis simbolika; igi mxolod
moniSnulia zogierTi cxovelis mimarT. magram is mxecebi, romlebic
mtroben adamians, garkveul adgils ikaveben religiur azrovnebaSi da
gvawvdian masalas zogierTi xatovani warmodgenisaTvis _ dawyebuli
dabadebis wignidan, damTavrebuli ioanes gamocxadebiT. TavisTavad,
cxovelTa samyaros arseboba araviTar kamaTs ar iwvevs, magram bibliaSi
warmodgenilia yvela sazizRari da saSiSi cxoveli, maT Soris
legendarulebic: gareuli cxovelebi _ lomebi, mglebi da avazebi (os. 5.
14, amb. 1. 8), afTrebi da turebi (es. 13. 22); mtacebeli frinvelebi da
isinic, romlebic saxloben nangrevebSi ,,da Zovden saSual missa
samwysosni da yovelni mჴecni queyanisani, da miwis lomni, da eqinni
bagovnebisa Soris misisa dawven. da mჴecni ჴmobden naTxarTa Soris
misTa, yoranni bWoovnebisa Soris misisa miT, rameTu naZჳ aRsadgomel
missa’’ (sof. 2. 14); qvewarmavlebi _ vasiliskodan niangamde ,,aspitsa da
vasiliskossa zeda xჳdodi. da dasTrguno Sen lomi da veSapi~ F(fsal. 90.
13) (ezek. 29. 5-6); mavnebeli mwerebi, rogoricaa kalia an muxluxo: ,,mun
SegWamos Sen cecxlman, mogasrulos Sen maxჳlisa mier da SegWamos Sen,
68
viTarca mkalman da dagimZimdes Sen, viTarca bocomkali~ (naum. 3. 15).
amgvarad, adamians win aRudgeba qajebTan dakavSirebuli mTeli
borotismyofeli fauna (Sdr. ,,faCvnierni”, e.i. satirebi _ es. 13. 21; 34. 12-
14; lev. 17. 7-Si), rom araferi vTqvaT zRvis urCxulebze: ,,da Seqmnna
RmerTman veSapni didni da yoveli suli cxovelTa quewarmavalTaჲ,
gamoiRes wyalTa naTesaobisaebr maTisa yoveli mfrinveli mfrinvaleni
naTesaobisaebr. da ixila RmerTman, rameTu keTil’’ (dab. 1. 21), romlebic,
ZiriTadad, cxovelTa pirvelsaxes warmoadgenen, gveleSapze, `moSriale
gvelze", raabze an leviaTanze (iob. 7. 12; es. 51. 9). bolo maTgani,
romelic aRmosavleTis miTologiur simbolikaSi ganasaxierebs `zRvas",
aumxedrda TviT iahves _ rogorc misi macxovnebeli Canafiqris
mowinaaRmdege. M
zogierTi teqsti, romelic mimarTavs miTur mniSvnelobas da
moklebulia xatovan Txrobas, RvTaebriv SemoqmedebiT aqts
warmogvidgens, rogorc Zlevamosil brZolas pirvelad urCxulTan,
romelic ganasaxierebs uwesobas _ raabTan an leviaTanTan: ,,Sen
ganamtkice ZaliTa SeniTa zRuaჲ, Sen Sehmusre Tavebi veSapTa wyalTa
zeda” (fsal. 73.13) (iob. 9.13); es aris omi, romelic mimdinareobs istoriis
farglebs miRma, igi azrs aniWebs yvela istoriul Sejaxebas iahvesa da
mis mtrebs Soris. pirveli aseTi Sejaxeba aris samoTxeSi datrialebuli
tragedia (dab. 3). sakuTriv dabadebis wignis teqstSi RvTisa da adamianTa
veragi mowinaaRmdege jer ar moixsenieba misi namdvili saxeliT; magram
miwieri gvelis ukan imaleba mxecis pirvelsaxe _ gveleSapi-eSmaki da
satana: ,,da gardamovarda veSapi igi didi, gueli dasabamisaჲ, romelsa
ewodebis eSmaki da satana, romeli acTunebs yovelsa sofelsa;
gardamovarda queyanad da angelozni misni mis Tana gardamocჳves”
(gamocx. 12.9); ,,da Seipyra veSapi igi - gueli dasabamisaჲ, romeli ars
eSmaki da satana, romeli acTunebs yovelsa sofelsa, da Sekra igi aTas
wel” (gamocx. 20.2). amdenad, mxeci, romelic dawyevlilia yvela pirutyvs
Soris, yvela gareul cxovels Soris, upiratesad, wyeuls warmoadgens;
istoria xdeba brZolis veli, sadac igi Seerkineba im qalis
STamomavlobas, romelzec man garkveuli Zalaufleba moipova: ,,da hrqua
69
ufalman guelsa: rameTu hyav ese, wyeul iyav Sen yovelTagan pirutyuTa
da yovelTagan mჴecTa queyanisa zedaTa, mkerdsa zeda da mucelsa
xჳdodi da miwasa sWamde yovelTa dReTa cxorebisa SenisaTa” (dab. 3. 14).
Tavdapirvelad es brZola warimarTeba droSi: borotismyofeli
mxecebi Tavs esxmian codvil kacobriobas. magram isini mTlad
damoukideblad ar moqmedeben; RmerTma icis, rogor mimarTos maTi
qmedebebi Tavisi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad: isini egvipteze misi
samsjavros Semsruleblebad iqcevian (gamosv. 7. 26 _ 8. 28; 10. 1-20; sibrZ.
16. 1-12), maTve mohyavT sisruleSi RvTis wyevla urwmuno xalxis mimarT
(II sj. 28. 26. 42); ,,da movavlino Tquen zeda mჴeci mZჳnvare queyanisaჲ da
SegWamdes Tquen, da aRჴocos sacxovari Tqueni da Segamcirnes Tquen da
oჴer iyunen gzani Tquenni.~ (lev. 26. 22). gareuli mxecebisadmi daTmobil,
gaukacrielebul qalaqTa saxe xSirad aris adamianTa garkveul erTobaTa
dasjis simbolo: ,,da Zovden saSual missa samwyosni da yovelni mჴecni
queyanisani, da miwislomni, da eqinni bagovnebisa Soris misisa dawven. da
mჴecni ჴmobden naTxarTa Soris misTa, yoranni bWoovnebisa Soris misisa
miT, rameTu naZჳ aRsadgomel missa” (sof. 2.14).
mdrtvinavT udabnoSi geslaven Sxamiani gvelebi (ricx. 21. 5-7),
aRTqmul miwaze kaliebi spoben mosavals da es saSineli jari Tavisi
SemoseviT winaswarmetyvelebs iahves dRes (ioel. 1_2). simboluri kaliebi,
romlebic hgvanan codvili kacobriobis ganmgmirav idumal mxedrebs,
kvlav iCenen Tavs esqatologiur Soltebs Soris (naum. 3. 15). kaliebs win
miuZRviT ufskrulis angelozi: ,,da aqus maT zeda mefed angelozi igi
ufskrulisaჲ. saxeli misi ebraelebr: avadon, xolo berZnebr aqus
saxeli apolion (gamocx. 9. 11)
mxeci garkveul gamarjvebebsac moipovebs. mis saxes amofarebuli
satana adamianebisgan Tayvaniscemas moiTxovs. dabrmavebulni, isini pirqve
emxobian ,,qvewarmavalTa da uwmindur cxovelTa sxvadasxva
gamosaxulebis winaSe”. ,,da Seved da vixile da, aha, yoveli msgavsebaჲ
quewarmZromelTa da sacxovarTaჲ da amaoni saZagelebani da yoveli
kerpebi gamowerilebi saxlisa israჱlisaჲ kedelsa zeda garemo” (ezek. 8.
70
10). kerpTayvanismcemlobis es forma, mZvinvarebs warmarT xalxebSi (sibrZ.
11. 15; 12. 24; 13. 10. 14; rom. 1. 2), ris gamoc maT RvTis risxvis sasjeli
atydebaT Tavs (sibrZ. 16. 1-9); metic, mxeci raRacnairad ganxorcieldeba
did warmarTul samefoebSi, romlebic miiltvian msoflio batonobisken,
eomebian wminda xalxs da avlenen mkrexelur qedmaRlobas (dan. 7. 2-8).
mxeci Tavis Zalauflebas iRebs gveleSapisagan, ama qveynis mTavrisagan:
,,da Tayuanis-sces veSapsa mas, romelmanca misca ჴelmwifebaჲ igi mჴecsa
mas; da Tayuanis-sces mჴecsa da ityodes: vin ars msgavs mჴecisa mis? vin
SemZlebel ars brZolad misa?” (gamocx. 13. 4). igi win aRudgeba qriste-
mefes, rogorc antiqriste, romelic RmerTs aZagebs, wmindanebs devnis,
Tayvaniscemas moiTxovs da aravis aqvs ufleba icxovros dedamiwaze, Tu
ar aris misi saxelis ricxviT niSandasmuli. totalitaruli
Zalauflebis am moTxovnaSi brali miuZRvis ara marto antioq epifanes
an warmarTul roms; igi gamudmebiT ganaxldeba eklesiis mTeli
istoriis manZilze.
mxecis es gancxroma mxolod moCvenebiTi da xanmoklea. ukve Zvel
aRTqmaSi mtkicdeba morwmuneTa gamarjveba. mose israelisTvis udabnoSi
aRmarTavs spilenZis gvelis niSans (ricx. 21. 9) da yoveli, vinc mas
Sexedavs, cocxali rCeba (sibrZ. 16. 6). mxecis Tayvanismcemel warmarTTa
garemocvaSi israeli mtkiced icavs Tavis sarwmunoebasa da erTian
cocxal RmerTs (dan. 14. 23-42). igi sZlevs Tavis sisustes lomTa muqaris
winaSe da RmerTi mas am muqaras Tavidan aacilebs (dan. 6), radgan yovel
RvTismosavs icavs RvTis angelozi. amdenad, mas SeuZlia mavne mxecebis
daTrgunva: ,,aspitsa da vasiliskossa zeda xჳdodi. da dasTrguno Sen
lomi da veSapi” (fsal. 90. 11-13). aseTi gamarjveba-pirvelsaxeebi
moaswaveben iesos gamarjvebas (maT. 4. 1-11); igi rCeba udabnoSi `mxecTa
Tana da angelosni msaxurebdes mas. da iyo mun ormeoc dRe da
gamoicadeboda eSmakisagan da iyo mჴecTa Tana, da angelozni
hmsaxurebdes mas” (mark. 1.13).
satana axla Camogdebulia cidan da TviT qajebic
damorCilebulni arian qristes mociqulTa mier. miuxedavad imisa, rom
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mxecis damarcxeba jer yvelasTvis cxadi ar gamxdara, is ukve
gadawyvetilia.
samsjavros, romelic istorias bolos mouRebs, moyveba am
damarcxebis dasruleba. mxeci iqneba mokluli da misi sxeuli miecema
cecxls (dan. 7. 11-27). ase dasruldeba pirveladi gvel-eSmakisa da
satanis damarcxeba (gamocx. 12. 9). es iqneba qristes bolo brZola wminda
qalaqis dasacavad. maSin satana, sikvdili, jojoxeTi, mxeci da misi cru-
winaswarmetyvelni, aseve mxecis yvela Tayvanismcemeli, antiqristes
damqaSebi _ yvelani erTad iqnebian Cayrilni cecxlisa da gogirdis
tbaSi da es iqneba meore sikvdili. ase dasruldeba tragedia, romelic
daiwyo droTa dasabamidan.
cxovelTa samyaro Seadgens bunebis im nawils, romelic yvelaze
axlosaa adamianTan. am naTesaobas, romelsac zogjer, SesaZloa, verc
vamCnevT, gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT grZnobdnen ebraelebi, romlebic
ufro metad, vidre Cven, axlos iyvnen cxovelTa samyarosTan. swored
amitom bibliaSi sakmaod xSirad gamoiyeneba cxovelis Tviseba adamianTa
xasiaTebisa da mdgomareobis xatovan magaliTad: mters uwodeben ZaRls
(fsalm. 21. 17), qveyanaSi SemoWril jars _ kaliebis gunds (Sdr. es. 33. 4);
lomis saxiT zogjer warmodgenilia RmerTi, zogjer _ mteri. xSirad
xalxi Sedarebulia naxirTan (mag., naTanis igavSi (2 mef. 12. 1-4); kravi
qristes saxes warmogvidgens (ioan. 1. 29): ,,da vixile Soris saydrisa da
oTxTa maT cxovelTa da mRdelTaჲsa kravi mdgomare, viTarca dakluli.
da aqundes Sჳdni rqani da Sჳdni Tualni, romel arian Sჳdni igi sulni
RmrTisani, romelni moivlinebian yovelsave queyanasa” (gamocx. 5.6), xolo
mtredi _ suli wmidisas: ,,da naTel-iRo iesu. da meyseulad aRmovida raჲ
wylisa misgan, da aha ganexunes mas cani, da ixila suli RmrTisaჲ,
gardamomavali, viTarca tredi, movida da daadgra mas zeda” (maT. 3. 16).
rodesac bibliis teqsts ufro Rrmad CavwvdebiT, SeiZleba Tvali
mivadevnoT imas, Tu TanadaTan rogor acnobiereben adamianebi TavianT
upiratesobas cxovelTa samyaros ZalebTan Sexvedrisas.
cxovelebis Tayvaniscema, rogoric unda iyos misi Sinaarsi da
gansxvavebuli formebi, gviCvenebs, Tu ra mowiwebul pativiscemas iCenda
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maT mimarT zogierTi pirvelyofili religia, mag., egvipturi. zogjer
TviT israelic ki ver uZlebda cdunebas da aRmerTebda cxovelebs an
eTayvaneboda maT gamosaxulebebs (gamosv. 32; 3 mef. 12. 28-32). magram moses
sjuli, winaswarmetyvelTa gafrTxilebani da sibrZnis rCevebi exmarebian
ebraelebs, ganudgnen am damamcirebel gzas: ,,da cvales didebaჲ igi
uxrwnelisa RmrTisaჲ msgavsebad xatisa mis ganxrwnadisa kacisa da
mfrinvelTa da oTxferჴTa da quewarmavalTa” (rom. 1. 23). rac Seexeba
kerpTayvanismcemlebs, maTi ,,wminda” cxovelebi ara marto ar icaven maT,
aramed sabolood maTi dasjis iaraRad gvevlinebian: ,,mTaTa zeda
israilisaTa da daece Sen da yovelni SenTanani da mravalni naTesavni
Sen Tana; mfrinvelTa cisaTa da yovelTa frTovanTa miecneT da yovelTa
mჴecTa qveyanisaTa migec Sen SesaWmelad” (ezek. 39. 4).
xSirad qmnilebaTa orive kategoria, romlebic gaerTianebulia
saerTo saxelwodebiT _ ,,dabadebulni”, erTmaneTTan Zmur kavSirSi
imyofeba. xan adamiani exmareba cxovels: noe wylisgan gadaarCens
cxovelTa yoveli saxeobis TiTo wyvils; xan cxoveli exmareba adamians:
grZneuli viri gadaarCens balaams (ricx. 22. 22-35); yvavebi kvebaven ilia
winaswarmetyvels (3 mef. 17. 6); uSvelebeli Tevzi gadaarCens urC ionas
da moabrunebs mas marTal gzaze (ion. 2). fiqrebs cxovelTa samyaros
bunebis srulyofilebaze mihyavT iobi Semoqmedis yovlisSemZleobis
Secnobamde (iob. 38. 39_39. 30; 40. 15 _ 41. 26). dabolos, isini adamianebs
Seaxseneben, rom RmerTi mudam wyalobs yvela cocxal arsebas: ,,romelman
moscis sazrdeli pirutyuTa da marTueTa yornisaTa, romelni xadian
mas” (fsalm. 146. 9). ,,mihxedeniT mfrinvelTa cisaTa, rameTu ara sTesven,
arca mkian, arca Seikreben saunjeTa, da mamaჲ Tqueni zecaTaჲ zrdis maT.
ara-me ufroჲs Tquen umjobes xarTa mfrinvelTa?” (maT. 6. 26).
cxovelebi imdenad axlos arian adamianTan, rom ebmebian kavSirSi
RmerTsa da noes Soris (dab. 9. 9). cxovelebisadmi damokidebulebaSic
dawesebulia adamianuroba: ,,xolo ukueTu ixilo karauli mterisa Senisa
dacemuli tჳrTsa Sina missa, ara Tanawarhჴde mas, aramed Seewio mas mis
Tana~ (gamosv. 23. 5);
73
xolo im cxovelebs, romelTac raRac daaSaves, sasjeli eliT:
,,da rameTu sisxlica Tqueni sulTa TquenTa gamoviZio ჴelisagan
mჴecTasa da gamoviZio igi ჴelisagan kacisa Zmisa misisa gamoviZio suli
kacisa” (dab. 9. 5). zog SemTxvevaSi maT qvebiT Caqolaven (gamosv. 21. 28).
ukve samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb TxrobaSi zogierTi SeniSvna imaze
miuTiTebs, rom adamiani savsebiT acnobierebs Tavis upiratesobas
cxovelis mimarT. adami arqmevs cxovelebs saxelebs, riTac amtkicebs
maTze Tavis batonobas: ,,da yoveli, romeli uwoda maT adam saxelebi
yovelTa sacxovarTa da yovelTa mfrinvelTa cisaTa da yovelTa mჴecTa
qveyanisaTa, xolo adamisi ara epova Semwe msgavsi misi” (dab. 2. 20). arc
erTi cxoveli ar SeiZleba adamianisaTvis gaxdes "Semwe, misi Sesaferi"
(dab. 2. 18-23), amitom pirutyvTan dacema mkacrad isjeba: ,,yoveli, romeli
dawves pirutyჳsa Tana, sikudiliT mokuedin” (gamosv. 22. 19);
cxoveli SeiZleba iqnes mokluli adamianis mier sakvebad
gamosayeneblad (dab. 9. 2). adamianis upiratesoba dgindeba sityvebiT,
romlebic JRers, rogorc mozeime TviTSecnobis gamarjvebis simRera
(dab. 1. 26-30; fsal. 8. 6-9). piruku, nabuqodonosors ugunurebis sasjelad
,,guli mxecisa mieces”: `guli misi kacTagan icvalos da guli mჴecisa
moeces mas. da Sჳdni Jamni icvalnen mis zeda” (dan. 4. 13). adamianis
gamxeceba dakavSirebulia mis ajanyebasTan sulis winaaRmdeg, sabolood
ki _ RvTis winaaRmdeg.
sastik cxovelTa arseboba ganaxorcielebs da warmoaCens
adamianis winaaRmdeg meamboxe bunebasa da disharmonias, romelmac
samyaroSi SeaRwia. es mdgomareoba aris adamianTa codvis Sedegi. adamis
urCobamde yvela cxoveli, rogorc Cans, iyo morCili imisa, vinc maT
saxelebi mianiWa. magram Secodebis gamo yvelaferi, rac RmerTma Seqmna,
maSasadame, cxovelTa samyaroc, iqca xrwnis monad (rom. 8. 19-22).
droebaTa dasasruls, rodesac samyaro sruliad gaiwmindeba
Tavisi codvebisagan, sastiki cxovelebi gaqrebian: ,,da movsce mSჳdobaჲ
queyanasa Tquensa da daiZinodiT uzrunvelad da ara vin iyos maSinebel
Tquenda, da warvwymido mჴeci boroti queyanisagan Tquenisa da brZola
ara iyos queyanasa Tquensa” (lev. 26. 6).
74
samyaroSi, romelic povebs Tavis pirvelad erTianobas, buneba
aRar iqneba meamboxe; xolo is cxoveluri, rac darCa adamianSi (Sdr. iak.
3. 2-8), sabolood morCili gaxdeba da gardaisaxeba (1 kor. 15. 44).
rogori Zveli da idumalic ar unda iyos wminda da uwmindur
cxovelebad dayofa (Sdr. lev. 11; II sj. 14), iudevelobaSi igi
Seesabameboda kacobriobis gayofas or nawilad _ wminda israelebad da
uwmindur warmarTebad. sakvebTan dakavSirebuli wesebi, romlebic
exeboda uwmindur cxovelebs, ori samyaros gamijvnas uSualod Tu ar
iwvevdnen, aZlierebdnen mainc, radgan erT sufrasTan sakvebis miRebis
SeuZlebloba xels uSlida axlo urTierTobas. am TvalsazrisiT ufro
gasagebi xdeba petres xilva iopeSi (saqm. 10), sadac cxovelTa Soris
wmindisa da uwminduris garCevis gauqmeba niSnavs, rom igive dayofa
aRarc adamianebs Soris arsebobs. cxovelTa saxiT gamoxatuli am
simbolikis ukan idga adamianTa erTianobisa da msoflio eklesiis
sakiTxi.
cxovelebi ara marto emorCilebodnen moses sjuls da
monawileobdnen adamianTa monaniebaSi, aramed imis Rirsadac miiCneodnen,
rom msxverplad yofiliyvnen Sewirulni, da amiT axali aRTqmis
RvTaebrivi msxverplis pirvelsaxed warmodgeniliyvnen: ,,da aRixilna
Tualni Tჳsni abraham da ixila: da aha, verZi erTi gamokidebul iyo
rqaTagan nergsa sabeksa, rqaTa mier. da mivida abraham da moiba verZi igi
da Sewira igi msxuerplad uflisa isakis wil, Zisa Tჳsisa” (dab. 22. 13),
magram dasaklavi cxoveli, rogorc niSani, moiTxovda msxverplSi srul
sulier monawileobas da Semdgomi sikeTis srulyofilebis imeds. es
SeeZlo moetana mxolod iahves yrmis _ iesos msxverpls, romelic kravis
msgavsad dasaklavad unda waeyvanaT (es. 53. 7).
amgvarad, cxovelTa saxeebis meSveobiT aris warmodgenili,
zogjer ki gancdilic, xsnis mTeli drama: dayofa da amboxi;
kerpTayvanismcemloba; wmindisa da uwminduris garCeva; moses sjulisadmi
morCileba; monanieba; Sesawiravi da msxverpli; noes monawileoba
gadarCenaSi Tavisi kidobniT; esqatologiuri simSvide. eSmakeuli gvelis
mier damaxinjebuli, sataniseuli gveleSapisgan devnili samyaro gadarCa
75
da igi sabolood gardaisaxa RvTis kravis msxverplis wyalobiT (kravis
simbolur Sinaarss Cven odnav qvemoT SevexebiT).
aseTi vrceli fragmenti bibliuri teqstisa Cven SemTxveviT ar
mogvaqvs. sasuliero mwerlobis sxvadasxva dargi, kerZod ki, agiografia,
mWidrod ukavSirdeba bibliur azrovnebas. am teqstebSi bevri ram ixsneba
Zveli Tu axali aRTqmis wignebze dayrdnobiT. cxovelTa da mcenareTa
simbolikac asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi dakavSirebulia bibliasTan,
rasac dawvrilebiT gavaanalizebT Cvens naSromSi.
sakvlev teqstebze dakvirvebam gviCvena, rom yvela cxoveli rodi
moiazreba rogorc simboluri saxe. amas ganapirobebs TviT cxovelis
buneba. Sinaur saqonels naklebad iyeneben, Tumca maT Sorisac aris erTi
gamorCeuli simbolo _ kravi, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovani da
mravalplaniani paradigmuli saxea. simboloebad xSiria _ iremi, lomi...
Tevzi, veSapi da mravali sxva.
iremi: Zalze gavrcelebulia mowyurebuli irmis simbolo ara
mxolod Zvel agiografiul ZeglebSi, aramed mogviano periodis
mxatvrul literaturaSic. igi bibliidan, kerZod, fsalmunidan
gavrcelda. daviT fsalmunTmetyveli sakuTar Tavs mwyurval irems
adarebs: `viTarca saxed surin iremsa wyaroTa mimarT wyalTasa, egre
surin sulsa Cemsa Sendami, RmerTo!~ (fsalm. 41, 2). imave Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTviT gvxvdeba mowyurebuli irmis simbolo `vefxistyaosanSi~:
avTandili miiCqaris tarielTan Sesayrelad _ `gamovWrilvar saxliT
CemiT, viT iremi Zebnad wylisad~ (rusTaveli 1986: 864); mwyurvale irmis
bibliuri paradigmaa galaktion tabiZis cnobil leqsSic, sadac
Tavisuflebamowyurebul erzea saubari _ `Tavisufleba suls ise
moswyurda, viT daWril irmebis gunds wyaro Aankara...~ (tabiZe 1993: 243).
qarTuli miTologiis mixedviT ki irmis RviZlis Wama ukvdavebas
aziarebda adamians.
`daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi~ iremi gvxvdeba sul sxva
simboluri datvirTviT. is RvTis gamogzavnilia, sazrdelis wyaroa
upovari wminda mamebisTvis. sami iremi `nukrTa Tana~ modioda wminda
mamis, daviT garejelis samyofelSi. isini mSvidad xridnen Tavs da
berebs nebas rTavdnen, maTi rZiT esargeblaT. es iyo uflis saCuqari
76
usazrdood darCenil RvTis SvilTaTvis: `meyseulad movides samni
iremni, romelTa ukuana sdevdes nukrni maTni, da warmoudges winaSe
maTsa, viTarca cxvarni damSÂdebulni~ (abulaZe 1955: 156). aq kidev erTi
simbolo Semodis _ cxvrisa _ rogorc nimuSi simSvidisa da ndobisa.
gvinda, oriode sityviT SevexoT cxvris simbolikasac. bibliur
teqstebSi es simbolo gamoxatavda or mniSvnelobas: erTi, zogadad,
umwikvlobas, gulwrfelobas; am simbolos meore Sinaarsi ki iyo
konkretulad qriste. Cven SevecdebiT, bibliuri teqstebiTa da qarTuli
masalebiTac cxadvyoT am simbolos ori mcire niuansuri sxvaoba.
jer kidev Zveli qristianebi gamoxatavdnen kravs adreuli xanis
freskebze. mas iyenebdnen rogorc qristes simbolos. kravi Zvel aRTqmaSi
iyo simbolo mxsnelis winasaxisa, rogorc marTebulad aRniSnaven
specialistebi (rogorc abramis batkanma ixsna adamiani, aseve qristes
sisxlma ixsna kacobrioba...).
Zveli aRTqmidan es simbolo gadmovida axali aRTqmis wignebSi.
ioanes gamocxadebaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,da Tayuanis-sces mas yovelTa
mkÂdrTa queyanisaTa, romelTa saxelebi ara daweril ars dasabamiTgan
soflisaÁTa wignsa mas cxovrebisasa kravisa mis daklulisa” (gamocx.. 13.
8)
qarTul mwerlobaSi cxvari, tarigi, kravi simboloebia, romelTac,
umetesad, sinonimuri mniSvneloba aqvT; es simboloebi gvxvdeba rogorc
iovane sabanisZesTan, ise sxva ZeglebSic. iakob xucesi SuSanikis Sesaxeb
ambobs: ,,vixile tarigi igi qristÀsi Suenierad, viTarca sZali, Semkuli
sakvrelTa maTgan” (Zveli qarTuli... I 1963: 22). tarigi am SemTxvevaSi ar
aris qristes simbolo, is aris epiTeti, romliTac avtori axasiaTebs
umwikvlo, udanaSaulo SuSaniks, romelic msxverplad ewireba qristes
ise, rogorc udanaSaulod Sewira batkani abramma RmerTs da Tavad
qriste Seewira adamianTa modgmis keTildReobas.
iovane sabanisZe ki iSveliebs Zveli aRTqmis saxeebs da maT
adarebs abos: ,,rameTu geqmna Sen, viTarca sakurTxeveli igi abelisi,
enuqisi, abrahamisi, eliaÁsi. romelni-igi mrguliad dasawuvelTa maT
tarigTa Seswirvides RmrTisa” (Zveli qarTuli... I 1963: 80).
77
yuradRebas ipyrobs, rom erTferovnebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
qarTveli mwerlebi iyeneben xan tarigs, xan kravsa da xan kidev cxvars,
romelTa simboluri mniSvnelobebi sinonimuria.
davubrundeT isev gansaxilvel teqsts. aq cxvari umwikvlobis,
ndobis, simSvidis simbolur saxed gvesaxeba.
am epizodSi, cxadia, iremi Tavisi realuri mniSvnelobiTac Cans,
Tumca gamoricxuli araa irmis simboluri aRqmac. iremi, laRi,
Tavisufali, RvTis nebiT cxvars emsgavseba da wminda mamis winaSe
Tavmodrekili dgas. am siwmindis winaSe mTeli samyaro ixris Tavs, mis
samsaxurSi dgeba.
gveli: basili didis TxzulebaSi `mÃecTaTÂs saxis sityuaÁSi~
axsnilia, Tu romeli cxoveli, an frinveli risi simbolo SeiZleba iyos.
wm. basils gvelis mtrad iremi esaxeba da qristes amsgavsebs:
`saxismetyuelman Tqua iremisaÁ, viTarmed jekma mter ars guelisa, da
raJams ixilis da ivltin gueli da STaÃdis Ãurelad, movidis iremi...
daasxis wyali da aRavsis Ãureli igi, vidremde gamoÃdis gueli igi da
daTrgunvis ferÃiTa da moklis. egreca macxovarman Cvenman iesu
qristeman mokla didi igi veSapi eSmaki wyliTa cisaÁTa, romeli aqunda
RmrTeebisa sibrZnisagan, romelsa wyalsa vera daudgnes veSapTa eSmakTa~
(basili didi 1979: 190).
rogorc vxedavT, iremi gvelis dammarcxebeli, qristes simboloa,
aqedan gamomdinare, gveli _ sawinaaRmdegod irmisa _ borotebis simbolo
unda iyos. qristianuli TvalsazrisiT es asea, magram gvelis simbolika
gacilebiT ufro adrindel epoqaSi Caisaxa. igi yvelaze rTuli da,
SesaZloa, yvelaze Zveli simbolocaa, vidre sxva. paleoliTis xanis
gvelis naxatebi, romlebic Sesrulebuli iyo an irmis rqebze, an
kldeebze (aRmoCenilia afrikaSi), upirveles yovlisa iyo simbolo
wvimisa da nayofierebisa; gveli iyo upiratesad magiur-religiuri Zalis
simbolo, romelmac Seqmna cxovreba; xandaxan is gamoxatavda TviT
demiurgs. xolo `gamosaxuleba gvelisa, romelic kbens Tavisive bolos
(kuds), ara mxolod maradiulobis simboloa, aramed RvTaebrivi
srulyofilebisac~ (tresideri 1992: 115).
78
gvelis simbolika TiTqmis yvela xalxis miTologiasa da
religiaSi gamoiyeneba. es gamowveulia misi sxeulis gansakuTrebuli
formiT da TvisebebiT _ magaliTad, masze gacilebiT didi cxovelis
gadaylapvis unari, agreTve unari gaaxalgazrdavebisa.
sainteresoa gvelis gamoxatvis formebi sxvadasxva xalxTa
religiebSi. afrikul miTebSi cisartyela-gveli, kudiT ebjineba
miwisqveSa samyaros wylebs, xolo TaviT zecas swvdeba. skandinaviur
miTebSi uSvelebeli qariSxlis simbolo gveli-midgradi mTel samyaros
sakuTari sxeuliT Semofarglavs. amerikaSi mzis dabnelebas giganturi
gvelis mier mzis an mTvaris gadaylapviT xsnidnen. aseTive simboluri
datvirTviT gvxvdeba gveli `vefxistyaosnis~ erT-erT epizodSi: rodesac
nestans gaaTavisufleben gmirebi, avtori acxadebs _ `naxes mzisa
Sesayrelad, gamoeSva mTvare gvelsa...~ (rusTaveli 1986: 1428).
Zalian sainteresoa gvelis qarTuli miTologiuri simbolika. is
cbierebisa da sibrZnis gansaxierebaa; boroti da sityvis gamtexi
adamianis mimarT SurismaZiebeli da veragia, keTilis da sityvis
SemnaxvelisTvis _ keTilismyofeli da sikeTis mzRveveli.
gvelisadmi adamianis damokidebuleba, romelic meryeobda
Tayvaniscemasa da ziziRs Soris, ra Tqma unda, aisaxa am qvewarmavlis
`miTologiur biografiaSi~. is xan `did winaprad~ da `fuZis
angelozadaa~ warmosaxuli, xan urCxulad da Casafrebul, mzakvar mtrad.
niSandoblivia am mxriv vaJas `baxtrionis~ finali, sadac gveli, _
`adamis tomis mteri~, sneul luxums fexze daayenebs, radgan _
`borotebis gza gauSvav, keTili dauWeria!..~ (vaJa-fSavela 1964: 182). Tu
gavacnobierebT, rom es epizodi warmarTul miTologiur plasts
warmoaCens, sadac gveli RvTaebrivi Zalis gamovlinebaa, aucileblad
davukavSirebT mas saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebul uZveles
legendebs `xes amoyolil gvelze~. am legendebSi keriaze amosuli xe,
iseve, rogorc masze Semorkaluli gveli, sakralurad iTvleboda da
`uxseneblis~ mokvla adamians gardauval gansacdels uqadda.
gveli, ara mxolod antikur, qarTul miTologiaSic sibrZnis
simbolod aRiqmeboda.
79
uZvelesi Tqmulebis Tanaxmad, gvelis sibrZne an misi enis
wveridan gadadis adamianze an misi xorcis WamiT (gvelis mWameli _
xogais mindi). aseT adamianebs buneba ucxadebs Tavis saidumloebas;
`gvels pativs scemdnen, rogorc saxlSi, iseve xatSi. Tu yoreSi
Tvals mohkraven gvels, ar gaaRizianeben, ar moklaven, radgan is ojaxis
fuZis mfarvelad miiCneva~ (kiknaZe 2004: 27).
gveli ganZis mcvelia, samalavebSia mokalaTebuli da aSinebs
mparavs.
gamocxadebisagan gansxvavebiT, maTes saxarebaSi gvelis
gansakuTrebul sibrZneze Tavad macxovari migvaniSnebs, rodesac is Tavis
mowafeebs damoZRvravs: `iyveniT ukue mecnier, viTarca guelni” (maT. 10.
16).
bibliuri swavlebiT, swored gvelia is sulieri, romelSic
pirveli Sevida eSma, macduri da romelmac adamsa da evas akrZaluli
nayofi agema. aqedan momdinareobs qristianobaSi tradicia gvelis
kacobriobis mtrad aRqmisa da misi identifikacia satanasTan. amitom
dasavlur xelovnebaSi gveli gaxda ZiriTadi simbolo borotebisa,
codvisa, tyuilisa. mas gamoxatavdnen qristes ferxTiT, rogorc
simbolos kacobriobis pirveli codvis daTrgunvisa, aseve xSirad
gvxvdeba igi RvTismSoblis fexTqveS gamoxatuli.
`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: _ Sio `ganZlierebul
iqna saRmrToÁsa Zalisa mier da mis Zali wmidisa sulisa mier
daTrgunvad Tavsa mzakuvarisa gvelisa~ (abulaZe 1955: 97). aq gveli
mzakvrobis da borotebis simboloa.
Semdeg epizodSi gveli mtris simbolod gvevlineba. `....igini
vidodes gzasa maTTÂs brZanebulisa viTar mimRebelni xelmwifebisa
daTrgunvad guelTa da RriankalTa da yovelsa Zalsa mtrisasa~
(abulaZe 1955: 39).
`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ ki gvxvdeba epizodi, sadac
qvewarmavlebi, kerZod, gvelebi, wminda mamebis SesaSineblad gamoiyenebian
satanis mier: `...merme iwyo Sinebad misda odesme saxiTa quewarmavalTaÁTa,
rameTu iqmnis lom da vefx da daTu da guel rqosan da aSinebda odesme
RamiT da odesme dRisiT~ (abulaZe 1955: 93).
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basili didi gvelis ramdenime ZiriTad niSan-Tvisebas gamoyofs.
garegani niSani, rac gvels axasiaTebs, aris gaaxalgazrdavebis unari:
`saxismetyuelman Tqua: sami saxÀ ars guelisaÁ, pirveli saxÀ: raJams
daberdis, marxvad dgis da mÃdis, da imarxis guelman man ormoc dRe da
ormeoc Rame, vidre tyavi ganevlTis da ganuTxnis. iZiis napiri da hpovis
kldisaÁ iwroÁ da ... ganWabuknis~ (basili didi 1979: 181). es niSani
gvelisa simbolurad aRiqmeba _ `iswrafed Sesvlad iwroÁsa mas karsa da
Znelsa, romelni miavlineben cxovrebad saukunod~ (maT. 7, 13-14). gvelis
mier tyavis gamocvla, anu gaaxalgazrdaveba, aRiqmeba qristianul
ganwmendad da Zveli cxovrebis axliT Secvlad.
gvels, xalxuri gadmocemiT, aqvs unari mdinareSi uSxamod
Casvlisa. misi es Tviseba simbolur azrovnebaSi adamianzea gadatanili.
eklesiaSi salocavad Sesuli qristiani, romelic cxovrebis wyaros
ewafeba, tovebs yovelgvar geslsa da vnebas eklesiis gareT da cdilobs,
ganwmendili warsdges uflis saxlSi. `egreca Cuenda Rirs, raJams
SevkrebT eklesiad smenad da sumad wylisa cxovelisa samaradisoÁTa, da
smenad saRmrToÁ sityuani eklesiisa Sina, da arcaRa jer ars Cuen Tana
miRebad gesli igi queyanisaÁ amis bilwad savseÁ, TxleÁ Sezavebuli,
gulisTqumaÁ da zraxva ukeTurebisaÁ~ (basili didi 1979: 181).
aqve gvinda ganvixiloT veSapis simbolikac, romelic metad
sainteresod aris gaSlili ,,daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi”. erTxel wm.
mamebTan mosawvelad misul irmebs lukianem dabneuloba da SiSi SeniSna.
irmebs erTi nukri akldaT. lukianem yovelive moZRvars uambo. wm.
daviTma ipyra xelT kverTxi da im mxares gaemarTa, saidanac irmebi
amosuliyvnen. wm. mamam sazareli arseba ixila: ,,veSapi didi da sazareli,
romelsa esxnes Tualni sisxlis ferni da rqaÁ iyo Sublsa da faCari
friad qedsa missa” (abulaZe 1955: 158-159). swored mas STaenTqa nukri da
irmebic daefeTebina. wm. mama sazarel urCxuls uflis saxeliT
ubrZanebs iqaurobis saswrafod datovebas. veSapic emorCileba mas da
wyalSi apirebs Tavis Sefarebas, magram SiSobs, rom mdinares uvneblad
ver miaRwevs. daviTs es ,,sazareli” arsebac ar emeteba sasikvdilod da
cdilobs, mzeriT miacilos mdinaremde, raTa daicvas igi. magram wm. mamas
ucabedad sakuTari saxeli Semoesmeba: ,,daviT, daviT!~ Tavis uneblie
81
mobrunebiT moswyda misi mzera urCxuls, romelsac myis mexi daatyda
zecidan da ferflad iqca. daviTi ufalsac ki sayvedurobs masze
sasoebiT dandobili urCxulis warwymedis gamo da mxolod mas mere
mSviddeba, roca amis aucileblobas Seityobs _ veSapi unda daisajos,
raTa kidev meti boroteba ar Caidinos adamianTa modgmis winaSe. aseTia
gangebis neba. l. amiranaSvili erTmaneTs adarebs da upirispirebs wm.
daviTsa da wm. giorgis: ,,erTi SexedviT, wm. daviTisa da wm. giorgis
mimarTeba gveleSapisadmi, romelic odiTganve borot Zalas
ganasaxierebda, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia, magram es mxolod erTi
SexedviT. wm. daviTi gveleSaps indobs imitom, rom Cadenili borotebis
mizezs xedavs ara Tavad gveleSapSi, aramed masSi dabudebul eSmakSi, da
sjera am ukanasknelis daZlevisa” (amiranaSvili 1997: 12), magram uflis
angelozis ganmartebis Semdeg (wyalSi Casuli veSapi met borotebas
Caidenda), ,,daviTi gagebiT xvdeba momxdars. wm. giorgi gangmiravs
gveleSaps, raTa daTrgunos aqtiuri boroteba, rasac sxvanairad ver
SeaCerebs” (amiranaSvili 1997: 12).
wm. daviTi SeSinebul lukianes amSvidebs: ,,raÁsa SeSinebul xar
mcired morwmuneo, erTisa Wiisagan, romeli wamsa Sina erTsa cecxlisa
mier ganilia zegardamoisa?” (abulaZe 1955: 162). aq wm. mama veSaps Wias
uwodebs. am garemoebam miipyro Cveni yuradReba. cnobilia, rom ,,matli”
da ,,Wia” veSapTan da gvelTan erTad erT semantikur kategorian qmnis”
(abakelia 1997: 5), rogorc qristianul literaturaSi, aseve folklorSi
Wia da gveleSapi erTi kategoriis arsebebia.
SeuZlebelia ar gagvaxsendes amiranis Tqmulebis erTi epizodi,
roca amirani baybaydevs daamarcxebs da devi sTxovs, Cemi moWrili
Tavidan amosul sam Wias nuRar moklavo. Zmebis gafrTxilebis
miuxedavad, amirani marTlac ar klavs sam Wias _ ,,devma ra miyo, Wiebi
ras mizameno” (Ciqovani 1947: 315). gadis xani da is sami Wia sam gveleSapad
gadaiqceva. im ,,umniSvnelo” Wiam amirani gadaylapa.
Cveni azriT, swored ase unda gaSinaarsdes RvTis mier veSapis
dasjis mniSvnelobac. boroteba Tu ar amoiZirkva, igi isev moikrebs
Zalas da ufro did codvas Caidens. amitom aris aucilebeli misi
saboloo ganadgureba.
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erTi mxriv, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom wm. mama Wias veSapis
sinonimad moixseniebs, Tumca araa gamoricxuli, rom man veSapis
Zliereba da saSineleba ususur arsebas Seadara, raTa xazi gaesva uflis
ZlevamosilebisTvis. rwmeniT gaZlierebulTaTvis sazareli veSapic
ubralo da ususuri Wiaa, romelic advili dasaZlevia. wm. mama acxadebs:
,,Zali qristesi Semwe Cuenda ars yovelTave Sina, da man dagÂfarnes Cuen
yovelTagan sazarelebaTa mbrZolTasa, rameTu mindobilTa misTa
davTrgunoT SewevniTa misiTa lomi da veSapi” (abulaZe 1955: 162).
damSvidebuli lukiane madlobs da adidebs RmerTs, ,,romelman misca da
monasaca TÂssa daviTs eseviTari ÃelmwifebaÁ mÃecTa mimarT
ubrZolvelTa” (abulaZe 1955: 162).
sayuradReboa erTi faqti: sulxan-saba veSaps wylis binadrad
ganmartavs: ,,Tevzia didi zRvasa Sina ukianesa, romelman iona STanTqa.
veSapad yovelTave ufrosad didsa cxovelTa wyalTasa uwods werili”
(orbeliani 1991: 262), magram iqve mianiSnebs _ ,,guelveSapi”. bibliaSic
veSapi wylis urCxulad aris ganmartebuli: ,,da Seqmnna RmerTman veSapni
didni da yoveli suli cxovelTa quewarmavalTaჲ, gamoiRes wyalTa
naTesaobisaebr maTisa yoveli mfrinveli mfrinvaleni naTesaobisaebr. da
ixila RmerTman, rameTu keTil’’ (dab. 1. 21), ,,aw ukue zRuaჲ me var anu
veSapi, rameTu daawese Cem zeda sacoჲ?” (iob. 7. 12;) gvel-gveleSapis
simboloTa Sewyvilebas da Tanamonacvleobas apokalifsSi vxvdebiT: `da
gardamovarda veSapi igi didi, gueli dasabamisaÁ, romelsa ewodebis
eSmaki da satana, romeli acTunebs yovelsa sofelsa..." (gamocx. 12. 9). amis
gamoa, savaraudod, rom veSapis ganmartebisas sulxan-saba gveleSapzedac
migvaniSnebs.
kidev erTi dakvirveba gvinda varaudis saxiT gamovTqvaT.
simboloTa leqsikonSi leviaTanis ganmartebisas vkiTxulobT: ,,wylis
monstri, romelic simbolurad asaxavs bunebis stiqiaTa Zalas, romlis
damSvideba da kontroli mxolod zeadamianur Zalas SeuZlia. leviaTani
_ erT-erTi dasaxelebaa veSapisa, ivriTze sityva ,,liviatan” aRniSnavda
wylis wiaRis nebismier urCxuls” (tresideri 1992: 191-192). iobis wignSi ki
leviaTani aRwerilia niangis msgavs cxovelad. garda imisa, rom
leviaTani dasaxelebulia veSapis erT-erT saxed, Cveni yuradReba miipyro
83
XII saukunis inglisurma graviuram, romelzedac leviaTani rqiani gvelis
saxiTaa gamosaxuli. aRmoCnda, rom leviaTani veSapis erT-erTi saxea, (e.i.
misi warmomavloba wylidan, rasac bibliac adasturebs _ iobis wigni)
da, amave dros, qvewarmavlicaa _ gvelis, oRond rqianis, saxec aqvs.
gavixsenoT, rom sazareli veSapi ,,daviT garejelis cxovrebidan” swored
wyalSi eZiebs xsnas.
bunebaSi arsebobs rqiani gvelis saxeobebi, Tumca isini wyalTan
ar arian dakavSirebulni, piriqiT, udabnos binadarni arian. lado
mirianaSvili dainteresda rqiani gvelebis arsebobiT garejis udabnoSi.
aRmoCnda, rom amJamad gvelis es saxeoba garejSi ar binadrobs, Tumca
biologebi ar uryofen mis arsebobas warsulSi. aqve gvinda gavixsenoT,
rom swored rqiani gvelebiT aSinebda satana wm. mamebs: `...merme iwyo
Sinebad misda odesme saxiTa quewarmavalTaÁTa, rameTu iqmnis lom da
vefx da daTu da guel rqosan da aSinebda odesme RamiT da odesme
dRisiT~ (abulaZe 1955: 93). sayuradReboa, rom aq rqosani gveli
qvewarmavlad ar aris dasaxelebuli. calkea qvewarmavlebi da calke _
rqosani gveli. xom ar aris es arseba swored is sazareli veSapi,
romelsac aseve rqa aqvs? naklebad savaraudoa, radgan meore SemTxvevaSi
yvelgan veSapia dasaxelebuli da gveli ara. Tumca migvaCnia, rom swored
am garegnuli niSniT moxda gaerTianeba am ori arsebisa da miviReT
zRapruli arseba gvel-veSapi, romelic aseve aisaxa kedlis mxatvrobasa
Tu daviT garejelis xatze, romelsac sabinini gvTavazobs ,,saqarTvelos
samoTxeSi”. gvinda aqve aRvniSnoT, rom freskaze gamoxatul veSaps
uzarmazari rqiani gvelis saxe aqvs, xolo daviT garejelis xatze ki igi
rqiani da wina kidurebiani monstria, (es gansxvaveba T. jojuam SeniSna).
igi varaudobs, rom aseTi saxecvlileba man mogviano periodSi ganicada,
rac, savaraudod, dasavluri kulturis gavlenad unda aRviqvaT (kerZo
saubrebi).
swored gveleSapad moixseniebs mkvlevari am sazarel arsebas
udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis moxatulobis aRwerisas:
,,kompoziciis marcxena nawilze moTavsebul ,,veSaps”, romelic erTi
rqiTaa gamoxatuli, piri farTod aqvs gaRebuli, tanze Savi jagari
aSlia da cecxlis alSi iwvis... kompoziciis zeda marcxena kuTxis
84
sibrtyeze mfrinavi angelozia gamosaxuli, dabla gveleSapis
mimarTulebiT, gawvdili aqvs marjvena, saidanac klaknili xazi eSveba,
rac gveleSapis damwvel mexs aRniSnavs” (abramiSvili 1972: 67).
elene gogiaSvilis SeniSvniT, ,,ioane sinelis TxzulebaSi ,,gveli
da veSapi” sinonimebia”. igi am daskvnamde midis ,,klemaqsis” XII saukunis
garejuli nusxis (H-1669) arSiebze gamosaxulebebis daxasiaTebisas
(gogiaSvili 2006: 66).
qristianul literaturaSi gveli metaforuli saxea. magram sanam
TeologiaSi gveleSapis damarcxeba borotebasTan (codvebTan) brZolis
simbolur datvirTvas miiRebda, manamde es brZola pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT unda yofiliyo gagebuli. amas adasturebs wm. giorgis saxe
ikonografiaSi, aseve gvelis (veSapis) realuri ganadgurebis faqtebi
qarTul agiografiaSi (wm. grigol xanZTelis mowafis mier ori saSineli
veSapis locviT mokvdineba).
gveleSapi (gveli, veSapi, urCxuli) bibliaSic gvxvdeba: iobis
wignSi (iob. 26. 13), esaia winaswarmetyvelTan (es. 27, 1; 51, 9), iona
winaswarmetyvelTan (ion. 2, 1), daniel winaswarmetvvelTan (daniel. 14, 22-
28), fsalmunebSi (73, 13-14; 90, 13), sadac yvelgan borotebas ganasaxierebs.
,,daviT garejelis cxovrebaSi” veSapis simbolika bibliur
safuZvels emyareba da, zogadad, borotebis simbolod gvevlineba,
satanis saxed, romelsac Sendoba ara aqvs. es Semzaravi arseba zRaprebsa
da xalxur TqmebSi gveleSapad gardaisaxeba, romelic saboloo jamSi
aucileblad marcxdeba sikeTis mier.
daTvi: daTvi daundobeli, primitiuli Zalis simboloa. is iyo
niSani meomrebisa CrdiloeT evropasa da aziaSi. daTvi RmerTi odinis
erT-erTi gamoxatulebaa skandinaviur miTologiaSi. ZvelberZnuli
nadirobis qalRmerTi artemida daTvis tyavs atarebs.
daTvis simbolika gavrcelebulia TiTqmis yvela xalxis
miTologiasa da religiaSi. is aris totemuri simbolo CrdiloeT
amerikis indielebisaTvis. CineTSi es cxoveli mamakacur sawyiss
gamoxatavda; misi sizmrad naxva vaJiSvilis dabadebas moaswavebda.
Samanebi iyeneben daTvis niRabs tyis ZalebTan kontaqtSi Sesasvlelad.
qristianobasa da islamSi daTvi warmoadgens bnel, uxeS, velur Zalas.
85
bibliaSi aRwerili daTvis belebi, romelTac deda lokavs, aris
simbolo warmarTebisa, romelnic eklesiisagan saWiroeben sulier
zrunvas.
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ metad mniSvnelovania erTi
epizodi, romelSic ioane sityviT ukuaqcevs daTvs, romelic maT wyaroze
Camosuliyo. erT dRes ioanes mowafe gamovida wyaroze da dainaxa didi
daTvi. is SeSinebuli gaiqca ioanes dasaZaxeblad _ `beri movida da
hrqua daTusa mas: ukueTu ara gisums ru da warved: amieridan nurvis
avneb kacTagansa, raJams SeemTxvio mTasa amas zeda da egreca iqmnebis
aqamomde, ara ras avnebs daTvi yovlad. xolo viTarca ese hrqua berman
daTusa mas, morCil eqmna, viTarca monaÁ, da TavdadrekiT da myudroebiT
warvida~ (abulaZe 1955: 54).
daTvi, ZiriTadad, mainc bneli, stiqiuri Zalebis gamomxatvelia da
misi gamoCena ioanes savaneSi unda gaSinaarsdes, rogorc bneli Zalebis
cda, Seacdinos an SeaSinos wminda mama, magram rogorc `cxovrebaSia~
moTxrobili, ioane ara Tu ar SeuSinda mxecs, piriqiT, daamSvida, da ara
marto Tavi daicva, aramed yvela, vinc im mTaze avidoda. aRsaniSnavia,
rom wmindanis am sityvebis adresati is erTi konkretuli daTvi ar
yofila. es brZaneba iqca erTgvar ,,sjuldebad” da mcnebad ,,zedazneli”
daTvebis mTeli modgmisTvisac. am ambidan sakmao xnis gasvlis Semdeg
qarTlis kaTalikosi arseni acxadebs: ,,mieriTgan vidre aqamomde esterT
dammarxvel arian mcnebas wmidisa naTesaobani amaT mÃecTani” (abulaZe
1955: 55), da Tu zedazenze vinme kacTagans SemTxveviT SeeCexnen, aras
avneben da Tavis aridebas cdilobeno. ioane zedaznelis am kurTxevas
daTvTa mimarT rom mravali saukunis merec ar gasvlia Zala, XIX
saukunis bolos amaSi Tavad darwmunebula mixeil sabininic. zedaznis
monastris mosalocad mimavali, tyeSi SemTxveviT daTvs gadahyria da
nadirs misTvis sruliad moulodnelad TavdadrekiT dauTmia gza. daTvis
aseT ucnaur saqciels sabininSi SiSisa da gaocebis grZnobebi aRuZravs.
(sabinini 1882: 204).
ufro adre, XIX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi zedaznis monasterSi asul
saqarTvelos siwmindeebis momlocvel rus mogzaurs a. muraviovs
iqauroba mitovebuli daxvedria, taZarSi ki daTvebs daedoT bina. nanaxma
86
mware grZnobebi aRuZra. amas ifiqrebdi Soreuli qveynidan momavali, rom
Seni gansasvenebeli daTvTa bunagad iqceoda, visac SenTan mosvla
aukrZaleo, _ aRmoxdenia gulmoklul mogzaurs wminda mamis saflavTan
(muraviovi 1848: 258-259). marTlac gulsatkenia gapartaxebuli wminda
adgilis xilva, magram, meore mxriv, daTvis (Tu daTvebis) taZarSi, ioanes
saflavTan dabinavebis ambavi sruliad sapirispirodac SeiZleba iqnas
aRqmuli: iqneb yvelasagan mitovebuli wm. mamis samarxis ,,mcveloba”
misgan kurTxevamiRebulma daTvebmaRa ikisres...
mgeli: yvela arsebis moqmedebas Tavisi bunebrivi Tvisebani da
instinqtebi warmarTavs. amitom arcaa gasakviri, bunebis wiaRSi
damkvidrebul mamaTaTvis amave bunebis Semadgenel gareul arsebebTan
Sexeba yovelTvis sargeblobis momtani rom ver iqneba. amgvari
konfliqtebis mogvarebas wm. mamebi ukiduresad mSvidobiani gzebiT
cdiloben da axerxeben kidevac TavianTi ganuzomeli RvTaebrivi madlis
wyalobiT. aseTi Sinaarsis epizodia dakavSirebuli mgelTanac `Siosa da
evagres cxovrebaSi~.
zogadad, mgeli simboloa Semdegi Tvisebebisa: siave, mzakvroba,
sixarbe, daundobloba, boroteba (tresideri 1992: 46). iudevelebi da
pirveli saukuneebis qristianebi, ZiriTadad, mesaqonleobas eweodnen. maT
miTebSi, folklorsa da jadosnur zRaprebSi mgeli iyo mtaceblobis
simbolo. tyis es mouTvinierebeli mxeci qristianul simbolikaSi
borotebisa da Zaladobis saxea cxvris sapirispirod, romelic eklesiis
msaxurs ganasaxierebs; mgeli gamocxadda eSmakisa da eresis simbolod.
skandinaviur miTebSi qaosis simbolo _ uSvelebeli mgeli-ferniri
_ samyaros arsebobis boloJams ylapavs mzes. igivea moTxrobili erT-
erT keltur miTSic.
sxva regionebSi mglis simbolika radikalurad icvleba. is xdeba
meomarTa simbolo. mgeli apolonisa wminda cxovelia Zv. saberZneTSi da
odinisa _ skandinaviur miTologiaSi. Zvel romSi igi iTvleboda
gamarjvebis simbolod, Tu mas brZolis win SeniSnavdnen. antikur
epoqaSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, is mxedrul simamacesa da Tavdadebas
ganasaxierebda: mglebi iyvnen Sebmulni marsis etlSi; mglis tyaviT
imosebodnen meomrebi, xolo Subze damagrebuli mglis Tavi _ maT
87
gamarjvebis rwmenasa da simxneves hmatebda. aqve gavixsenoT vaxtang
gorgaslis muzaradze gamosaxuli mgeli (sparsulad _ `mglisTava~), rac
qarTul cnobierebaSi sparsuli paradigmaa; Zveli sparselebi CrdiloeT
qveynebsac gorganad, mglis qveynad moixseniebdnen, saidanac warmoiSva
qarTvelTa sparsul-Turquli saxelwodeba _ gurji.
mgelma gamokveba romis damaarsebeli Zmebi _ am SemTxvevaSi mgeli
mxurvale dedobrivi grZnobis simbolo gaxldaT.
mgeli imave simboluri datvirTviT gvxvdeba indur folklorSi.
es xsnis im mravalricxovan istoriebs, romlis Tanaxmadac zogierT
adamianebs mglebi hyavdaT winaprebad; gavixsenoT, mag. legenda Cingis
yaenze; aseve Tanamedrove legendebi mglis velur Svilobilebze.
meqsikasa da amerikis indielTa tomebSi mgeli simbolo iyo
cekvisa (rokvisa), da iseve rogorc ZaRli, asocirdeboda bnel,
jojoxeTur ZalebTan.
mglis simbolikaze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia svanuri
tradiciac, sadac es mtacebeli sakralurad iTvleba: svanuri wminda
droSa `lemi~ warmoadgenda xis tarze damagrebul qsovilisagan
gamoWril cxovelis gamosaxulebas, romelsac eTnografi vera
bardaveliZe totemur mglad miiCnevda da am mosazrebas asabuTebda
svaneTSi mglisadmi `naTesauri~ damokidebulebis amsaxveli masaliT:
mglis tyavis SubebiT, romelTac kudi xeluxleblad hqondaT
datovebuli; mgelTan dakavSirebuli uZvelesi ceremonialiT (mamakacTa
procesia `aSangelo~, rac `samgelos~ niSnavda) da a.S. svanebs swamdaT
mglis zebunebrivi, mfarveli Zalis: mglis kbili avi Tvalisagan icavda,
Zvlebis naxarSi samkurnalo saSualebad iTvleboda, mglis bewvsa da
brWyalebs aseve magiuri Zala gaaCndaT;
mglis mokvla tabuirebuli iyo da Tu SemTxveviT monadire tabus
daarRvevda, qudmoxdili svanebi daitirebdnen da ebodiSebodnen
mokluls.
`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ wminda mamebs karaulebi (saxedrebi)
tyis nadirebma gaunadgures. amis gamo friad Sewuxdnen wminda mamebi da
mimarTes mama Sios. man locviT moixmo tyis yvela binadari. sazareli
sanaxaoba gadaiSala berebis win: `yovelTa erTbaSad aRemsTo da
88
aRexunies marTueni TÂsni, romelsame kbiliTa, romelsame qediTa da
romelisame wina udges CCÂlni da ixilveboda sakÂrveli da sazareli
saxilveli~ (abulaZe 1955: 114). wminda Siom ubrZana maT, wasuliyvnen am
adgilebidan da mxolod erTi maTgani darCeniliyo wminda mamebis
samsaxurad, raTa karaulebi emwyemsa. `ehe, sakÂrveli, rameTu myis
sityuasa Tana berisasa ganibnives yovelni igi mÃecni STamarTsa mas,
ganvles mdinare da warvides, sadaca igi zenaman wamisyofaman ubrZana;
garna erTi xolo mgeli dadga, viTar monaÁ, winaSe berisa moSiSebiT~
(abulaZe 1955: 115).
amis Semdeg mgels mihyavda karaulebi saZovarze da Rame Sin
abrunebda.
am SemTxvevaSi mgeli mtaceblis simbolur saxed gvevlineba.
saxarebaSi samoTxis cxovreba daaxloebiT ase aris aRwerili: `Txa da
mgeli erTad Zovdes~, anu iyos mSvidoba da harmonia, daiviwyos mxecma
Tavisi veluri buneba. swored ase aRiqmeba mglis mwyemsoba.
rac Seexeba am epizodSi moxmobil saxedris simbolikas, cnobilia,
rom igi, ZiriTadad, sisulelisa da sijiutis simboloa, magram
sinamdvileSi misi mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro farToa; zogan igi
morCilebisa da Tavmdablobis gamomxatvelia. ieso swored saxedriT
Sevida ierusalimSi da amiT xazi gausva Tavis Tavmdablobasa da
morCilebas. gavixsenoT es epizodi saxarebidan: roca miuaxlovdnen
ierusalims, iesom gagzavna ori mowafe, raTa moeyvanaT misTvis viri da
CoCori; yovelive es iqmna, raTa aRsruldes winaswarmetyvelis Tqmuli,
romelic ambobs: `arquT asulsa sionisasa: aha esera meufe Seni movals
Senda mSÂdi da ze zis igi virsa da kicusa, naSobsa karaulisasa” (meT. 21.
5).
rogorc vnaxeT, cxovelTa simboloebad gamoyenebas didi xnis
istoria aqvs. isini saxe-simboloebad Camoyalibdnen jer kidev uZveles
miTologiebsa da religiebSi. cxadia, erTmaneTs saukuneebiT daSorebuli
saxeebi mniSvnelobiT yovelTvis identurni ar arian, absoluturad ar
emTxvevian erTmaneTs, sxvadasxva konteqsti urTierTmsgavs mxatvrul
elementebsac ki gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas sZens.
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b) frinvelTa simbolika
asurel mamaTa cxovrebebSi frinvelebi, cxovelebTan SedarebiT,
naklebad gvxvdeba. am teqstebSi frinvelTagan simbolurad
mniSvnelovania: mtredi, gvriti, kakabi da qori. Cven cal-calke
ganvixilavT maT paradigmul saxeebs.
Mmtredi: unda aRiniSnos, rom es frinveli, sxvasTan SedarebiT,
ufro xSirad gvxvdeba agiografiul ZeglebSi. is qristianobaSi emblemaa
suli wmidis, simboloa mSvidobis, sisufTavis, imedis. `sayovelTao
aRiareba imisa, rom mtredi aris mSvidobis simbolo, momdinareobs misi
garegnobidan da ara misi bunebidan, romelic ufro Wirveulia, vidre
mSvidobis moyvare, agreTve iqidan, rom is moxseniebulia bibliaSi~
(tresideri 1992: 60).
saxarebaSi mtredi warmodgenilia umwikvloebisa da umankoebis
simbolod. garda am mniSvnelobisa, igi iyo agreTve simbolo siyvarulisa
da megobrobis (Tumca, es mniSvnelobebi man mogviano periodSi SeiZina.)
qristianul literaturaSi is warmoadgens, rogorc tertuliane
aRniSnavs _ istoriuli movlenis simbolos, gadmocemuls SesaqmeSi:
patara, TeTri Citi, romelmac noes moutana zeTisxilis rto, gaxda
STambeWdavi saxe RvTisa, romelmac wyroma wyalobiT Secvala. Aaq, iseve
rogorc sxva miTebSi, mtredi gvevlineba maxaroblis, axali ambis
momtanis rolSi.
mogvianebiT, mtredma SeiZina sxva datvirTva _ ukve suliwmindis
simbolosi. naTlisRebis dros `da naTel-iRo ieso da meyseulad
aRmovida ra wylisa misgan, da aha ganexunes mas cani, da ixila suli
RmrTisaÁ gardamomavali, viTarca tredi, movida da daadgra mas zeda”
(maT. 3. 16. luk. 3. 21 ioan. 1. 32).
amis gamo, mtredi gaxda naTlobisa da suli wmidis simbolo,
gansakuTrebiT xarebis scenebSi. Uufro farTo mniSvnelobiT mtredi
aRniSnavs sulis siwmindes da xSirad gamoixateba wamebulTa piridan
gadmofrenilad.
`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ mtredi simboloa RvTis
Tanadgomisa. Uusazrdood darCenil wminda mamas mtredi uzidavs sakvebs.
90
`ufalman... wmidaÁ ese mamaÁ Cueni gamozarda, rameTu tredis mier
dRiTi-dRe uboZebda sazrdelsa~ (abulaZe 1955: 96).
sayuradReboa, rom masazrdoeblad swored mtredia gamoyvanili da
ara sxva frinveli (magaliTad, elias yorani asazrdoebda), es araa
SemTxveviTi detali, Cveni azriT, agiografi avtori mtredis saxes
iyenebs imitom, rom igi aris bibliuri simbolo mSvidobisa da
mauwyebeli sixarulisa, amitom wminda mamas iseve axarebs mtredis
gamoCena niskartSi sakvebiT, rogorc noe gaaxara mtredma zeTisxilis
rtoTi. orive SemTxvevaSi es frinveli simboloa xsnisa.
albaT, isic simboluria, rom swored mtredis saSualebiT moxda
evagres misvla SiosTan.
evagre nadirobisas gaaoca mtredis xilvam, romelic kldisken
miezideboda sakvebs. es ramdenjerme ganmeorda: `aha esera xedvida tredsa
mas, romeli exilva uwinaressa dResa mimRebelad sazrdelisa piriTa
TÂsiTa berisa mimarT. ese raÁ ixila evagre gancÂbrebuli iyo
gansakÂrvebelsa amas saxilvelsa zeda~ (abulaZe 1955: 99).
swored mtredis kvals gayolili aRmoaCens evagre wmida mamas da
Seudgeba mis gzas. Cans, uflis neba iyo maTi Sexvedra da mtredi am
SemTxvevaSi ara marto uflis Tanadgomis simboloa, aramed misi nebis
aRmsrulebelic.
basili didi calke ar axasiaTebs mtreds, magram gvelis
simbolikis ganxilvisas mas iremTan erTad mtredsac upirispirebs, anu
mtredis ucodvelobis, umankoebis simbolur mniSvnelobaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas.
yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe-simbolo mtredisa gaxlavT
suliwmindis gamoxatva. amitomaa swored, rom roca freskaze mtredi
xatia, amiT mxatvars surs migvaniSnos _ suliwminda mohfeniao iqaurobas.
gvriti: Semdegi frinveli, romelic Cvens gansaxilvel teqstebSi
simbolurad mniSvnelobs, gaxlavT gvriti. agiografi avtori udabnos
gvrits uwodebs ioane zedaznels: `esreT udabnos moyuare ese guriti,
viTar sxuaÁ vinme ioane winamsrboli sxuaTa saTnoebaTa, damkÂdrebul
iqmna Tavsa zeda misda Cuenebulisa mis mTisasa~ (abulaZe 1955: 27).
91
sayuradReboa, rom basili didi am frinvelis swored udabnos
moyvareobas usvams xazs. igi martoobis moyvarulia da amitomac adarebs
qristes. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom gvriti
Taboris mTaze asuli qristes simboloa: `guriti... ganemartis da
warvidis martoÁ udabnod da daemkÂdris. MmartoÁ cxorebasa Cueul ars
da Soris mravalTa mamalTa ara hnebavn yofaÁ.
Eegreca macxovari Cueni iesu qriste martoÁ TaviT TÂsiT aRvida
mTasa Taborsa da eCuennes mas mose da elia~ (basili didi 1979: 190), da
qadagebaÁ zesknel iyo RrubliT: ~ege ars ZÀ Cemi sayuareli, romeli
mTnda; magisi ismineT~ (maT. 17, 3).
Aamis gamo mouwodebs basili didi Wabukebs, gvrits emsgavson:
`guritsa martod slvaÁ uyuars. Dda Tqven, Sunierno Wapukno, romelTa
qriste Segimosies, SeiyuareT Sorielad da maxlobelad martod mkvidr-
yofaÁ~ (basili didi 1979: 190).
TvalnaTelia, rom gvriti martodmyofobis simbolod SegviZlia
miviCnioT da swored amitomac daukavSira agiografma avtorma igi
meudabnoe wminda ioanes saxels.
Kkakabi: basili didis `saxis sityuaSi~ kakabi aris ugunurebis
simbolo. am frinvels aqvs erTi Cveva _ moiparos sxvisi kvercxebi da
sakuTar budeSi gamoCekos. Ggazrdili bartyebi ukve cnoben mSobels da
miatoveben ugunur kakabs. kakabi eSmaks mogvagonebs, romelic moitacebs
adamianTa sulebs `gulbrmobiTa da sacduriTa da viTarca zomad guamsa
gonebisasa moiwinian, mieriTgan TÂsi icnis mSobeli cnobad, qristesa da
eklesiaTa. Dda eSmaki igi daSrTis viTarca ugunuri~ (basili didi 1979:
185).
am frinvelis simboluri datvirTva sul sxvagvaria `daviT
garejelis cxovrebaSi~. aq moTxrobilia erTi saswaulis Sesaxeb _
monadirem qori afrina kakbis Sesapyrobad. Kkakabma mlocveli wminda
mamis ferxTiT pova TavSesafari, qoric daemorCila uflis nebas da aRar
Seexo kakabs: `mouteva qori kakabsa maxloblad adgilsa mas, sada
ilocvida wmidaÁ daviT. Dda kakabica igi miiltvoda berisa da dajda igi
ferÃTa Tana misTa, xolo qori maxlobelad misa~ (abulaZe 1955: 168).
92
monadire gaaoca am sanaxaobam da beris vinaoba gamoikiTxa. berma
gaacno Tavi da uTxra, rom misTvis dambadebeli, Semoqmedi zrunavda ise,
rogorc yvela suldgmulze da, rom es kakabic ufalma daicva da man
miiyvana igi wminda mamasTan. barbarosma beris mokvla ganizraxa, magram
myisve xeli gauSeSda. wminda mamis locvam gankurna igi. Bbarbarosma
dainaxa uflis Zala da irwmuna igi.
es ambavi imis gamo moxda, rom ufals TviT moenadirebina
monadiris guli: `...da ese iqmna gangebiTa RmTisaÁTa, raÁTa monadire igi
moinadiros mowyalebiTa TÂsiTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 168).
rogorc vxedavT, aq kakabi sulac ar gvevlineba ugunuri
frinvelis mniSvnelobiT. Aam saswaulis epizodSi kakabi simboloa
miusafari adamianisa, romelic mfarvelobasa da Sewyalebas uflisgan
moelis.
qori: is mtacebelis simboloa yvela mniSvnelobiT, magram Tavad
es mtacebelic siwmindis winaSe mowiwebas iCens da emorCileba mas. amiT
avtori kidev erTxel mianiSnebs uflis yovlisSemZleobaze.
frinvelTa saxeebi agiografiul teqstebSi pirdapiri
mniSvnelobiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba; maSinac ki maTi funqcia simboluri
xasiaTis mqonea, radgan Tavad istoriuli ambavi, realoba
teleologiuri procesia da TiToeuli movlena RvTaebrivi survilis
ganxorcielebaa.
,,asurel moRvaweTa Zliereba mxolod sulieri aspeqtiT
ganisazRvreba. maTi Zala maTive rwmenaSia saTayvanebeli da sayvareli
uflisadmi da Sesabamisad _ Tavad ufalSi, qveynierebis SemoqmedSi. sxva
iaraRi maT ar sWirdebaT” (merkvilaZe 2005: 52). adamiani xom gaCenilia
danarCeni bunebis uflad da patronad? am ganwyobilebidan gamomdinare,
mbrZanebloben da mzrunveloben wm. mamebi cxovelTa da frinvelTa
samyaros. Semoqmedis mimarT gulSi anTebuli siyvaruli ganmsWvalavs
asurel mamaebs msgavsi Tbili da spetaki grZnobiT Semoqmedis yoveli
qmnilebisadmi (aseve siyvaruliT Seqmnilisadmi), romlis mimarT
mzrunveli, siyvarulismieri damokidebuleba am sofels ganridebul
berebs TavianT movaleobad SeuracxavT.
93
dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos, rom zoomorfuli saxeebi erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi paradigmuli saxe-simboloebia agiografiuli
mwerlobisaTvis. maTi meSveobiT avtori gamokveTs movlenis xasiaTis
Taviseburebas, rac bibliuri swavlebiT aixsneba da moRvawe mamebis
cxovrebas aaxlovebs wminda weriliT gadmocemul istoriasTan.
zoomorfuli paradigmuli mxatvruli saxeebiT iSleba konteqsti,
romliTac erTi movlena ukavSirdeba mTeli samyaros movlenebs; iqmneba
hiperteqsti, romelSic yovelive teleologiurobiTa da RvTaebrivi
winaswarganzraxulobiT ixsneba.
Tavi IV
naTlis esTetika da RvTismSoblis simboluri
saxeldebebi
a) naTlis esTetika
naTlis mxatvruli simbolika gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
sasuliero mwerlobisTvis. `mkveTri siTeTre da waruvali sxivosnoba
qristes mTavari atributebia~ (arabuli 1989: 438). ufro metic:
absoluturi sinaTle, romelsac mokvdavi Tvals ver usworebs, simboloa
dambadeblis gamovlenisa.
naTels centraluri adgili ukavia bibliur simboloebs Soris
da, aqedan gamomdinare, is aris mTavari simbolo agiografiul
ZeglebSic, radganac maTSi, ZiriTadad, wminda weriliseuli simbolika
meordeba.
Aasurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebebSic naTlis Tema Zalian
mniSvnelovania. Aaq vxvdebiT naTlisa da bnelis klasikur
dapirispirebas.
naTeli mnaTobis saxiT SeiZleba iyos interpretirebuli da ise
daupirispirdes bnels. swored amgvari dapirispirebiT qmnis agiografi
avtori SesaniSnav suraTs daviT garejelis Rvawlisa.
94
RmerTi bnel, umecar xalxs mouvlens ganmanaTlebels wminda
daviTis saxiT: `daviT... romelman viTar mzeman ukunsa wyudiadsa Sina
msxdomare eri qarTvelTa gananaTla moZRvrebiTa mier da swavlaTa
TÂsTa da sakÂrvelebaTa da niSTa, romelTa aRasrulebda mis mier
madidebelTa misTa madidebeli ufali~ (abulaZe 1955: 145).
Bbneli, sapirispirod naTlisa, urwmunoebis, umecrebis simboloa
Semdeg magaliTSic, xolo wminda ioane _ mnaTobad, varskvlavad
gvevlineba da win miuZRvis SecTomil sulebs ufalTan miaxlebis gzaze:
`brwyinvale mnaTobi ioane, romelica viTar brwyinvale raÁme varskulavi
aRmoubrwyinda bnelsa Sina umecrebisasa SecTomilTa sulTa da
dauRameblisa naTlisa mimarT winamZRuar eqmna maT~ (abulaZe 1955: 5)
(`dauRamebeli naTlis~ Temas Cven sagangebod qvemoT SevexebiT).
wminda adamiani xSirad pirdapir mnaTobad moixsenieba. Aase
magaliTad, `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ vkiTxulobT: `eseviTari
samkauli kaTolike eklesiisa da qarTlisa erisa didi mnaTobi daamkÂdra
RmerTman mTasa amas zeda, raTa maRliT mohfendes yovelTa garemosTa
zeda brwyinvalesa elvasa locvaTa TÂsTasa~ (abulaZe 1955: 27).
aseve damaxasiaTebelia wminda mamebis brwyinvale varskvlavad
moxsenieba: `gamobrwyinda viTarca varskulavi~ (abulaZe 1955: 16).
`msgavsad varskulavisa brwyinvalisa aRsrulebiTa ZalTa da
saswaulTaÁTa elvare yo mbrwyinavi suliTa da ciskrovani gonebiTa~
(abulaZe 1955: 17).
brwyinvale varskvlavad aris moxseniebuli wminda Sioc Semdeg
magaliTSi: `da viTar mravalni Jamni waravlina aRgzebulsa mas saxmilsa
Sina martod myofobisasa, ineba zegardamosilman gangebaman, raÁTa ara
iyos dafaruli brwyinvale igi varskulavi~ (abulaZe 1955: 98) _
vkiTxulobT `Siosa da evagres cxovrebis~ b variantSi. sainteresoa, rom
g-variantSi imave adgilas varskvlavis nacvlad sanTelia moxseniebuli:
`xolo amas Sina warxdes raÁ mravalni Jamni, ineba zegardamoman
gangebulebaman gamoCinebaÁ brwyinvalisa amis sanTlisaÁ, vinaÁTgan arca
SesZlebuli iyo qalaqisa mTasa zeda maRalsa dafarvaÁ. amisaTvis
sasanTlesa zeda maRalsa dadgmuli iqmna mnaTobi ese sanTeli, raTa
hnaTobdes igi yovelTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 98).
95
sanTlis simbolika mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli naTlis da
naTlobis simbolikasTan. klimenti aleqsandrieli Semdegnairad xsnis
naTlobis saidumlos: `monaTvla es aris ganaTeba, radgan amis Sedegad
SevigrZnobT wminda, mxsnel sinaTles~ (gza sameufo 1994: 14), aqedan
gamoTqma _ naTloba, sinaTle _ msgavsad berZnulisa, warmoebis mxriv
ukavSirdeba sanTels.
rasakvirvelia, sanTlis anTebas hqonda Tavisi istoriuli
mniSvneloba. sanTels qristianebi ZvelTganve praqtikuli daniSnulebis
garda aniWebdnen simbolur mniSvnelobas, magaliTad, tertuliane
aRniSnavs: CvenTan RvTismsaxureba arasodes sruldeba usanTlod. magram
mas Cven vxmarobT ara marto wyvdiadis gansadevnad, ara, liturgia
CvenTan dRis sinaTleze sruldeba, _ aramed imitom, rom misi saSualebiT
Cven gamovxatoT qriste _ naTeli Seuqmneli, romlis gareSe Cven
SuadResac wyvdiadSi davexetebiT” (averincevi 1977: 65).
axali aRTqmis swavlebiT, sanTeli usisxlo msxverplia,
gulmxurvale locvisas anTebuli uflisaTvis.
sinaTle aris agreTve simbolo qristianuli moZRvrebis
WeSmaritebisa da qristianTa cxovrebis naTlobisa, dabolos, ,,sinaTlis
anTeba aris simbolo WeSmaritebis da qristianuli cxovrebis
gamarjvebisa” (baramiZe 1966: 187).
sanTlis simbolos agiografebi iyeneben, rogorc epiTets qarTvel
moRvaweTa dasaxasiaTeblad. swored epiTetadaa gamoyenebuli igi Cven
mier moxmobili magaliTis pirvel nawilSi: `ineba zegardamoman
gangebulebaman gamoCinebaÁ brwyinvalisa amis sanTlisaÁ~ (abulaZe 1955:
98), xolo meore nawilSi: `amisaTÂs sasanTlesa zeda maRalsa dadgmul
iqna mnaTobi ese, raÁTa hnaTobdes igi yovelTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 98) _
aSkarad saxarebiseuli simbolikaa sanTlisa (Sdr: maT. 5. 14-15;).
igive meordeba `abibos nekreselis cxovrebaSic”. Aavtori wminda
mamaze acxadebs: `Cemi ars mowame ese da ara sxÂsa, Cemisa amisgan
saydrisa, nayofi Suenieri, mxiarulebisa Cemda momRebeli, spetaki vardi,
haerisa sulnel-myofeli. Cemda momfeneli, romelman sanTeli TÂsi
aRanTo zeda maRalsa mTasa, raTa yoveli sofeli xedvides naTelsa mas
dauSretelsa, orpirad manaTobelsa...~ (abulaZe 1955: 189).
96
aq sagulisxmoa erTi faqti _ moxmobili magaliTi aris `wamebaÁ
abibos nekreselisas~ a variantidan. Aam SemTxvevaSi sanTelSi
igulisxmeba Rvawli wminda mamisa, xolo imave adgilas b variantSi _
sanTeli saxe-simboloa Tavad wminda abibosisa: `Cemi ars mowame ese...
sanTeli maRlad mnTebare, mnaTobi da ganmanaTlebeli yovelTa
mxilvelTa misTaÁ~ (abulaZe 1955: 189).
sagangebod gvinda SevexoT `dauRamebeli naTlis~ simbolikas.
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ avtori wminda mamaze ambobs: `sanatreli
ese mamaÁ Cueni da brwyinvale mnaTobi ioane, romelica viTar brwyinvale
raÁme varskulavi aRmoebrwyina bnelsa Sina umecrebisa SecTomilTa
suliTa da dauRamebelisa naTlisa mimarT winamZRuar eqmna maT~ (abulaZe
1955: 5).
imave simbolur saxes moixmobs agiografi avtori abibos
nekreselze saubris drosac (abulaZe 1955: 189).
`rogorc cnobilia, qarTul agiografiul Zeglebsa da uZveles
freskebSi ZiriTadi xazi saxarebiseuli kompoziciaa, amitomac isini
analogiur feriT miniSnebebs iyeneben, riTac qarTuli sasuliero
mwerlobisa da uZvelesi freskebis ferTametyveleba TiTqmis identuria~
(elaSvili 2004: 37).
sinaTlis udides efeqts daemyara biblia. Kkosmiur wyvdiadSi
gaCnda kosmosuri naTeli da mSvenierebac amis Semdeg moefina msoflios.
`naTliT iwyeba yvelaze didi saocreba _ yofna~ (siraZe 1982: 150-151).
ioane RvTismetyvels gamocxadebisas ufali swored mnaTobad
esaxeba, anu samyaros dasasruls ufali Tavad iqneba naTeli: `da qalaqsa
mas ara uxms mze, anu mTovare mnaTobad, rameTu didebaman RmrTisaman
gananaTla igi" (gamocx. 21.23).
`naTeli~ aris wamyvani saxe-simbolo ara mxolod Zveli aRTqmis,
aramed axali aRTqmis wignebis mixedviTac. aq naTeli gaigivebulia ara
mxolod xiluli da uxilavi samyaros materialur safuZvelTan (`qmnili
naTeli~), aramed RmerTTan.
`bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikonSi~ vkiTxulobT: `istoria,
ganviTarebuli Zvelsa da axal aRTqmas Soris, Tavad iRebs konfliqtis
saxes, sadac erTmaneTs ejaxebian naTeli da bneli~ (diufuri 1974: 997),
97
msgavsad imisa, Tu rogor ejaxebian sicocxle da sikvdili. Amis Sesaxeb
SesaniSnavad aris naTqvami ioanes saxarebaSi: `mis Tana cxorebaÁ iyo da
cxorebaÁ igi iyo naTel kacTa" (ioan. 1. 4.) aranairi dualisturi
metafizika ar amZafrebs dramatizms am msoflmxedvelobisa, rogorc
Zvel iranuli religiuri azri. magram, miuxedavad amisa, adamiani rCeba
obieqtad am konfliqtisa. Mmisi saboloo bedi ganisazRvreba sinaTliTa
da bneliT, ise rogorc sikvdiliTa da sicocxliT. Aamisdagvarad, es
Tema ikavebs centralur adgils religiur simboloTa Soris, romelTac
mimarTavs biblia.
naTeli rom wamyvania qristianul azrovnebaSi da, Sesabamisad,
mTeli Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi amgvari saxismetyvelebiTaa
dawerili, mowmobs mamaTa swavlebac: `gvwams mama, Ze da suliwmida –
erTi RvTaeba sampirovani... yovlad saxieri, samgzis naTeli, samgzis
mziani, samgzis brwyinvale, mama-naTelia, Ze-naTelia, suliwmida-naTelia~
(ioane damaskeli 1992: 169).
filon aleqsandrielisaTvis RmerTi `aris saxe naTlisa. igi
iZleva mraval Zalas. Aafrqvevs naTlis wyaros; naTeli ise brwyinvalea,
rom misi atana, misi gaZleba Tvalebs ar SeuZlia, mxolodD am ZalTa
saSualebiT SeiZleba igi warmovidginoT~ (ervini 1935: 34).
ioane maxarebeli acxadebs, rom `naTeli igi bnelsa Sina Cans, da
bneli mas ver ewia" (ioan. 1. 5).
dionise areopageli Tavis TxzulebaSi `saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis~
RmerTis da naTlis Sesaxeb saubrisas brZanebs, rom RmerTi aris naTeli,
zenaTeli... ganuxrwnadni cxaddebian wyvdiadSi ufro metad, vidre
ganaTebuli dumili. MmarTlac, mxolod dumilSi SeiZleba gaigo
saidumloebani am wyvdiadisa, romlis Sesaxeb cotaa iTqvas qeba, raTa
damtkicdes _ igi brwyinavs uaRresad aprialebuli naTliT, metismetad
Sav sibneleSi, rom igi rCeba ra TviTon sruliad gaugebari, ucnauri da
savsebiT uxilavi, igi ufro umSvenieresi brwyinvalebiT, vidre Sveneba,
aRavsebs gonebaT, romelTac ician TvalTa daxuWva _ es aris dionises
locva, rasac dasZens: unda gadalaxo uaRresad wminda asasvlelni
mwvervalni, moitovo ukan azrni ciurni, raTa Sexvide am wyvdiadSi,
98
sadac, saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, romeli igi, mTlianad uzeSaesi
arsebobs TviTmyofadi arsebobiT” (petre iberieli 1961: 34-35).
qriste aRiqmeba, rogorc `samyaros naTeli~, Tavisi qmedebiTa da
swavlebiT _ gavixsenoT usinaTlos gankurneba (ioan. 9), sadac ieso
acxadebs: `vidremdi var sofelsa Sina, naTeli var soflisaÁ" (ioan. 9.5).
sxvagan is ambobs: `me var naTeli soflisaÁ. romeli Semomidges me, ara
vidodes bnelsa, aramed aqundes naTeli cxorebisaÁ" (ioan. 8.12). aq naTeli
sicocxlis simboloa, xolo bneli, mis sapirispirod, samudamo
daRupvisa _ jojoxeTisa.
iesos mosvlis mTavari mizani iyo morwmuneTaTvis imedis micema
da maTi gadarCena: `me naTeli soflad movivline, raÁTa yovelsa
romelsa hrwmenis Cemi, bnelsa Sina ara daadgres" (ioan. 12.46).
RmerTi aris mze, daubadebeli da univTo naTeli, rogorc wminda
mama ityvis: `xatyvnes TÂnieri ese naTeli, univTo naTelisao~ (petre
iberieli 1961: 102). igi astralur mzes gulisxmobs pirvel naTelSi,
xolo univTo naTelSi ufali igulisxmeba. astraluri mze uflis
Seqmnilia da misi sinaTle dasabamieria, nivTieria: igi gasrulebadia,
xolo Tavad ufali daubadebelia (igi TviT aris dambadebeli) da univTo
naTelia, romelsac `daRameba~ ar emuqreba.
r. siraZe miiCnevs, rom qarTul saxismetyvelebaSi Tanaarsebobs
mzis sxvadasxvagvari gansaxovneba: 1. eideturi anu miTosuri saxeebi
mzisa, 2. eikonuri anu xatiseburi mze da 3. mzis sakuTriv mxatvruli
warmosaxva.
,,mzisa da naTlis gansaxovneba gaxda erT-erTi umTavresi
safuZveli qarTuli paradigmuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis, rasac
adasturebs mravali cnobili masala” (siraZe 2008” 209). Semdeg mkvlevars
CamoTvlili aqvs: 1. eideturi gansaxovneba: miTosuri sagaloblebi mzisa
(,,mzeSina”, ,,lile”, ,,riha”), mzis salocavebi, dali, mzeqalebi,
mzeWabukebi, yamarqali, ciskari, svanur ,,lemTan” dakavSirebuli
ritualebi, qarTuli borjRali, deda-boZis semantika, Rvinosa da vazTan
dakavSirebuli ritualebi, TuSuri milivnebi, dasavluri CiCilaki,
kolxuri miTosuri reliqtebi megrul eTnografiaSi. 2. eikonuri
gansaxovneba: antisolaruli pasaJebi agiografiaSi, mze ,,ninos
99
cxovrebaSi” (mzis dabneleba TxoTis mTaze da sxva realiebi),
sveticxoveli viTarca qristianuli ,,dedaboZi” naTlis koretaliT,
uZvelesi qarTuli jvrebi (bolnuri tolferda jvari), jvari vazisa,
mzis gansaxovneba himnografiaSi (,,Sen xar venaxi”: ,,TaviT TÂsiT mze xar
gabrwyinvebuli” (qarTuli poezia 1979: 183), ,,monaTvlis” qarTuli
gaazreba (berZnuli ,,baptizmos”, ,,ganbanvis” nacvali). 3. saero mwerlobis
saxismetyveleba: ,,amirandarejanianis mzis Wabukebi”, Tamar IV hipostasi
,,eTerovani” sxeuliT, d. guramiSvilis ,,mzeTamze”. (es sakiTxebi
sagangebod ganxilulia r. siraZis specialur SromaSi ,,literaturul-
esTetikuri narkvevebi, Tb., 1987, gv. 3-41.)
ivane javaxiSvili werda: ,,gaRmerTebul mnaTobTa Soris pirveli
adgili mzes eWira. es bunebrivia imitom, rom qarTvel tomTa meurneobis
mTavar wamyvan dargs miwaTmoqmedeba Seadgenda” (javaxiSvili... 1943: 84).
adre i. javaxiSvili mTvaris pirvelobas aRiarebda, rasac Tavisi
safuZveli hqonda. igi emyareboda araerT istoriul monacems, amitom
sagulvebeli xdeba, rom sxvadasxva dros xan mTvare iyo umTavresi
RvTaeba da xanac mze. qristianuli mwerlobis ganviTarebis Semdeg
qarTul saxismetyvelebaSi umTavres adgils iWers swored mze, cxadia,
qristianizebuli saxiT.
qristianoba uSvebda miTosis saxismetyvelebriv gamoyenebas, rac
Cans am sakiTxisadmi specialurad miZRvnil basil didis traqtatidanac.
amas warmoaCens Zveli qarTuli mwerloba da, upirveles yovlisa,
,,ninos cxovreba”. am nawarmoebSi aris aseTi saxe: ,,me mzesa davuRamdebi”
(moiwia Jami dRisa dalevnisa da mzisa Cemisa davsebisaÁ, rameTu ara Tu
dRe da mze Seicvlebian wesTa zeda maTTa, aramed me dResa davuRamdebi
da igi hgia ukunisamde” (Zveli qarTuli...1963: 102).
ivane javaxiSvili werda: ,,dRe mzis uZvelesi saxeliao”. amasTan
dakavSirebiT r. siraZe svams kiTxvas _ ,,xom ar aris aq SemorCenili mzis
uZvelesi saxeli _ ,,dRe”? rogorc ar unda iyos, ,,me dResa davuRamdebi”
gulisxmobs adamianis cxovrebis dabnelebas mzis winaSe, rasac
adasturebs sxva frazac: ,,moiwia Jami...mzisa Cemisa davsebisaÁo” ,,Cemi mze”
warmarTuli warmodgenis gamomxatvelad iTvleba an, Tundac,
warmarTuli sityvaxmarebis gadmonaSTad unda CaiTvalos” (siraZe 2008:
100
210). amitomac ,,dRis” mzis mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba ufro metad
savaraudo xdeba. warmarTuli warmodgena saxeTqmnadobis paradigmad
qceula.
qarTul TxzulebebSi efrem mciresa da ioane petriwamde ar
gvxvdeba pirvelarsze iseTi wminda filosofiuri msjeloba, rogorc es
,,ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSia” mocemuli. ,,ars igi ars, romlisa
dasabam ara ars” (abulaZe 1955: 8). avtori ganmartavs: ,,ars igi ars”, e.i.
RmerTi arsebaao, da dasZens: ,,romlisa dasabami ar ariso”. e.i. RvTaeba
yovelive arsebulis pirvelsaTavea, yovelive misgan modis, Tavad mas ki
dasabami ara aqvs, dausabamoa. rac mTavaria, avtori acnobierebs, rom
unda gaazrebul iqnes ,,RmrTis mecnierebis sazRvari”, anu is, Tu sadamde
SeiZleba miswvdes adamianis goneba pirvelsawyisis Zebnisas.
,,dausabamobis” warmodgenas mistikamde mihyavs adamiani, rac asea
miniSnebuli: pirvelarsis RvTaebrivi definiciebi zRvardadebulia,
filosofiuri definiciebi ,,dausabamobis” cnebis miRma veRar midis,
Tumca daSvebulia, rom TviT raoba pirvelarsis gacilebiT miRmuria da
usazRvroebaSia sagulvebeli. amitom aqve, roca Tavdeba filosofiuri
definiciebi, Semodis saxismetyvelebiTi warmodgenebi: unda virwmunoT
,,naTeli igi didi. Sepyrnes igi bnelman da siRrmesa dainTqnen da romeli
naTeli igi ars, erTi uxilavi da ucvalebeli RmerTi ars” (abulaZe 1955:
8). amrigad, filosofiur gaazrebas mosdevs RvTaebis saxismetyvelebiTi
warmodgena. Semdeg ganmartebuli aris wminda sameba: `didi naTlidan~
iSoba Ze RmerTi da gamodis suli wminda, romelnic Seurevnelad da
ganuyoflad myofoben: `romeli naTeli igi ars, erTi uxilavi da
ucvalebeli RmerTi ars, ara dasabamieri, arca gasrulebadi, ganuzomeli,
maradis kurTxeuli, naTeli samebisaÁ, rameTu ese usaRmrTeebisa Sehkrebs
samguamovnebasa: mamisa, Zisa da sulisa wmidisa Tana; aRiracxebis esreT
Sekrebulad Seurwymeli da ganuyofeli~ (abulaZe 1955: 8).
`erTi~ aris RvTis bunebis erToba, xolo `erToba~ _ Tviseba samis
erTarsebobisa. RmerTi aris erTi arsebiT da, amasTanave, samgvamovani:
mama, Ze da suli wminda _ sameba erTarsebiT da ganuyofeli.
101
pirveli aTeulis (dekadis) cifrTa (1-10) aRniSvna enaTa specifikas
avlens. T. gamyreliZisa da v. ivanovis monografiaSi ,,erTis” Sesaxeb
naTqvamia: nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobisaao (gamyreliZe...1984: 842).
qarTulSiac kargadaa cnobili erTis orgvari mniSvneloba:
ricxviTi saxeli da nacvalsaxeluri mniSvneloba. cnobilia aseve sxva
mniSvnelobanic. r. siraZe sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis urTierTmimarTebaTa
gasaazreblad ramdenime magaliTs moixmobs ,,vefxistyaosnidan”:
,,he, RmerTo erTo, Sen Seqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa” (str. 2)
,,ityvis, he, mzeo vis xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad,
erTarsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad” (str. 774).
,,igi gaxdis wamis-yofiT erTsa asad, assa erTad” (str.800).
,,he, RmerTo erTo”, _ am frazaSi ,,erTo” SeiZleba gulisxmobdes
sam rames: 1. ,,erTaderTi” (poliTeizmis sapirispiro dogmati), 2.
erTianobav (yovladmTlianobis mniSvnelobiT; RmerTis erToba
gamoxatavs samyaros mTlianobas), 3. erTarsebav (arsiT erTo); samebis
dogmatis Sesabamisad. k. kekeliZe werda: ,,tyuiliao, rom ,,vefxistyaosani
ar axsenebs samebas; poemaSi naTqvamia, rom mze xatia ,,erTarsebisa”
RvTisa. Teologiis terminologiiT, ,,erTarseba” gulisxmobs ,,samebas”.
ise mas araviTari azri ara aqvs” (kekeliZe 1981: 105). vaxtang VI
ganmartavda: ,,erTarsebisagan erTi xom qriste ariso” (Targmani pirveli
wignisa amis vefxistyaosnisa, Tqmuli batoniSvilis gamgeblis
vaxtangisa).
amonios ermasis TxzulebaTa qarTul TargmanSi ,,erTis” Semdegi
mniSvnelobania: ,,erTi _ mravlis sapirispiro: ,,erTi ars yovelTa mizezi,
TiToeuli saqmeTagani erTca ars da mraval”. erTi, rogorc raodenobis
armqone ricxvi: ,,ricxvi aTisaÁ Tanamdebare ars aTTa erTTagan ara
TanSerwymulTa, aramed uerTierTas ganrCeulTagan” (amonios ermasis...1983:
189).
msgavs mniSvnelobebs gviCvenebs ioane damaskelis ,,gardamocemis”
filosofiuri nawilis (,,dialeqtikis”) Targmanebi: 1. erTi da 2.
erTianobaÁ (ioane damaskeli 1976: 1001). Tu rogor iyo gaSinaarsebuli
,,erTis” aRniSnuli mniSvnelobani, Cans areopagituli wignebidan:
(,,RmerTi ars”) ,,erT rameTu yovelTa Soris erT-saxeobiT ars erTiTa miT
102
erTobisa zeSTaaRmatebulebiTada yovelTave erTisa gamouvalobisa,
mizez ars, rameTu araraÁ ars arsTagani miuRebel erTisa. aramed
viTarca yoveli ricxvi, erTisagan miiRebis da erTi oradca da aTad
iTqumis da naxevari erT da mesamedi da meaTedi erT.
egreTve yovelni da yovelni yovelTa nawilebi erTisagan miiReben
da yofaÁ igi yovelTave arsTaÁ ars. arc sada ars sadme simravlisa ara
mimRebeli erTisa... Tvinier erTisa ver ars simravle, xolo Tvinier
simravlisa ars erTi” (petre iberieli 1961: T. XII, $ 2).
yovelgvari simravle erTia da erTic, oRond sawyisi erTi, qmnis
simravles, _ platonis ,,parmenidedan” momdinare es azri, radgan
patristikaSic Sevida, vrceldeboda TviT samebis gagebaze (3-1, 1-3),
rogorc es mocemulia petriwTan samxmiani qarTuli simRerisa (mzaxr,
Jir, bam) da mzis ,,samxmovanebis” (disko, sinaTle, siTbo) magaliTze
(siraZe 1978: 185-186). (Sdr.: ,,samni arian, romelni hwameben caTa Sina: mama,
sityva da suli wmida; ese samni erT arian” i. 5,6).
yovelive amis Sedagad ,,erTma” SeiZina urTierTdapirispirebuli
mniSvnelobani: ,,1” da ,,erTianoba” _ erTarseba. TviT am meore
mniSvnelobaSic ,,monawileobs” ,,1”-is semantika.
r. siraZe miiCnevs, rom ,,he, RmerTo, erTo” _ Teoriuli gamoTqmaa
da ara mxatvruli saxe. (Teoriuli gamonaTqvami Cveulebrivia
,,vefxistyaosnis” prologisaTvis: ,,Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi
dargi” da sxva). miuxedavad amisa, ,,erTi” am gamoTqmaSi polisemanturia
da amiT gamoTqmas mxatvrul saxes amsgavsebs, radgan swored mxatvruli
saxis specifikas warmoadgens polivalentoba” (siraZe 2008: 204). am
gamoTqmaSi ,,erTi”, pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, mxatvrulad polivalenturia,
rac saSualebas qmnis masSi ramdenime ram vigulisxmoT. amas isic uwyobs
xels, rom qarTulSi arc artikliT da arc asomTavruliT ar
gamoixateba sityvis gasubstativeba, yovelive amiT qarTuli sityvisaTvis
saerTod damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba mJRavndeba: sityva amTlianebs
sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs da amiT igi, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis
mxatvrul potencias amJRavnebs, xolo misTvis filosofiuri
mniSvnelobis miniWeba xdeba konkretuli konteqstiT.
103
davubrundeT isev gansaxilvel teqsts, sadac SesaniSnavi
msjelobaa `naTlis~ bunebaze _ didi naTlisgan iSoba Ze RmerTi da
gamodis suli wminda da rom vinc amas ar aRiarebs, saukuno bnelSi
emuqreba aRmoCena. `naTeli igi maradis kurTxeuli da brwyinvale,
ganurCeveli uzeSTaesisagan bunebisa arsebisa, saukunebr naTeli smeniT-
re. da suli wmidaÁ mTavrobisa ufali, warmavlinebeli, ganmkuTnveli,
taZrad TÂsa moqmedi, viTar hnebavn da vis Tanaca unebn.
rameTu suli momcemeli da Semoqmedi da ara Seqmnuli,
romlisagan dadga Seqmnilica igi naTeli meoreTa maT brwyinvalebaTaÁ,
angelozTasa vityÂ, da naTeli mesame [...]ci ese, dawyebulni pirvelisa mis
naTlisaÁ, dasabamisaÁ igi, romlisagan sami da samisagan erTi, garna ese
xolo. rameTu mama ara Ze da Ze ara mama da suli wmida arca mama, arca
Ze. Dda ese ara ganyofs bunebasa, aramed ganiyofvin bunebasa Sina da
moaswavebs erTobasa. xolo romelTa samebisa erTsworeba ver gulisÃma-
yves, bnelsa Sina arian...~ (abulaZe 1955: 9).
warmoudgenelia samebis daSla: `ara jer ars daklebad Ze
mamisagan da arca suli Zisagan~ (abulaZe 1955: 8). Aucilebelia maTi
ganuyofloba, radgan `ukueTumca ara esreT iyo RmrTeebaÁ, vidreme-mca
ara didebul iyo friad, rameTu ars igi uxilavi, uJamo, dautevnel,
ucvalebel…~ (abulaZe 1955: 8).
aq kidev erT simbolur saxes wavawydiT uflisa _ uJamo. igi
swored amgvari simboluri datvirTviT gvxvdeba `vefxistyaosanSi~:
`ityvis: he mzeo, vin xatad gTqves mzianisa Ramisad,
erT-arsebisa erTisa, mis uJamosa Jamisad~ (rusTaveli 1986: str.
774).
`mziani Rame~ _ igive `dauRamebeli naTelia~. am SemTxvevaSi
zogierTi mkvlevari `uJamo-JamSi~ qristes gulisxmobs da ara arTarseba-
erTs.GmaTi azriT, Jami RvTis miwieri drois predikatia, rac
gamarTlebulia am SemTxvevaSi, radgan qristeSi ori buneba iyo
SeerTebuli, igi ori SobiT iSva: pirvelad uJamod, droze adre, meored
ki _ droSi. es, Cveni azriT, mcdari Sexedulebaa, radgan efrem asuris
TqmiT: `mama aris mze, Ze aris sinaTle, suli wminda aris siTbo~ (efrem
asuri 1991: 78), xolo `ieso ganuSorebeli mamisagan, ise viT Suqi
104
mzisagan~ (ioane petriwis Sromebi 1940: 17). garda amisa, zosime aToneli
samebas mimarTavs uJamos saxeliT: `uJamod mSobelo mamao, sityvisa
uJamoÁsa (qriste), uJamod gamovlinebulo cxovlisa sulisa Tana sworisa
Senisao, maTTanave gadide samgamovlenad da erTarsebad~ (Cveni saunje
1960: 511).
RmerTi aris dausabamo, samaradiso da usasrulo, radgan
,,dauwyebeli” da ,,dausrulebelia”. amisaTvis Jami misi saukunoa.
davubrundeT isev `dauRamebel naTels~. rogorc aRniSnulia, igi
uflis maradiuli dauSretelobis simboloa, dausabamo TvalSeudgami
naTelia. swored uflis simbolur saxelad gvevlineba igi Semdeg
epizodSi: `yvan RmerTman mRvime igi kibe aRmyvanebeli Senda zecisa
sufevaTa da netarebaTa mimarT, xolo bneli igi mun Sina _ mimyvanebel
naTlisa mimarT dauRamebelisa~ (abulaZe 1955: 125). zecaSi avtors
`dauRamebeli naTeli~ eguleba; ara astraluri mze, aramed maradiuli
naTeli.
zeciuri ierusalimi, romelSic saboloo jamSi Sevlen
marTlmorwmune adamianebi, ganaTebuli iqneba. rCeulni garemoculni
iqnebian uflis naTeliT: `da Rame ara iyo mun, da ara saxmar iyos
naTeli da mze, rameTu ufalman RmerTman gananaTlnes igini, da sufevden
ukuniTi ukunisamde" (gamocx. 22.5).
zeciuri ierusalimi dauRamebeli naTliT iqneba gabrwyinebuli,
swored amazea saubari Semdeg epizodSi, sadac ioane zedaznelis
sikvdilia aRwerili: `xolo Semdgomad ÃorcTagan gansvlisa da sofeli
gardacvalebisa uoxWnoTa Sina iSuebs saSuebelTa zecisa talavariTa da
sasZloTa damkÂdrebuli da xedavs naTelsa mas dauRamebelsa
saRmrToisa dagebisasa moxaruli keTilTa zeda gamouTqmelTa, romelni
Tualman ara ixila da yursa ara esma da gulsa kacisasa ara aRvida~
(abulaZe 1955: 67).
ioanes ufalTan miaxleba gardacvalebis Semdeg, swored am
mSvenieri simboluri saxiT _ `dauRamebeli naTlis~ WvretiT aris
gadmocemuli.
naTlis simbolika TviT qristianobis arsis gamomxatvelia, ris
gamoc yvela agiografi avtori mas moixmobs, rogorc paradigmul da
105
reminiscentul Temas. is aris agiografiuli teqstis sasuliero
mwerlobaSi CamrTveli sityva-xazi, sityva-gasaRebi, romliTac teqsti _
hiperteqstul xasiaTs iZens da yovelive mimdinare movlenas, rac
`cxovrebaSia~ aRwerili, bibliur swavlebasTan akavSirebs.
b) RvTismSoblis simboluri saxeldebebi
RvTismSoblis simboluri saxeldebebi agiografiul mwerlobaSi
yvelaze mravalricxovnad aris warmodgenili. akad. lixaCovi rusuli
teqstebis kvlevisas 70-mde aseT saxels iTvlis, romlebic qarTul
originalur agiografiaSic aris moxmobili; unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi
gazrda SesaZlebelia, gansakuTrebiT qarTuli maRalmxatvruli
teqstebis Seswavlisas; es saeklesio gadmocemiTac aris ganpirobebuli,
romlis mixedviT, qarTuli qristianuli samyaro RvTismSoblis
wilxvdomiladaa gamocxadebuli. yoveli saxe-simbolo wminda
weriliseuli paradigmiTaa gamagrebuli; Tumca, aseve xSiria qarTuli
agiografiuli saxeebis paradigmad moxmobis SemTxvevebic, rac
saqarTveloSi sasuliero mwerlobis ganviTarebis originalobas
miuTiTebs.
qalis, rogorc sicocxlis mSoblis tradiciuli aRqma, siaxlove
matriarqalur RirebulebebTan _ qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTebeli
niSania. swored, es gaxda RvTismSobelTan gansakuTrebuli
damokidebulebis ganmapirobebeli faqtori.
garda imisa, rom qarTlis gamaqristianebeli mociqulTaswori
ninoa, pirveli martvili, romlis saxeli qarTulma mwerlobam saTuTad
Semoinaxa, dedofali SuSanikia.
ufalTan mWidro kavSiri simbolurad gamoxatulia mSoblisa da
Svilis erTobiT, radgan SesaZlebelia yovelgvari urTierTobis
gawyveta, garda dedaSvilurisa.
qarTveli moRvawe berebis gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba
dedasTan da RvTismSobelTan, agiografiuli teqstebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli laitmotivia, ris sailustraciod ,,wminda grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebac” gamodgeba.
106
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom zogjer agiografi mwerlebi Segnebulad
ikaveben Tavs RvTismSoblis saxelis simboloebiT Semkobisagan da mas
ubralod dedad, dedoflad da dedakacad moixsenieben, rogorc asurel
mamaTa cxovrebebSia dafiqsirebuli.
,,Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi” vkiTxulobT: `yovlad wmindao
RvTismSobelo mariam, kurTxeul ars nayofi muclisa SenisaÁ da
kurTxeul ars saxeli wmindaÁ didebisa misisaÁ, rameTu queyanisaganni
viyveniT da aw Sen mier zecisa angelosTagan vimsaxurebT da Sen mier
uxrwnelebaÁ da cxovrebaÁ saukunoÁ movigeT. amisTvis Suenis, raÁTa
saydarsa didebisa Senisasa wmindani da sulTa ganaTlebulni kacni
iyvnen zeda mdgomelad taZrisa Senisa da amisTÂsca gamorCeul iqmna
Rirsi ese wmindaÁ ise zedamdgomelad saydrisa Senisa, wmindao
dedofalo!~ (abulaZe 1955: 89).
Sios gamoecxada RvTismSobeli da ioane naTlismcemeli. swored,
am epizodSi gvxvdeba simboluri saxelwodebebi RvTismSoblisa _
dedakac, deda da dedofal.
Siom Tavis senakSi ixila `qvabsa mis karsa mdgomare dedakaci
yovlad didebuli, romlisa gancdad uRono iyo~ (abulaZe 1955: 94). ` man
dedakacman, ganaZliera igi~ (abulaZe 1955: 95).
seqtembris Tvis sakiTxavebSi ganmartebulia RvTismSoblis es
simboluri saxeli: `dedakac ewodebis, raJams hrques: `kurTxeul xar Sen
dedaTa Soris da kurTxeul ars nayofi muclisa Senisa~ (Zveli
metafrasuli... 1986: 151).
RvTismSobeli `dedad~ moxseniebulia Semdeg monakveTSi: `xolo
moego raÁ netari Sio Tavsa TÂssa da can meurneobaÁ RmrTisa da
ubiwoÁsa dedisa misisaÁ da Wama sazrdeli igi~ (abulaZe 1955: 95).
metafrasul sakiTxavebSi vkiTxulobT: `deda ewodebis TqmuliTa
maT: `dedad sionsa hrques kacman, rameTu kacman iSva mis Sina da Tavad
mas daafuZna igi maRalman~ (Zveli metafrasuli... 1986: 149).
yvelaze saintereso simboluri saxeldeba RvTismSoblisa,
romelic am TxzulebebSi gvxvdeba, Cveni azriT, aris `dedofali~.
Sio mxurvaled loculobs, radgan eRirsa RvTismSoblisa da
ioane naTlismcemlis xilvis bedniereba: `momec me uRirssa amas monasa
107
Sensa moTminebiT dadgomaÁ adgilsa mas Sina, raTa saTnod Senda
aRvasrulne neStni ese dReni cxovrebisa Cemisani da Rirs myav meca
saukuneTa meoxebiTa yovlad uxrwnelisa dedoflisa Cuenisa ubiwoÁsa
dedisa SenisaÁTa da didebulTa wmindaTa mociqulTaÁTa wmidisa mamisa
Cuenisa ioanesiTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 96).
rogorc vnaxeT, RvTismSoblis saxeli uSualod ukavSirdeba
dedoflobas. iseve metafrasuli sakiTxavebis teqsts movixmobT:
`dedofal TqumiTa miT, viTarmed: `dadges dedofali marjveniT Sensa
samosliTa oqroqsoviliTa Semkuli da Semosili~ (Zveli metafrasuli...
1986: 149).
Zalze sainteresoa paralelebi wminda ninosa da RvTismSobels
Soris. gavixsenoT, rom nino iwodeba rogorc tyved, ise dedoflad.
M`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ teqstSi, mirianis TqmiT, nino dedoflad
ixsenieba ara warmoSobis, aramed qarTlis winaSe misi damsaxurebis gamo:
`aw meqmna Cuen tyve igi dedufalio~ (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 158).Ees moxda
mas Semdeg, rac nino gaxda qarTlisTvis `qadag Zlier~, `mecnier
dafarulTa gulis sityuaTa~ da, saerTod ganmanaTlebeli qarTlisa.
Qqristologiuri TvalsazrisiT, nino _ sulieri meufe _
`monacaa~. aseTia qriste da aseTive mosazrebiT unda ewodebodes ninos
`dedufalica~ da `tyvec~.
amis Sesaxeb averincevi wers: `RvTaebrivi dideba qristesi
moiazreba realurad ara mis damcirebaze, aramed am damcirebis `SigniT~,
amitom zogadi forma qristianuli azrovnebisa da aRqmisa, romelic
saukuneebiT gansazRvravs xelovnebisa da literaturis beds, aris
simbolo da Seurevneli mniSvneloba, romelic iZleva orives
`Seurevnelad da ganuyoflad~ (averincevi 1983: 506)
mTis, kldis simbolikas Cven vxvdebiT `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~,
romelic qarTuli qristianuli simboluri azrovnebis klasikur nimuSad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. armazis ngrevisas, rodesac iqmnes `quxilni sastikni
da xmani sazarelni da mexistexani SesaZrwunebeli~ (Zveli qarTuli...1963:
121), nino mdgomare iyo ,,uSiSrad maxloblad adgilisa mis, mciresa
safarvelsa kldisasa~ (Zveli qarTuli...1963: 121).
108
Cven veTanxmebiT r. siraZes, romelic miiCnevs, rom ninos
gadamrCeneli klde, rac RvTismSoblis simboluri saxelia, swored
ninos qarTlSi gamomgzavnels da mfarvels (wminda mariams) ukavSirdeba.
mTis, kldis simbolika jer kidev fsalmunebidan modis, `mTad~ _
`SedgomiTave misiTa da wmindaÁ igi CrdiloiT maRlnarTaÁT da kualad
mTad, `romlisagan gamoekueTa lodi TÂnier xelTasa~ (dan. 2. 45).
rogorc vxedavT, agiografi avtori SesaniSnav suraTebs qmnis
wminda mamaTa cxovrebidan, raSic mxatvruli saxe-simboloebi gadamwyvet
rols asruleben. qarTul sasuliero mwerlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
himnografiaSi, xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac mxatvruli saxeebi
RvTismSobels ukavSirdeba:
1. `iakob kibed gixila, xolo mose _
mayvlad, Ddaniel _ mTad, gedeon _ sawmisad~.
2. `... romlisa daviT mTad poxilad giwoda,
romelsa Sina daimkvidra qristeman~.
3. `Sen, RmrTisa damtevnelo gamouTqmelada,
kibeo, romelsa zeda gardamoxda
RmerTi da xati monisa miiRo dRes...~ (qarTuli poezia 1979)
seqtembris Tvis sakiTxavebSi ki RvTismSobeli pirdapir
saxeldebulia mTad da kibed: `gixaroden, WeSmarito kibeo iakobiso,
mTao mkumolvareo~ (Zveli metafrasuli... 1986: 147).
mxolod es simboloebi rodi ukavSirdeba RvTismSoblis saxels.
seqtembris Tvis metafrasul sakiTxavebSi `SobisaTvis RvTismSoblisa~,
Tavmoyrilia TiTqmis yvela `saxeldeba~, riTac RvTismSobeli iwodeba:
`moved da ixile TiToferobaÁ saxeliTaÁ da simravle wodebaTaÁ,
romelTa mier mravliT kerZo werilTa Sina saxelidebis, viTar igi
raJams uwoddes mas; qalwuli da qali, winaswarmetyveli da sasZlo,
saxli RmrTisa, taZar wminda, meore karav, trapez wminda, sakurTxeveli,
sasakumevle oqroÁsa, wminda wmindaTa, qerovim didebisa, takuk oqroÁsa,
ficar aRTqumÁsa, kuerTx samRvdelo, skiptra mefobisa, Saravanded
sikeTisa, rqadamtevnel zeTisa mis sacxeblisa mRvdelTa da mefeTaÁsa,
alabaster, sasanTle, almur-lampar, sanTel, saydar, maRnar, klde,
queyana, samoTxe, agarak, urnat, wyaro, tarig, ciur da sxva mravali,
109
raodeni raÁ didTa winaswarmetyuelTa winamxedvelobiTa didTa
saidumloTaÁTa igaviT uwodes mas~ (Zveli metafrasuli... 1986: 148).
asurel mamaTa cxovrebebze dakvirvebiT, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom miuxedavad simbolur saxeldebaTa simwirisa, RvTismSoblis
paradigmuli saxe mdidaria agiografiul saxe-simboloTa paralelebiT,
rac mxolod konteqstiT SeiZleba dafiqsirdes.
Tavi V
qvaTa, stiqiaTa da sxva simboloTa saxismetyvelebiTi analizi
a) qvaTa simbolika
qva, lodi myari, maradiuli, mZime niSania Zalisa da uZraobisa,
ucvlelobisa. igi fetiSisturi warmodgenebidan iRebs saTaves. bibliaSi
mesiasTan mimarTebiT gamoiyeneba mravali saxe, romelic dakavSirebulia
qvis simbolikasTan.
palestina imdenad qviani mxarea, rom qva ebraels mudam Tvalwin
aqvs da igi advilad Cndeba mis warmosaxvaSi. saerTod ki, pirvelyofil
fsiqologiasa da zogadsakacobrio simbolikaSi qva magari, maradiuli,
mZime niSania Zalisa. xsenebuli ori garemoeba gvexmareba imis gagebaSi,
Tu ratom gamoiyeneba bibliaSi mesiis mimarT qvis simbolikasTan
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saxe.
wminda qvebis kulti farTod iyo gavrcelebuli pirvelyofil
religiebSi, xolo israelSi akrZaluli iyo. magram xSirad mezobeli
xalxebis kerpTayvanismcemlobis gavleniT xdeboda am wesisgan gadaxveva;
swored amitom Cndeba gafrTxilebaTa aucilebloba: `ara hqmne Tavisa
TÂsisa ÃeliT qmnuli, arca gamoqandakebuli, arca Zegli, ara aRmarToT
Tquen, arca lodi sastrad aRsdgaT queyanasa Tquensa Tayuanis-
sacemelad. rameTu me var ufali RmerTi Tqueni” (lev. 26. 1); ,,nu aRmarTeb
Tavisa Senisa Zeglad, romel-igi moiZula ufalman RmerTman Senman” (2
rjl. 16. 22). magram wminda qvebis gamoyeneba mxolod
kerpTayvanismcemlobas rodi ukavSirdeba _ igi SenarCunebulia ukve ara
110
magiuri, aramed simboluri mniSvnelobiT: wminda qvebis qmediToba
damokidebulia marto RvTis nebaze. magaliTad, iakobi aRmarTavs wminda
Zeglis qvas beTelSi (dab. 28. 16); qvebi aRimarTeba agreTve, rogorc
simbolo Tormeti tomisa, romlebic kurTxeulia samsxverplosTan
siaxlovis gamo (dab. 24. 4). gauTleli qvebisgan aigeba sakurTxevlebi,
romelTa meSveobiT RmerTi exeba miwas da akurTxebs mas (maT. 23. 19). es
wminda qvebi mainc RvTis iq myofobis met-naklebad qmediTi niSnebia _
isini warmoadgenen qristes saxes, romelSic RmerTi Tavis amqveynad
yofnas avlens. axal aRTqmaSi Sefarulad, xolo eklesiis mamebTan da
RvTismsaxurebaSi _ ufro cxadad, qriste gaigivebulia sakurTxevelTan
(Sdr. ebr. 13. 10 _ 1 kor. 10. 18).
Tumca wminda qvasa da qva-Zegls Soris gansxvaveba yovelTvis
cxadi ar aris, warmodgena uryevobasa da simtkiceze ukavSirdeba,
rogorc Cans, ara marto qvebs, romlebic aRimarTeba romelime
xelSekrulebis dasamowmeblad (dab. 31. 45-52) an gardacvilil adamianTa
xsovnis ukvdavsayofad (ieso. 8. 29; 2 mef. 18. 17), aramed upiratesad im
qvebs, romlebic mogvagoneben RmerTsa da mis xalxs Soris dadebul
aRTqma-kavSirs (ieso. 4. 7), im aRTqmas, romlis rjuli dawerilia qvis
ficrebze (gamosv. 24. 12). magram is, rac warmoadgenda aRTqmis waruvali
mniSvnelobis simbolos, TiTqos dazianebuli aRmoCnda gulqva
israelebTan Sexebis Sedegad (ezek. 11. 19), metic _ iqca gulis
gauxeSebisa da civi garegnuli formalizmis simbolodac ki. am
viTarebis sapirispirod, ieremiasa da ezekielis winaswarmetyvelebis
Tanaxmad (ier. 31. 33; ezek 11. 19), axali rjuli Caidgmeba "maT SigniT",
daiwereba RvTiuri sulis mier axal, "xorcis" gulebSi: ,,sacnaur qmnil,
rameTu xarT wign samociqulo qristesa, romeli imsaxura Cuen mier,
dawerilni ara melniTa, aramed suliTa RmrTisa cxovelisaჲTa, ara
ficarTa Sina qvisaTa, aramed ficarTa Sina gulisa ჴorcielisaTa” (II
kor. 3. 3).
klde udabnoSi, romlidanac mosem wyali gadmoadina, pavle
mociqulis Tanaxmad, aRniSnavs qristes, romelic TviTon afrqvevs
macocxlebel wyals xsnisas (I kor. 10. 4).
111
qristes mier movlenili xsna unda modiodes gansacdelisa da
moCvenebiTi warumateblobis gziT: ,,lodi, romel Seuracx-yves
maSenebelTa, ese iqmna Tav kideTa”, cxaddeba ukve `daviTnSi~ (fsalm. 117.
22). Tavisianebisgan uaryofili, rogorc man es iwinaswarmetyvela igavSi
mkvleli mevenaxeebis Sesaxeb, qriste iqceva qvakuTxedad, e.i. Senobis
fuZed an, rac ufro savaraudoa, Tavkided, e.i. kamaris klited: ,,ese ars
lodi igi, romeli Seuracx iqmna Tquen mier maSenebelTa, romeli iqmna
Tav sakidurTa” (saqme 4. 11); amgvarad, igi uzrunvelyofs wminda taZris
SekavSirebas; masSi iqmneba da maRldeba RvTis samkvidrebeli: ,,aRSenebul
safuZvelsa zeda mociqulTasa da winawarmetyuelTasa, romlisa Tav
sakidurTa misTa ars qriste iesu” (efes. 2. 20.).
sxva metaforis mixedviT, qriste aris uryevi qva: ,,viTarca weril
ars~ (rom. 9. 33; 1 kor. 3. 11; 1 petr. 2. 6), romelsac SeiZleba daveyrdnoT
rwmeniT, ise rom morwmuneni, rogorc cocxali qvebi, Caebmebian
sulierebis saxlis SenebaSi:@,,da Tquenca, viTarca lodni cxovelni
aReSenebodeT saxlad sulierad, samRdelod wmidad, Sesawiravad
msxuerplTa sulierTa, saTnoTa RmrTisaTa iesu qristes mier” (1 petr. 2.
5).
RvTiuri siyvarulisa da siwmindis gamocxadebiT qriste adamians
aiZulebs, gaakeTos arCevani sinaTlesa da sibneles Soris. qedmaRal
urwmunoTaTvis igi iqceva Sebrkolebis qvad, cdunebis klded (rom. 9. 33;
1 petr. 2. 8); qristes mtrebi bolos Semusrulni arian. dawunebuli da
Tavkided qceuli lodis saxe Semdgom ganviTarebas povebs lukasTan:
"yoveli, romeli daeces lodsa mas zeda, Seimusros, da romelsa zeda
daeces, gananqrios igi" (luk. 20. 17). SesaZloa, aq gvaqvs miniSneba qvaze,
romliTac danieli aRniSnavs mesias da ama qveynis xelmwifeebze
gamarjvebul mis samefos: "hxedevd, vidre ara gamoekueTa lodi mTisagan
Tჳnier ჴelTasa, da daekueTa xatsa ferჴTa zeda rkinisaTa da kecisaTa,
da daawulilna igini sruliad” (dan. 2. 34).
erTi mxriv,Qqvebi gvagoneben im kavSirs, romelic ufalma daamyara
sakuTar xalxTan (qvis filebze dawerili saRvTo kanoni, rjuli), xolo
mis sapirispirod is gvevlineba `gulqvaobisa~ (sisastikisa) da civi
garegnuli formalizmis simbolodac.
112
miuxedavad imisa, rom islami mxolod me-7 saukuneSi Seiqmna
rogorc mkacri, monoTeisturi religia, wminda qvebs, anTropomorfulis
garda, aqac udidesi mniSvneloba mieniWa, rogoricaa qaabis Savi qva _
abrahamis simbolo.
wminda qvebis simbolika farTodaa gavrcelebuli pirvelyofil
religiebSi. Semdeg igi aikrZala da gvxvdeba ukve ara magiuri azriT,
aramed simboluriT: `maTi qmediToba (aqtiuroba) damokidebulia mxolod
uflis nebaze~ (diufuri 1974: 489).
ebrael ers wminda qvebis kulti, rac gavrcelebuli iyo
pirvelyofil religiebSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, akrZaluli hqonda.
TumcaRa arcTu iSviaTi iyo am sakrZalavisagan gandgoma mezobel
kerpTayvanismcemel xalxTa zegavleniT. uflis akrZalvas sakmaod
xSirad iviwyebda xolme israeli da uflis gafrTxilebac rCeuli
erisadmi muqariT iyo savse: `adgilsa leRovansa? igi Senda nawil, ese
Senda samkÂdrebel. maT ganufend msxuerplebsa, da maT miarTuemd
saklvelebsa. amaT zeda ukue ar ganvrisxnea?” (es. 57.6). bibliidan msgavsi
magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba.
`qva Zvel aRTqmaSi araa mxolod kerpTayvanismcemlobis sakulto
sagani. uflis nebiT mas CamoSordeba religiuri da magiuri
mniSvnelobebi da eniWeba mxolod simboluri datvirTva _ igi xdeba
RmerTTan mtkice kavSiris niSani~ (alibegaSvili 1999: 21).
qvis, lodis, kldis simboluri mniSvneloba axal aRTqmaSi
igavuri miniSnebiTaa SemoTavazebuli petre mociqulis saxelis
ganmartebasa da mis misionur funqciasTan mimarTebiT, rasac macxovari
sazRvravs: `Sen xar klde, da amas kldesa zeda aRvaSeno eklesia Cemi, da
bWeni jojoxeTisani ver ereodian mas” (maT. 16.18).
Zvel qarTul leqsikaSi Tvlis erT-erTi mniSvnelobaa _ Zvirfasi,
patiosani Tvali, qva. `Tvali ewodebis qvaTa patiosanTa~ _ ganmartavs
sulxan saba orbeliani `sityvis konaSi~; amdenad, farTo mniSvnelobiT,
`Tvalic qvaa, romelTanac, individualuri maxasiaTeblebidan
gamomdinare, adamians sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba SeiZleba hqondes~
(alibegaSvili 1999: 17).
113
wminda qvebi met-naklebad niSnebia imisa, rom RmerTi myofobs
CvenTan, isini qristes simboloebia, romlebiTac ufali ganacxadebs
Tavis yofnas am samyaroSi.
gauTleli qva xdeba wminda, qmediTi niSani RvTis myofobisa
WeSmarit morwmuneebTan da, aqedan gamomdinare, qristes xateba,
romelSic ufali avlens Tavis yofnas miwaze. gaTlili, damuSavebuli
qva ukve kerpis saxes iZens.
Zvirfasi qvebi, patiosani Tvlebi, sakuTriv aRebulni, aRar
saWiroebs `damuSavebas~. isini TavisTavad niSnebad da simboloebad
iqceva TavianTi feriTa da faqturiT, riTac Zvelad fasobdnen.
ebraelebi da maTi mezobeli xalxebi did faseulobad Tvlidnen
da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen Zvirfas Tvlebs da, saerTod,
yvela qvas, romlebic TavianTi maRalxarisxovnebiTa da TvisebebiT,
zogadkulturuli TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani iyo. `bibliaSi xSirad
moixsenieba patiosani qvebi da maT aqvT rogorc yofiTi, aseve simboluri
mniSvneloba RvTismsaxurebaSi. amitom, materialuri Rirebulebis mxriv,
Zvirfasi qvis dasaxasiaTeblad, sazogadod, sami ganzomileba
Camoyalibda: silamaze, simtkice da araCveulebrioba _ patiosani qva
unda iyos iSviaTi da moduri~ (alibegaSvili 1999: 26).
Qqva, xSirad, rogorc aRvniSneT, kldesTan gaigivdeba. klde
udabnoSi, saidanac mosem wyali gadmoadina aRniSnavs qristes, romelic
Tavad Rvris xsnis macocxlebel wyals: `aramed erTan erisaganman
laxuriTa ugumira guerdsa missa, da meyseulad gardamoÃda sisxli da
wyali" (ioan. 19.34).
sxva azriT, qriste is myari qvaa, romelsac eyrdnobian morwmuneni.
Zalian sainteresod iCens Tavs `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~
qvaTa saxe-simboloebi. wminda ioanes mowafeebi aaronis Sesamoselis
patiosan Tvlebad moixsenebian, romelTac samkurnalo Tvisebebi
axasiaTebT: `mowafeni misni aTormetni igi Tualni pativis-cemulni
mixedviTa, gandgmul kvarTsa mas aaronisa, sargebel da mkurnal
yovelTaTÂs myofTa qalaqisa amis Cuenisa, romelni xadiam miT, romelni
mcired Semdgomad migeTxras~ (abulaZe 1955: 26-28). metad sagulisxmo da
xatovania, Cveni azriT, es Sedareba, radgan ioane da misi mowafeebi
114
sworedac, rom ,,mkurnalad” moevlinen imdroindel qarTls, sadac
,,kerpTmsaxurebaÁ aRmaRlebul iyo”. maTi wminda moRvaweobiT qarTli
,,ganikurna” eSmakTa msaxurebisagan.
Azogadad agiografiuli xatweraa – asketis mier qvis Camokideba,
qvaze dawola, TavqveS sasTumlad qvis dadeba; qvis svetze dgoma
bibliuri tradiciis ganvrcobaa. ,,qva SenivTebul miwierebad cxaddeba da
martvilis, asketis sulier aRzevebad gaiazreba, sulier ZalTa
gamarjvebad, adamianur miwier bunebaze: qva ametyvelebs uxilav,
RvTivsulier gamocxadebiT WeSmaritebasa da gardaisaxeba am axali
realobis xilul mowmed, erTgvar mijnad, zRurblad xilulsa da
uxilavs Soris” (wereTeli 2007: 54-55).
sasTumlad dadebuli qva wminda adgilad moiazreba. swored es
bibliuri paradigmaa ,,wmida ninos cxovrebis” erT-erT epizodSi,
rodesac faravnis tbasTan wm. Nninom sasTumlad ,,lodi” daido da
esizmra kaci, romelmac dabeWdili wigni gadasca.
svimeons ,,edva qvaÁ erTi ganÃuretili da viTarca ZmaTa maT
daiZinian, xolo man Camoikidis igi qedsa da dgan igi vidre ciskris
Jamamde. da mere dadvis igi mdumriad Tvinier cnobisa maTisa” (gariti
1957: 307).
svimeonma ,,Seqmna Tavisa TÂsisa qvaÁ erTi romelsa aqunda
simrgule ori wyrTaÁ, ahmarTa igi da dadgis mis zeda” (kekeliZe 1918: 67).
metad dainteresoa ,,sami qvis’’ simbolika, romelic Tavs iCens
agiografiaSi. sailustraciod movixmobT epizodebs svimeon mesvete
(halabielisa) da svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedi (umcrosis) ,,cxovrebebidan”.
svimeonTan mivida SeZrwunebuli xalxi. maTi sofeli TandaTan
inTqmeboda wyalSi da mTa TandaTan hfaravda sacxovriss, mTis qveS
ismoda grgvinva: wmida svimeonma maT sam qvaze jvris gamosaxva, qvebis
Tavsa, bolosa da SuaSi dadeba, sami Rame uZilod locvaSi myofoba
urCia. ,,wmidaman hrqua maT: ,, wariReT Tquen Tana sami qvaÁ da gamosaxeT
TiToeulsa mas zeda saxei jvarisaÁ da erTi maTgani daadgiT TaviT
kerZo misa, da erTi boloÁT, da erTi saSoval da ganaTieT sami Rame
uZilad...” (gariti 1957: 130)
115
svimonTan mivida eri, maT sofels gvalva da SimSili moeloda,
wyaro daSra da ,,ganxma” miwa: ,,wariReT sami qvaÁ da gamosaxeT mas zeda
saxe jvarisaÁ”, da wyaroSi am qvebis Cayra brZana.
RamisTevisa da locvis Semdgom aRmoxda kvlav Zlierad wyali
(kekeliZe 1918: 38).
asurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebebSi qvebi ierusalimidan wamoRebuli
madlis simboloa. wminda daviT garejeli midis ierusalimSi, saidanac
mxurvale locvis dros aiRebs sam qvas da garejSi gamobrundeba: `esreT
Semdgomad friadisa vedrebisa da cremlTa daTxevisa adgilsa mas zeda,
queyanad dadrekilman aRixuna samni qvani da viTar TÂT mis qristes
saflavisagan gamokueTilni sarwmunoebiT STasxna igini evlogiad
malaksa Sina TÂssa. Amisa Semdgomad ukumoqceuli vidoda garesjamdi
momyvanebelsa gzasa moxaruli~ (abulaZe 1955: 179).
am qvebs mxolod wminda mama rodi aRiqvams, rogorc ierusalimis
siwmindes. Ppatriarqs ecxadeba angelozi da auwyebs, rom monam daviTman
`wariRo madli ierusalimisaÁ~ (abulaZe 1955: 180) da ebrZana patriarqs,
raTa malemsrboli gauSvas daviTis dasawevad da mxolod mesamedi (erTi
qva) dautovos, xolo danarCeni ukan, ierusalimSi daabrunos. ,,Semosili
dabebkuli samosliTa da aqus Zueli malaki, romelsa Sina sxenan samni
qvani, evlogiad miRebulni” (abulaZe 1955: 180)... malemsrbols unda
euwyebina daviTisTvis uflis neba ,,ori nawili ukan vaqcio
ierusalimadve da ara sruliad Ãuebul iqnes madlTagan, xolo mesamedi
igi mominiWebies SenTvis warRebad udabnosa Sina” (abulaZe 1955: 180).
marTlac, patriarqis wargzavnilebma erTi qva dautoves daviTs,
xolo danarCeni ori nawili ierusalimis madlisa ukanve daabrunes.
es epizodi mniSvnelovania imiT, rom qvebi gvevlinebian maradiuli
WeSmaritebis saxed. SeiZleba isini wminda samebis nawilebadac aRviqvaT.
maTi simboluri gaazreba metad damafiqrebelia, radgan ierusalimi
carieldeba madlisagan am qvebis waRebis Semdeg, Aanu qvebi am
SemTxvevaSi simboloa qristianuli rwmenisa, RvTiuri madlisa, romelic
ierusalims gaaCnia. ÿgarda amisa, safiqrebelia, rom wminda daviTs
simdablis, sarwmunoebis, Rvawlis gamo mieniWa RvTis madli. es aRar iyo
Cveulebrivi qvebi, yovel nabijze rom xvdeba adamians, qvebs daviT
116
garejelis rwmenisa da Tavmdablobis niSnad madlis ganfenis funqcia
daekisraT. qva, qvis dadgma xom RvTis nebis ganmtkicebas, fuZe-qvad,
saZirkvlad dadebas aRniSnavs.
arc Tu ise iSviaTad, asurel moRvaweTa `cxovrebebSi~ gvxvdeba
Zvirfasi qva _ margaliti.
margalits mravalferovani simboluri datvirTva aqvs
gansxvavebul religiebsa Tu kulturebSi.
Zvirfas qvebs Soris igi yvelaze mniSvnelovani simboloa naTlisa
da qalurobisa. Mmisi mkrTali elvareba asocirdeba savse mTvaresTan,
warmoSoba, dakavSirebuli wyalTan _ nayofierebasTan, xolo TvalTagan
dafaruli ganviTareba niJaris wiaRSi _ dabadebasTan, aRdgomasa da
ganaxlebasTan.
margaliti sisufTavis, sispetakis, qalwulebrivi ucodvelobis
simboloa. asocirdeba, rogorc sinanulis, aseve sixarulis cremlebTan.
margaliti sulieri sibrZnis simbolocaa: `Rrmad wyalSi, niJaris
wiaRSi manaTobelma siTeTrem gaxada margaliti simbolo sibrZnisa da
ezoTeriuli codnisa~ (tresideri 1992: 98).
margaliti emblemaa, rogorc nayofierebis, ise srulyofilebis.
qristianebTan `Zvirfasi margaliti~ asocirdeba naTlobis
wyalTan, agreTve is aris simbolo qristesi, mariamis wiaRSi.
antikuri tradiciiT, zRvis qafidan margalitiviT ibadeba
siyvarulis qalRmerTi afrodite (romaulSi _ venera).
asurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebebSi margalitis saxe-simbolos
avtori ramdenimejer moixmobs. is grZnobs sakuTari Sromis siZneles,
roca ekideba wminda mamaTa Rvawlis aRweras da am Sromas margalitis
mopovebis sirTules amsgavsebs: `araTu advilad sauravsa rasme veZiebT,
aramed siRrmesa da zRÂsaTa patiosanTa margalitTa, SromiT
mosagebelTa, gunebavs cxadad gamoCinebaÁ, romelni gamzadebul arian
ganyofad simdidresa, uxrwnelsa safasesa, saRmrToTa niWTasa, naTesavisa
mimarT Cuenisa sityÂTa madlisaÁTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 4).
am SemTxvevaSi, margaliti simboloa saRvTo niWis fasdaudebeli
simdidrisa.
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`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ aris epizodi, romelSic wminda
mama gadawyvets, datovos qalaqi da wavides udabnoSi sakuTari sulieri
Zalis gamosacdelad; agreTve mas gadawyvetili aqvs sabolood Seswiros
Tavi uflis siyvaruls: `eneba wmidasa mamasa Cuensa, raÁTamca martod
iyofvoda, wadier iyo TÂssa sayoflad qalaqsa mas, romelsa
xuroTmoZRuar da Semoqmed RmerTi ars, zecisa ierusalems,
ganmcxromelsa maTTana dResaswaulisa SerTvad keTilTa vaWarTa zecisa
margalitisa maZiebeli. Aaqa moikudina Tavi TÂsi, raÁTa povos cxovrebaÁ
saukunoÁ~ (abulaZe 1955: 28).
am epizodSi zeciuri margalitis maZieblad gvevlineba wminda
ioane, romelic saukuno cxovrebisaTvis amqveyniur siamovnebaTa daTmobas
amjobinebs. `zeciuri margaliti~ am SemTxvevaSi swored im saukuno
cxovrebis simboloa, romelic Znelad moipoveba, msgavsad margalitisa.
es simboluri saxe bibliidan momdinareobs, roca caTa
sasufeveli vaWar kacs aris Sedarebuli, romelic eZebs lamaz
margalits da misTvis mzadaa gayidos, anu dasTmos yovelive faseuli,
rac mas gaaCnia: `da pois ra erTi margaliti mraval sasyidlisa, warvida
da gnyida yovelive, raca edva, da moiyida igi~ (maT. 13.46).
rogorc vnaxeT, qvaTa simbolika sakmaod mravalferovania. Tumca,
unda aRiniSnos, rom asurel moRvaweTa cxovreba-wamebanSi maTi
simbolika bibliur safuZvlebs emyareba.
qristianuli azrovnebisaTvis araa ucxo qvaTa miTologiuri saxe-
simbolika; amgvari zegavleniT aris Seqmnili TviT bibliuri
warmodgenebic Zvirfas qvebze, romlebic israelis Tormeti tomis
simboloc aris. mtkice lodi, razec Tavad qristianuli aRmsarebloba
efuZneba, mTavari mociqulis saxelSi simon-petred gansaxovndeba.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom saxarebis mixedviT _ klde maradiuli taZris
saZirkvelia, magram ara adamianuri, amqveyniuri nayofis niadagi.
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b) samyaros oTxi stiqiis simboluri gaazreba `Siosa da evagres
cxovrebis~ erT epizodSi
cnobilia, rom samyaro oTxi elementisagan – (cecxli, wyali,
haeri, miwa) – Sedgeba. TiToeul maTgans, garda imisa, rom samyaros
mTlianobas ganasaxiereben, sxvadasxva simboluri datvirTva aqvs ama Tu
im xalxTa religiasa da miTologiaSi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa maT
Sesaxeb swavlebis gavlena mcire aziisa da evropis xalxTa kulturebze.
Zveli berZnuli filosofia samyaros oTx elements ganixilavda, rogorc
demiurguli sawyisis masalas, riTac Seiqmna yovelive arsebuli.
qristianobam SeiTvisa da Taviseburad gaaRrmava antikuri filosofiuri
moZRvreba oTxi elementis kavSiris Sesaxeb, romelTa ,,daxsnad” miiCneoda
sikvdili (emeseli 1914: 61-62). ,,qvynisagan” anu miwisagan adamianis Seqmnis
principma da moZRvrebam kavSirTa Sesaxeb Taviseburad gadaWra sxeulis
(miwaTyofilis) sakiTxi, rogorc sicocxleSi, aseve sulisa da xorcis
gayris (,,kavSirTa daxsnis”) Semdegac: ,,miwa xar da miwad iqec” (ruxaZe
2007: 28). amgvari damokidebuleba ufro ganviTarebuli saxiTaa mocemuli
Zvel iranul mazdeizmSi, miTraizmsa da cecxlTayvanismcemlobis sxva
formebSi. igi arc sxva aRmosavluri kulturebisTvisaa ucxo,
gansakuTrebiT Zveli induri da Cinuri naturfilosofiisaTvis.
marTalia, bibliis teqstTa uZvelesi SreebisaTvis samyaros
Semadgeneli nawilebisadmi amgvari midgoma araa misaRebi, magram
mogviano, babilonuri periodidan moyolebuli, samyaros elementaruli
nawilebiT warmodgena bunebrivi xdeba da masze Sexeduleba ZiriTadi
religiuri swavlebis mixedviT yalibdeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
samyaros Sesaxeb warmodgenebi yovel droSi sinkretuli azrovnebis
nayofia, ramac safuZveli daudo qristianul epoqaSi samyaros oTxi
Semadgeneli elementis _ stiqiis _ ganzogadebulad warmodgenas.
wyali: upirveles yovlisa, aris sicocxlis wyaro da Zala: mis
gareSe dedamiwa unayofo udabnoa, SimSilisa da wyurvilis qveyana, sadac
adamianebi da cxovelebi ganwirulni arian sasikvdilod. magram arsebobs
sikvdilis wylebic: damRupveli wyaldidoba, romelic averanebs miwas da
STanTqavs yovelive cocxals. dabolos, sakultod damkvidrebulia
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yoveldRiuri yofiTi wes-Cveuleba _ adamianebis an sagnebis wyliT
ganbana gansawmendad, radgan isini Sebilwulni arian yoveldRiurobasTan
sxvadasxvagvari Sexebis Sedegad. amgvarad, wyali _ xan cxovelmyofeli,
xan ki SiSis momgvreli, magram mudam ganmwmendeli, mWidrod aris
dakavSirebuli adamianis cxovrebasTan da kavSir-aRTqmis eris
istoriasTan. vnaxoT, rogoria wylis simbolikis ganviTareba bibliur
teqstebSi:AN
RmerTi, mTeli samyaros meufe, kacobriobas Tavisi neba-surviliT
Cuqnis wyals da, amdenad, ganagebs adamianTa beds. israelianebi,
romlebmac SeinarCunes Zveli babilonuri kosmogoniis warmodgenebi,
ganarCeven wylis or masas. ,,zeda wylebs” akavebs cis kamara, romelic
warmodgenilia, rogorc myari zedapiri, ,,samyaro” (dab. 1. 7; fsalm. 148. 4;
dan. 3. 60; Sdr. gamocx. 4. 6). rodesac ixsneba caTa sarkmlebi, wyali
SeiZleba Camovides miwaze wvimis an namis saxiT, romliTac RamiT
ifareba mcenareebi: ,,Zirni ganvirTxne wyalTa zeda da cuari iqceodis
samkalsa Cemsa zeda” (iob. 29. 19; qeb. 5. 2; gam. 16. 13). rac Seexeba
wyaroebsa da mdinareebs, maT warmoqmnis ara wvima, aramed uzarmazari
wyalsacavi, romelzec ganisvenebs dedamiwa, ,,qveda wylebi”, ufskruli
,,raTa ufalman RmerTman Senman Segiyvanos Sen queyanasa mas didsa da
keTilsa, sada-igi mdinareni wyalTani da wyaroni ubskrulTani dian
mTaTa da velTa” (rjl. 8. 7; dab. 7. 11; rjl. 33. 13; ezek. 31. 4).
RmerTi, romelmac daadgina es wesrigi, aris wylebis meufe. igi
rogorc qveda, ise zeda wylebs Tavisi neba-surviliT Seakavebs an
saSualebas aZlevs, idinon da amgvarad iwvevs gvalvas an wyaldidobas:
,,ukueTu daayenos wyali, ganaჴmos qveyanaჲ, ukueTu miuteos erTbamad,
warwymidos igi da daaqcios” (iob. 12. 15). ufalma wvimas ,,wesi daudgina”.
igi Tvalyurs adevnebs imas, rom wvima movides ,,Tavis droze”. Tu wvima
mova Zalian gvian (ianvarSi), ziani miadgeba naTesebs, xolo Tu wvimebi
udrood Sewydeba, ,,mkamde sami TviT adre”, dazaraldeba mosavali: ,,da me
aRviRo Tqvengan wჳmaჲ uwinares samTa TTueTa mkaTasa. da vwumo qalaqsa
erTsa zeda, xolo qalaqsa erTsa zeda ara vwჳmo, da nawili erTi
dailtos da nawili, romelsa zeda ara vwჳmo, ganჴmes” (amos. 4. 7).
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samagierod, rodesac RmerTi inebebs da miscems adamianebs gazafxulisa
da Semodgomis wvimebs, qveynis keTildReoba uzrunvelyofilia (es. 30. 22).
zustad aseve, Tavisi neba-surviliT ganagebs RmerTi ufskruls
(fsalm. 134. 6; igav. 3. 20). Tu igi mas amoaSrobs, daSreba wyaroebi da
mdinareebi (amos. 7. 4; es. 44. 27; ezek. 31. 15), rac gamoiwvevs gaveranebas. Tu
igi ufskruls pirs gauxsnis, maSin gadmodindeba mdinareebi da maT
napirebze uxvad gaizrdeba mcenareuloba (ricx. 24. 6; fsalm. 1. 3; ezek.
19. 10).
udabnoebSi wyaroebi da Webi erTaderTi adgilebia, sadac
cxovelebsa da adamianebs SeuZliaT wylis daleva (dab. 16. 14; gam. 15. 23,
27); isini ZiriTadi sasicocxlo simdidrea.
imisda mixedviT, erTgulia Tu ara xalxi aRTqma-kavSirisa, RmerTi
mas ugzavnis an Seakavebs wyals. rodesac israelianebi icaven RvTis
rjuls, ismenen RvTis sityvas, RmerTi xsnis zecas da droulad agzavnis
wvimas (lev. 26. 3. 10; rjl. 28. 1. 12). amgvarad, wyali aris RvTis wyalobis
Sedegi da niSani imaTTvis, vinc mas erTgulad emsaxureba (dab. 27. 28;
fsalm. 132. 3). xolo Tu israeli urCia, RmerTi mas sjis _ ,,da Sevmusro
ginebaჲ igi ampartavnebisaჲ da vyo caჲ Tquen zeda viTarca rkinaჲ da
queyana viTarca rvali” (lev. 26. 19), raTa man Seisminos da moiqces (amos.
4. 7).
amgvarad, gvalva aris RvTis mier urjuloTa dawyevlis Sedegi (es.
5. 13; ezek. 4. 16; ezek. 31. 15). aseTia, magaliTad, gvalva, romelmac
gaaverana qveyana aqabis mefobis dros, rodesac israelma ,,daiviwya
uflis mcnebani da baalebis gzaze wavida” (3 mef. 18. 18).
wyali ar aris mxolod sicocxlis Zala. zRvis wylebi
mogvagoneben demonur SfoTvas Tavisi mudmivi RelviT, xolo Tavisi
simwariT _ naRvels. mdinareebis ucabedi adideba, niadagi da yovelive
cocxali rom miaqvs elWeqis dros (iob. 12. 15), aRniSnavs ubedurebas,
romelic mzad aris moulodnelad Tavs daatydes adamians (fsalm. 123).
RmerTi mdinareebs dasasjelad ugzavnis Tavis xalxs, rodesac igi
misdami undoblobas iCens (es. 8. 6); aseve sjis RmerTi israelis uZveles
mtrebs (ier. 47. 1).
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mrisxane wylebis Tema esazRvreba keTilismyofeli wylis Temas: es
wyali aris ara marto sicocxlis Zala, aramed ganbanis, sibilwis
mospobis saSualebac: ,,da gangbane Sen wyliTa da wargrecxe sisxli Seni
Sengan da gcxe Sen zeTiTa” (ezek. 16. 9).
maspinZlobis erT-erTi mTavari wesi iyo stumrisTvis fexebis
dabana gzis mtvris mosaSoreblad (dab. 18. 4; dab. 19. 2; luk. 7. 44; 1 tim. 5.
10).
sikvdilis wina dRes iesom isurva TviTon, monis msgavsad,
Seesrulebina es movaleoba, raTa Tvinierebisa da qristianuli
siyvarulis magaliTi eCvenebina: ,,da moiRo wyali da STaasxa sabanelsa
mas da iwyo banad ferჴTa mowafeTa TჳsTa da warhჴocda ardagiTa miT,
romeli moertya” (ioan. 13. 5).
fizikuri sisufTavisTvis aucilebeli wyali aris aseve zneobrivi
siwmindis simbolo. adamianebi xelebs ibanen imis niSnad, rom ucodvelni
arian da boroteba ar CaudeniaT (fsalm. 25. 6; maT. 27. 24).
warRvnis saSualebiT RmerTma mospo urjuloni da ,,ganwminda”
dedamiwa (petr. 3. 20).
iudevelTa rituali gulisxmobda wyliT mravalgvar ganwmendas:
mRvdelTmTavari unda ganbaniliyo, rodesac emzadeboda kurTxevisaTvis:
,,da ahron da Zeni misni moiyuanne karTa zeda karvisa sawamebelisaTa da
ganhbanne igini wyliTa” (gam. 29. 4). wyliT ganbana evaleboda adamians,
romelic cxedars Seexo (lev. 11. 40), raTa igi gawmendiliyo keTrisagan
(lev. 14. 8) an romelime sqesobrivi sibilwisagan (lev. 15). sxeulis es
sxvadasxvagvari gawmenda aRniSnavda gulis Sinagan gawmendasac, rac
aucilebeli iyo imaTTvis, visac RmerTTan miaxloeba surda. magram
sxeulis gawmendas ar SeeZlo moeca sulis WeSmariti ganwmenda. axal
aRTqmaSi qristem daadgina ganwmendis axali saxeoba: igi simbolurad
mianiSnebs masze, rodesac saritualo ganbanisaTvis gankuTvnil wyals
aqcevs Rvinod _ rogorc sulis, ise ganmwmendeli sityvis simbolod
(ioan. 15. 3; ioan. 13. 10).
esqatologiur perspeqtivaSi wyals, Cveulebriv, simboluri
mniSvneloba aqvs. israeli ar aCerebs Tavis mzeras mxolod materialur
realobaze, mas imedi aqvs, rom moipovebs netarebas, romelic ar
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mdgomareobs mxolod xorciel keTildReobaSi. wyali, romelic
ezekielis xilvaSi taZridan moedineba, aris cxovelmyofeli RvTiuri
Zalis simbolo, Zalisa, romelic mofenilia mesianur droSi da exmareba
adamianebs, moiwion uxvi nayofi (ezek. 47. 12; ier. 17. 8; fsalm. 1. 3; ezek. 19.
10).
wyali aris simbolo RvTiuri sulisa, romelsac ZaluZs udabnos
gadaqceva ayvavebul baRad, xolo urjulo xalxisa _ WeSmarit
,,israelad”. sxvagan RvTiuri sityva Sedarebulia wvimasTan, romelic
anayofierebs miwas (amos. 8. 11), xolo sibrZnis moZRvreba aris
cxovelmyofeli wyali (es. 55. 1; zir. 15. 3; 24. 25-31).
RvTisgan Sors myofi adamiani mxolod unayofo da uwylo miwaa,
romelic ganwirulia sasikvdilod: ,,da suli Cemi viTarca queyana
urwyuli Sendami” (fsalm. 142. 6).
swored amitom miiswrafvis igi RmerTisken, rogorc furiremi _
wylis nakadisaken: ,,viTarca saxed surin iremsa wyaroTa mimarT
wyalTasa, egre surin sulsa Cemsa Sendami, RmerTo!” (fsalm. 41. 2), magram
Tu RmerTi masTanaa, maSin igi emsgavseba baRs, romelSic moCqefs
cxovelmyofeli wyaro (es. 58. 11).
qriste movida, raTa adamianebisTvis moetana cocxali wylebi,
romlebic nawinaswarmetyvelevi iyo. am wylebs SeuZliaT, mouklan
wyurvili aRTqmuli miwisken mimaval xalxs (1 kor. 10. 4; ioan. 7. 38).
wylis simbolika Tavis srul mniSvnelobas iZens qristianul
naTlisRebaSi. Tavdapirvelad wyali monaTvlisas gamoiyeneboda misi
ganmwmendeli mniSvnelobis gamo. ioane naTlismcemeli atarebs wyliT
naTlobas ,,codvebis misateveblad”: ,,me ukue naTel-gcem Tquen wyliTa
sinanulad. xolo romeli Semdgomad Cemsa movals, uZlieres Cemsa ars,
romlisa ver SemZlebel var ჴamlTa misTa tჳrTvad. man naTel-gces Tquen
suliTa wmidiTa da cecxliTa” (maT. 3. 11). amisTvis iyenebs iordanes
wyals, romelmac odesRac keTrisgan gankurna nayamani (4 mef. 5. 10-14).
magram monaTvlisas ganiwmindeba ara sxeuli, aramed suli, ,,sindisi”:
,,romlisa saxed aw Tquenca gacxovnebs naTlis-Rebaჲ, ara ჴorcTagan
ganSorebaჲ mwinkulisaჲ, aramed gonebisa keTilisa trfialebaჲ RmrTisa
mimarT aRdgomiTa iesu qristesiTa” (1 petr. 3. 21). es aris ganbana,
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romelic codvebs gvacilebs (1 kor. 6. 11; efes. 5. 26; ebr. 10. 22).
naTlisRebis wylis am ZiriTad simbolikas pavle mociquli umatebs kidev
erTs: mosanaTli adamianis Casvla wyalSi da amosvla aris misi
qristesTan damarxvisa da sulieri aRdgomis simbolo: ,,anu ara uwyiTa,
rameTu romelTa-ese naTel-viReT qriste iesuჲs mier, sikudilisa misisa
mimarT naTel-viReT? (rom. 6. 3).
naTlisReba, romelic adamians aziarebs RvTiur suls, aris
sicocxlis axali safuZveli. SesaZloa, amas gulisxmobda qriste,
rodesac adamianebs wyliT kurnavda: ,,da ese viTarca Tqua hnerwyua
queyanasa da Seqmna Tiჴaჲ nerwyჳsagan da scxo Tiჴaჲ igi TvalTa mis
brmisaTa” (ioan. 9. 6).
rogorc vnaxeT, naTvla niSnavda axlad dabadebas, rasakvirvelia
_ suliers. amis gamo swored wyali iqca dabadebis simbolod. Cveni
yuradReba miipyro froidis dakvirvebam sizmrebze. is wers: ,,dabadeba
sizmarSi gamoixateba yovelTvis wyalTan mimarTebaSi” (froidi 1999: 168)
imave daskvnamde mivida fsiqo-analitikuri skolis meore didi
warmomadgeneli oto ranki. froidi wyals, rogorc dabadebis simbolos,
xsnis biologiisa da embriologiis safuZvelze (1. ZuZumwovrebic da maT
Soris adamianic warmoiSva wylis cxovelebisagan; 2. dedis wiaRSi nayofi
wyalSia...) Cveni azriT ki, sizmarSiac gamoxatulebas unda poulobdes
qristianuli simbolizmi, miT ufro, rom froidi dakvirvebas axdenda
qristian moqalaqeebze, romelTac qvecnobierad, ara aqtiurad, wyali
naTvlasTan dakavSirebiT gaazrebuli hqondaT dabadebis simbolod,
ramac gamoxatuleba pova sizmarSic.
wyalTan dakavSirebiT wyaroc da Wac simbolurad naTvlis
aRmniSvnelia. asevea gaazrebuli abano wignSi efeselTa mimarT: ,,raÁTa
igi wmida-yos, ganwmida sabaneliTa miT wylisaÁTa da sityÂTa” (efes. 5.
26).
miwa: samyaros `ferweruli tilo~, sicocxlis warmoSoba-
aRorZinebis sayovelTao simbolo, yovelive suldgmulis cxovrebis
asparezi. `esaa qaluri sawyisi, maradiuli saSo, yovlismSobi da
yovlismSTanTqmeli~ (abzianiZe...2006: 149).
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adamianis cxovreba mTlianad dakavSirebulia miwasTan da imasTan,
rasac miwa Tavisi nayofierebiT iZleva. RmerTma miwa misca adamis
modgmas, magram mxolod es garegnuli CarCo rodi akavSirebs adamiansa
da miwas. `adamiani~ warmoiSva `miwisagan~ da misi saxeli – adami
warmodgeba sityvisagan `miwa~. am kavSirs uZvelesi civilizaciebic
grZnobdnen da gamoxatavdnen ase – `dedamiwa~.
miTologiur tradiciaTa umetesobaSi (egvipturis gamoklebiT)
deda-miwa dawyvilebulia casTan, romelic mamakacur sawyiss
ganasaxierebs. cisa da miwis `SeuRlebas~ miTologiaSi metyveli
argumentebi adastureben _ wvima, elWeqi, meteoritebi _ `zeciT
movlenili macneni~ (abzianiZe...2006: 149).
XIX s-is CaTvliT, evropis samiwaTmoqmedo regionebSi jer kidev
arsebobda tradicia _ pirveli sagazafxulo kvali erTgvar `saqorwini
sareclad~ warmodgeniliyo.
miwa, rogorc yovelive arsebulis mSobeli, miTologiaSi `didi
dedis~ (didi qalRmerTis) iersaxiT gvevlineba: iqneba es gea, kibele Tu
demetra.
samyaros `samSrovan~ vertikalur modelSi (zeskneli-skneli-
qveskneli) miwa Sualeduri elementia _ adamianTa sacxovrisi;
horizontalur proeqciaSi is samyaros centria, msoflio okeaniT
garSemortymuli. es centri grafikulad kvadratis saxiT gamoisaxeboda
(magaliTad, CineTSi), romlis oTxive mxares saswaulebrivi xeebi
izrdebodnen. sxva SemTxvevaSi centrSi aRmarTuli iyo `msoflio xe~ an
`msoflio RerZi~...
miwa dedobriobisa da zrunvis simboloa; universaluri simbolo
nayofierebisa da `arsobis purisa~. miTebSi adamianis Seqmnaze
moTxrobilia, rom adamiani Seiqmna miwisagan, talaxisagan, Tixisagan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni Soreuli winaprebis warmosaxvaSi miwa
inertulobasTan, pasiurobasTan, simZimesa da wyvdiadTan iyo
asocirebuli (ramdenadme sikvdilTanac), saboloo jamSi, mis simbolur
speqtrSi mainc mZlavrobs sicocxlis mamkvidrebeli sawyisi. miwas,
gnebavT Tixas, romlisganac Seiqmna adami, Tavisi bibliuri simbolikac
aqvs, viTarca `kvarcxlbeks RmerTis ferxTa~ da maradisobis xilul
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fenomens: `naTesavi warvals da naTesavi movals, da queyana ukunisamde
hgies” (ekl. 1. 4).
cecxli: metad sainteresod aris cecxlis simbolika gaSlili
bibliur teqstebSi.
abraamis amorCevis droidan cecxlis niSani RmerTsa da mis xalxs
Soris urTierTobaTa mTel istorias gahyveba (dab. 15. 17). am bibliur
gamocxadebas araferi aqvs saerTo e.w. sabunebismetyvelo religiaTa
bunebis filosofiasTan an im religiebTan, romlebic cecxls
aRmerTeben. oTxi stiqiis Teorias israeli, albaT, yvela uZveles
xalxTan iziarebda; magram mis religiaSi cecxls hqonda mxolod erTi
mniSvneloba _ igi iyo niSani, romelic, TiTqosda, miuTiTebda etapebs
RmerTisken mimaval gzaze. da marTlac, iahve, romelic ebmeba pirad
dialogSi adamianTan, yovelTvis moevlineba mas ,,cecxlis saxiT”; meore
mxriv, cecxli ar aris erTaderTi simbolo, romelic aRniSnavs RvTaebis
arss: is an dakavSirebulia sapirispiro simboloebTan, rogoricaa sio,
wyali, qari an gardaiqmneba sinaTled.
udabnoSi xalxis mogzaurobis ZiriTadi gamocdilebis mixedviT,
cecxli gamoxatavs ara marto RvTis sidiades, aramed, upirveles
yovlisa, mis siwmindes _ mimzidvelsac da SemaZrwunebelsac. qorebis
mTaze movlenili buCqi, romelsac cecxli ukidia, magram ,,ar iwvis”,
izidavs moses, RvTiuri xma ki afrTxilebs mas, rom sanam RmerTi ar
uxmobs da sanam TviTon mose ar ganiwmindeba, igi am buCqs ver
miuaxlovdeba (gam. 3. 2). sinas mTis garSemo cecxli gizgizebs, mTa
kvamliTaa dafaruli, magram ar CamoiSleba, xalxi ki SiSisgan Zrwis; igi
ar unda miuaxlovdes mTas, xolo moses kvlav gamoecxadeba ufali da
mouxmobs TavisTan asasvlelad. amgvarad, RmerTi vlindeba, rogorc
cecxli, romlis mizani ar aris Tavis gzaze yvelafris STanTqma, radgan
igi uxmobs maT, visac ganwmends.
amave adgilas mogvianebiT momxdari ambavi gvexmareba, ukeT
gavigoT cecxlis simboluri mniSvneloba. elia winaswarmetyveli,
aRsavse SuriTa da TviTon cecxlis msgavsi (zir. 48. 1), eZebs sinas mTaze
RvTis yofnis kvals. didi da Zlieri qarisa da miwisZvris Semdeg igi
126
xedavs cecxls, magram ,,arc cecxlSi iyo ufali”: imis mauwyebeli, rom
ufali Caivlis, swored sapirispiro simbolo _ Cumi niavia (3 mef. 19. 12).
winaswarmetyveluri Tqmuleba mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs
cecxlis niSnis rols religiur simbolikaSi. Tavisi mowodebis Jams
esaia mxolod kvamls xedavs (es. 6. 4) da fiqrobs, rom daRupulia, radgan
miuaxlovda RvTiur siwmindes; magram xilvis bolos misi bageebi
ganiwmindeba muguzliT (es. 6. 6-7). ezekielis pirvel xilvaSi mZvinvare
qari da cecxli Sepirispirebulia RrublebSi gamobrwyinebul
cisartyelasTan (ezek. 1. 28), oRond Rrublebidan moCans adamianismagvari
ram (ezek. 1. 26); es saxe ufro gamosvlaSi aRweril manaTobel Rrubels
mogvagonebs, vidre sinaze RmerTis gamocxadebas. danielis apokalifsSi
cecxli im garemocvis nawilia, romlis fonzec vlindeba RvTis myofoba
(dan. 7. 10). kidev ufro mniSvnelovania misi roli samsjavros aRweraSi
(dan. 7. 11).
im Teofaniis ganmartebisas, romelic udabnoSi moxda, rogorc
meore rjulis, ise samRvdelo tradiciebSi, dazustebulia cecxlis
niSnis ormagi mniSvneloba: cocxali RmerTis gamocxadeba da uzadobis
moTxovna wminda RmerTis mier. RmerTma, romelic laparakobda ,,cecxlis
Suagulidan”, misca moses aRTqmis fiqalebi: (rjl. 9. 10), raTa euwyebina,
rom igi ar unda warmoedginaT gamosaxulebaTa saSualebiT. es cecxli
damangrevelica da adamianis SemSinebelic (rjl. 5. 5); mxolod RvTis
rCeuli gadarCeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi imyofeba am cecxlis
pirispir (rjl. 4. 33). rodesac am stadias miaRwevs, israeli SeZlebs,
warmoadginos RmerTi ,,STanmTqmeli cecxlis” saxiT (rjl. 6. 15), magram
ar gaaigivos igi bunebis stiqiasTan.
cecxli aris codvasTan RmerTis Seurigeblobis simbolo; igi
STanTqavs yvelafers, rasac Sexvdeba; aseve eqceva RmerTi gamousworebel
codvils. sxvagvari viTareba gvaqvs rCeulTan: mas ufleba aqvs
miuaxlovdes cecxls, raTa gardaiqmnas.
RmerTis warmodgena STanmTqmeli cecxlis saxiT gvxvdeba
RvTismsaxurebisas, rodesac msxverplSewirvisas mimarTaven
,,yovladdasawvel” rituals. SesaZloa, israelianebTan es aris sruli
ganwmendis survili, ufro sworad, imis survili, rom RmerTs miarTvan
127
ucilobeli ZRveni, romelsac israeli gamoxatavda msxverplis dawviT.
Tumca cecxls ar gaaCnia ganmwmendeli Zala nebismieri ritualis
aRsrulebisas: magaliTad, akrZalulia Tavisi pirvelSobili vaJis
cecxlSi dawvis warmarTuli wesi (lev. 18. 21; dab. 22. 7; dab. 12). magram,
simboluri TvalsazrisiT, cecxls didi mniSvneloba aqvs kultSi:
samsxverploze mudam unda enTos xelTuqmneli cecxli (lev. 6. 13). iseTi
mniSvnelovani msxverplSewirvebis dros, rogoric iyo abraamis (dab. 15.
17), gedeonis (msaj. 6. 21), daviTis (1 neSt. 21. 26), elias (3 mef. 18. 38)
msxverplSewirvebi, Cven vxedavT RvTis saswaulebriv monawileobas _
imdenad cxads, rom Semkvrivebuli wyalic ki saswaulebrivad aaldeba,
riTac axali, maradiuli cecxli warmoiSveba (2 mak. 1. 18-22). cecxlis
gardmovlinebiT RmerTi adasturebs imas, rom adamianis mier gaRebuli
msxverpli misTvis sasurvelia da xels uwyobs RvTismsaxurebrivi
kavSiris ganmtkicebas.
xalxi xalisianad asrulebda msxverplSewirvas, magram ar surda
gaego sinas mTaze movlenili cecxlis WeSmariti mniSvneloba. da mainc,
RvTiuri cecxli adamianebs moevlineba winaswarmetyvelTa saxiT, Tumca
Cveulebriv imisTvis, rom ganwmindos da dasajos isini RvTis siwmindis
fexqveS gaTelvis gamo. mose saxeze rides ifarebs, riTac anelebs im
RvTiuri cecxlis brwyinvalebas, romelsac asxivebs misi saxe (gam. 34. 29).
moses msgavsad, elia winaswarmetyveli, romlis "sityva lampariviT
anaTebda" "пророк, восставший как огонь"@(zir. 48. 1), TiTqos Tavisi neba-
surviliT ganagebs elvas, raTa daamciros ampartavnebi (4 mef. 1. 10.).
winaswarmetyvelni RvTis risxvas xSirad aRweren, rogorc cecxls:
igi sjis urjuloT (amos. 1. 4), rac mogvagonebs qanaanur ritualebs
TofeTis velze (es. 30. 27-33); magram cecxli mxolod mosaspobad ar aris
gankuTvnili: igi ganwmends kidec. amas mowmobs winaswarmetyvelTa
arseboba, romlebic uaxlovdebodnen RmerTs da ar iferflebodnen. is,
rac israelisgan darCa, hgavs muguzals, romelic amogdebulia
cecxlidan (amos. 4. 11). esaia, romlis bagesac Seexo ganmwmendeli cecxli
(es. 6. 6), TiTqosda, Sinagani wuxilis gareSe qadagebs, xolo ieremias
gulSi TiTqos gizgizebs cecxli, romlis Caqrobac mas ar ZaluZs (ier.
20. 9), xalxisTvis igi iqceva gamosacdel qurad (ier. 20. 9).@@
128
qristes mosvlasTan erTad daiwyo bolo epoqa, Tumca JamTa
aRsasruli jer ar damdgara. axal aRTqmaSi cecxli kvlav inarCunebs
Tavis tradiciul esqatologiur mniSvnelobas, magram religiuri
sinamdvile, romelsac igi moaswavebs, aqtualizdeba ukve eklesiis xanaSi.
ieso cecxliT naTlavs (maT. 3. 11). igi ar gvevlineba damsjelis
rolSi, magram, Zveli aRTqmis tradiciuli saxeebis kvaldakval, Tavis
msmenelebs unarCunebs gankiTxvis dRis cecxlis molodins, roca
saubrobs ,,cecxlis geenaze” (maT. 5. 22), im cecxlze, romelSic Caiyreba
RvarZli (maT. 13. 40;) da nasxlavi (ioan. 15. 6); es iqneba Cauqrobeli
cecxli (maT. 9. 43), WeSmaritad cecxlis qura (maT. 13. 42, 50).
pirvelma qristianebma SeinarCunes gamoxatulebis es formebi da
iyenebdnen maT Sesabamis situaciebSi. pavle mociquli maT iyenebda JamTa
aRsasrulis aRsawerad (2 Tes. 1. 8); iakobi aRwers dampal-daJangul
saunjes, romelsac cecxli STanTqavs (iak. 5. 3);
epistoleSi ebraelTa mimarT naCvenebia saSineli perspeqtiva _
cecxli, romelmac unda dasajos urCi adamianebi (ebr. 10. 27). rwmena unda
ganiwmindos am esqatologiuri cecxlis molodinSi (1 petr. 1. 7), iseve
rogorc saqme mociqulTa (1 kor. 3. 15) da devnil qristianTa cxovreba (1
petr. 4. 12-17).
ioanes gamocxadebaSi warmodgenilia cecxlis orive saxeoba:
TeofaniaTa cecxli da samsjavros cecxli. yvelafris centrSi dgas Ze
kacisa, da ,,Tualni misni iyvnes viTarca ali cecxlisaჲ, da Tavsa zeda
missa gჳrgჳnni mravalni, romelTa zeda weril iyo saxelebi, da saxeli
werili, romeli aravin uwyis, garna man Tavadman” (gamocx. 19. 12). erTi
mxriv, Teofania _ ,,TiTqos minis zRva, cecxlSereuli” _ (gamocx. 15. 2),
meore mxriv ki _ sasjeli _ eSmakisaTvis gankuTvnili ,,cecxlisa da
gogirdis tba” (gamocx. 20. 10), es aris ,,meore sikvdili” (gamocx. 20. 14-15).
iesom Cauyara safuZveli axal eras. igi imTaviTve rodi Seudga
Tavisi misiis aRsrulebas, rogorc amas varaudobda ioane
naTlismcemeli. ieso win aRudga zebedes ZeT, romelTac surdaT
upurmarilo samaritelebze gardmoevlinaT cidan cecxli (luk. 9. 54).
miuxedavad imisa, rom misagebeli cecxli qristes miwieri cxovrebis
dros iaraRs ar warmoadgens, macxovarma mainc Seasrula, misTvis Cveuli
129
xerxiT, ioanes mier gacxadebuli. swored es gamoxata man Znelad
gansamartavi sityvebiT: ,,cecxlisa moved mifenad queyanasa zeda da raჲ
mnebavs, raჲTa awve aRegznes! (luk. 12. 49).
im droidan eklesiaSi damkvidrebulia simbolo _ cecxli,
romliTac iwvis samyaro iesos msxverplis wyalobiT. es cecxli enTo
emausSi mimavali ori mowafis gulSi, rodesac maT esaubreboda
mkvdreTiT aRmdgari qriste (luk. 24. 32). igi moevlina mowafeebs,
romlebic Sekrebiliyvnen sulTmofenobis dRes (saqme 2. 3). es ciuri
cecxli aris ara gankiTxvis, aramed TeofaniaTa cecxli, romliTac
xorcieldeba naTlisReba cecxliTa da suliwmidiT (saqme 1. 5); cecxli
amjerad sulis simboloa, da, Tumca cxadad ar aris naTqvami, rom es
suli aris TviTon siyvaruli, Txrobidan sulTmofenobis Sesaxeb Cans,
rom misi misiaa gardaqmnas isini, vinc unda gaavrcelos yvela xalxSi
erTiani ena, sulis ena.
rogorc vnaxeT, bibliur teqstebSi cecxli gamoxatavs RvTiur
energias, ganwmendas, ganaxlebas, sulier swrafvas.
zogadad, cecxli pativmoyvareobisa da sqesobrivi ltolvis
simbolodac gvevlineba. `is Zlieri da aqtiuri elementia. simboloa,
rogorc aRmSeneblobiTi, ise damangreveli Zalebisa~ (tresideri 1992:
246).
aRsaniSnavia sabaseuli ganmarteba cecxlisa; is cecxls samyaros
Semadgenel elementad ganmartavs: `cecxli ars erTi oTxTa kavSirTagani,
subuqi da uzeaRmavlesi sxvaTa, mwvelobiTi da ganmanaTlebelobiTi,
mxurvali da xmeli pirvelsa dResa dabadebuli Semoqmedisa mier~
(orbeliani 1993: 333).
grafikulad cecxli alqimiaSi gamoixateba samkuTxedis saxiT,
radgan iTvleba, rogorc substancia danarCeni samis gamaerTianeblad:
miwisa, wylisa da haerisa.
sayofacxovrebo doneze cecxli iTvleba dacvis, damSvidebis,
simyudrovis, anTebuli keris simbolod, magram is SeiZleba iyos
saSineli, damangreveli bunebis Zalebis simboloc.
130
Zvel, primitiul religiebSi cecxls Tavdapirvelad pativs
scemdnen, rogorc RmerTs, Semdeg ki – rogorc gamoxatulebas
RvTaebrivi Zalisa.
qristianul xelovnebaSi: cecxli umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa
mowameobisa da rwmenisa. almokidebuli guli simboloa zogierTi
wmindanisa, magaliTad wminda avgustinesi. iudaizmSi cecxli, agreTve
iTvleba borotisagan dacvis simbolod: angelozebi cecxlovani xmlebiT
icavdnen dakargul samoTxes.
haeri: aqvs saerTo simbolika sunTqvasTan da qarTan, romlebic
mxatvrebisaTvis ufro advili gamosaxatavi iyo. haeris simbolika
ukavSirdeba stoicizms (ZvelberZeni filosofosi zenoni II s. Cv. w. aR-
mde.). saerTod, haeri sulieri cxovrebis, Tavisuflebis, sisufTavis
simboluri saxea. garda amisa, is pirveli elementia umravles
kosmogeniur TeoriebSi.
rogorc vnaxeT, cecxls, miwas, wyals da haers, kosmogoniuri
daniSnulebis garda, sxva simboluri datvirTvac hqonebiaT.
vnaxoT, rogori simboluri datvirTva aqvs samyaros oTx elements
asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zvel redaqciebSi. amis Sesaxeb
SesaniSnavi msjelobaa `abibos nekreselis cxovrebaSi~, roca wminda mama
cdilobs, daarwmunos xalxi, rom cecxli RmerTi ar aris da igi
mxolod erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementia samyarosi: `ara ars RmerTi igi,
aramed sxuaTa bunebaTagani ars, erTisa nivTisagan mcire nawili,
romelTagan aRhmarTa RmerTman sofeli ese. gansworebiT dabadebul
arian notiaÁ, civi, xmeli da cecxli, romeli ukueTu Tumca erTierTsa
aRemata, gan-mca-qarda meore igi~ (abulaZe 1955: 193). aq sityvasityviT aris
ganmartebuli samyaros Sedgeniloba da is wonasworoba, romelic
RmerTma daawesa.
materialuri samyaros Semadgeneli oTxive elementi (stiqioni,
kavSiri) garkveuli proporciiTac aris Seqmnili da
urTierTgamawonasworebelicaa: ,,erTierTisa mpyrobelobaÁ aqus
simargualesa mas Sina. esreT gansworebiTa nawilTaÁTa dganan eseni”
(abulaZe 1955: 193).
131
aq yuradRebas ipyrobs Semdegi garemoeba. aristoteles mixedviT,
materiis Semadgenel oTx elements _ cecxls, haers, wyals da miwas _
TavTavisi Tvisebebi aqvs, rac, sxvaTa Soris, Cinebulad aris
ganmartebuli sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikoniTac: ,,qveyana (miwa)
grili da xmeli ars, wyali _ grili da notio... haeri notio da
mxurvali ars... cecxli mxurvali da xmeli ars” (orbeliani 1993: 112-113).
magram, amave dros, am ori Tvisebidan erT-erTi specifikurad
damaxasiaTebelia yoveli elementisaTvis. amrigad, cecxlis specifikuri,
umTavresi Tvisebaa simxurvale, haerisa _ sinotive, wylisa _ sicive,
miwisa _ sixmele.
amis gauTvaliswineblad Zneli iqneboda abibos nekreselis
,,cxovrebis” zemoT motanili citatis azris gageba: ,,gansworebiT
dabadebul arian notiaÁ, civi, xmeli da cecxli” (abulaZe 1955: 193).
maSasadame, `notia~ aris mosalodneli wyali ki ara, aramed haeri, `civi~
aris wyali, `xmeli~ aris miwa.
momavalma kvleva-Ziebam unda gaxados naTeli, Tu ratom aris am
teqstSi elementebi (cecxlis garda) moxseniebuli ara Tavisi saxeliT,
aramed specifikur TvisebaTa mixedviT (ese igi, haeris nacvlad
dasaxelebulia misi specifikuri Tviseba _ sinotive, wylis nacvlad _
sicive, miwis nacvlad _ sixmele). an ratom ara aris cecxlic am rigSi
CarTuli da ar ixsenieba, rogorc ,,mxurvali”? revaz TvaraZis azriT,
,,gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, rom elementTa amgvari moxsenieba
asaxavdes swored uZveles viTarebas, erTob arqaul plasts qarTuli
filosofiuri terminologiisa” (TvaraZe 1997: 274-275).
mecnierTa nawilma (S. nucubiZe, i. fancxava) ,,aristotelikosad” da
,,peripatetikosad” dasaxa abibos nekreseli swored imis gamo, rom igi
oTxi elementis Sesaxeb am moZRvrebas emyareba mazdeanebTan kamaTisas.
amave dros, cxadia, rom abibos nekreseli gansakuTrebiT originaluri
ar yofila Tavis msjelobaSi. oTxi elementis Sesaxeb moZRvreba
imdroindel qristianul msoflioSi ukve fexmokidebuli Teoriuli
saganZuris nawili iyo da saqarTveloSi misi Semotana mxolod imas
mowmobs, rom qarTuli religiur-filosofiuri azrovneba cdilobda, ar
CamorCenoda Tavis Tanadroul msoflio azrs.
132
Tumca `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ aris epizodi, romelSic
samyaros oTx elementze sxvagvaradaa saubari. aq wminda mamebi sZleven
samyaros Semadgenel elementebs. saubaria cnobil epizodze, sadac
erTad Sekrebili wminda mamebi RvTis sadideblad saswaulebs axdenen.
wminda ioanem moiTxova Rvino, winaaRmdeg Cveulebisa, da roca
gadaswera jvari, `ganuteva igi haersa Sina mdgomare iyo WiqaÁ igi haersa
Sina STamokidebuli marTlad myovar Jam~ (abulaZe 1955: 119). amis Semdeg,
ioane sTxovs Sios, moimoqmedos saswauli. Sio morCilad Tanxmdeba da
nakverCxals idebs xelze, asxams sakmevels da ukmevs iq myofT. `xolo
wmindaÁ Sio morCil iqmna sityuasa berisasa da aRdgomilman miiRo
nakuerCxali nebsa TÂssa zeda da daasxa mas zeda sakumeveli, romlisgan
aRvidoda suli sulnelebisaÁ haerad. da akumia wmindaman yovelTa mun
myofTa, romelnica mxilvelni ese viTarTa saswaulTa adidebdes
RmerTsa, moqmedisa sakÂlvelebaTasa, romleman misca ese viTari madli
moSiSTa misTa~ (abulaZe 1955: 120). wminda ioane am saswauls adarebs
qaldevelebis mier Sepyrobil sami yrmis saswauls babilonSi, roca ali
ver Seexo maT da garSemomyofni ki `Seiwuebodes alisa mis mier maT zeda
mofenilsa~ (abulaZe 1955: 120).
wminda ises sTxoves, mieRo misgan kurTxeva. ise morCilad adga da
daiwyo locva mdumared, Semdeg ioanes sTxova Tanadgoma da mxolod
amis mere moaxdina saswauli. isini mividnen mdinaresTan, `romelsa
ewodebis qsani~, isem Cado kverTxi wyalSi da iwyo wyalma sxva gziT
svla. `xolo wyali igi, Ä sakÂrvelebaTa SenTa qriste, uCveulsa gzada
da ufalsa misgan pirvelad vidoda Sedgomili RmerTSemosilTa wmindaTa
maT mamaTa, rameTu qveyanaÁ igi, myari uwinares da daRrmavdeboda TÂnier
romelsave aRmomTxrelsa~ (abulaZe 1955: 121).
am saswauliT aRtacebuli avtori acxadebs: `aha sakÂrveli, rameTu
kacTa miwisagan wyalnica daemorCilebian! erTi haersa warmoadginebs
msaxurad da meore cecxlisa bunebasa daSrets da wardevnis
mÃurvalebasa missa, sxuaÁ wyalsa da miwisa bunebasa daimorCilebs. amas
yovelsa xedavdes da RmerTsa adidebdes yovliT kerZove~ (abulaZe 1955:
122).
133
rogorc dasawyisSi vnaxeT, cecxls, wyals, miwasa da haers,
kosmogoniuri daniSnulebis garda, sxva simboluri datvirTvac
hqonebiaT, magram am SemTxvevaSi mainc miviCnevT, rom maT swored
samyaros Semadgeneli elementebis funqcia gaaCniaT da maTi daZlevac
simbolurad gvesaxeba adamianebisagan, romlebic swored am oTxi
elementisagan Sedgebian. samyaroSi araferia iseTi, rac adamianSi ar
iyos. amis gamoa swored, rom adamians mikrosamyaros, anu mikrokosmoss
uwodeben (Zv. qarTulad `mcire sofeli~). samyaros Semadgenel
elementTagan qveynad bevr rameSi mxolod ori an erTi maTgania.
`adamianSi ki oTxive elementia: sxeulis siTbo – cecxli, wyali –
sisxli, miwa – xorci, haeri misi sulia~ (siraZe 1987: 5). saswaulis
epizodSi erTi sityvac ar aris naTqvami imis Taobaze, rom wminda mamebi
swored samyaros Semadgenel elementebs amarcxeben. ar aris msjeloba
msgavsad `abibos nekreselis cxovrebisa~, rom RmerTma am oTx elementze
aawyo da gaawonaswora sruliad samyaro da, Cveni mxridan davumatebT,
adamianic.
saswaulis epizodSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor SeiZleba gaZlierdes
adamiani RvTis miaxlebis gzaze. uaRresad morwmune adamianebi amarcxeben
sakuTar miwier bunebas. gasagebia avtoris aRfrTovanebac da am epizodis
mizandasaxulobac: kidev ufro gauRrmavos rwmena morwmune mkiTxvels da
daanaxos mTel sazogadoebas is Zala, ramac SeaZlebina wminda mamebs
samyaros Zalebis damorCileba.
g) `ganixsna sartyeli~ _ erTi epizodis simboluri
gagebisaTvis
wminda evagre eriskacobisas gaxldaT spaspeti farsman mefisa.
mefis laSqrobis dros gadawyvita, Tavi uflisaTvis Seewira da berad
aRkveciliyo. Ddabrunebuli mefe friad Sewuxda am ambis gamo da
moindoma, moenaxulebina evagre, raTa daeyoliebina igi saero
samsaxurSi dabrunebaze. wminda mamam, ra Tqma unda, uari ganucxada
mefes. Aamis Semdgom auwya wminda Sios mefis mobrZaneba. man Tavad
134
gadawyvita mefesTan gasuliyo, radgan es ukanaskneli senakSi apirebda
wminda mamasTan Sesvlas. da, roca wminda Sio Tavis samyofelidan
gamovida, `mixedna ukue mefeman da ixila raÁ xati misi, zari ganxda,
rameTu madli raÁme RmrTisaÁ ixila mis zeda saSineli da myis daagdo
queynad Saravandi mefobisaÁ da ganixsna sartyeli da miiswrafa da
davarda ferxTa Tana berisaTa... kualadca Seurvdeboda da mravliTa
cremliTa iTxovda mis miersa kurTxevasa~ (abulaZe 1955: 109-110).
am monakveTSi saintereso is aris, rom mefe muxlmoyrili evedreba
wminda mamas kurTxevas, Tumca, unda aRiniSnos _ aq gasakviri araferia;
mraval teqstSi gvxvdeba msgavsi scena. aq Cveni yuradReba miipyro mefis
moqmedebam _ man samefo gvirgvini daagdo da sartyeli Seixsna.
gvinda oriode sityviT SevexoT gvirgvinis, samefo Saravandis,
simbolikas.
,,gvirgvini _ gamarjveba, maRali, privilegirebuli mdgomareoba,
Tavmoyvareoba, ,,rCeuloba” _ umaRlesi niSania sulieri Zalauflebisa.
gaaerTiana ra wris, sxivebis, varskvlavTa da ekalTa simbolika _
gvirgvini gaxda umaRlesi RvTiuri, mziuri, sulieri damcavi niSani
mraval kulturaSi” (tresideri 1992: 163); miuxedavad amisa, is mxolod
saxea Tavis morTulobisa, rCeuli personis identifikaciisa da
gamoyofisaTvis mowodebuli.
samefo Saravandi warmoiSva ubralo gvirgvinebisgan, Cveulebriv,
dawnuli dafnis an zeTisxilis rtoebisagan, balaxis, lerwmis an sxva
mcenareTagan, romlebic gamoiyeneboda saqorwino an gamarjvebis wes-
CveulebebSi. msgavsi gvirgviniT amkobdnen olimpiur TamaSebSi
gamarjvebulT. mmarTvelebi sakuTar Tavs ufro Zvirfasi gvirgvinebiT
asCuqrebdnen. es gvirgvinebi damzadebuli iyo oqros, vardebis, qsovilis,
Zvirfasi Tvlebisa da bumbulis kombinaciiT. formebi TandaTan daixvewa
da gaerTianda. miRebul iqna gvirgvinTa damzadeba Zvirfasi liTonebisa
da Tvlebisagan. Tavis amgvari morTuloba iZenda gacilebiT met da
rTul simbolur mniSvnelobas.
qristianobaSi, aseve iudaizmsa da budizmSi, gvirgvini simboloa
sulieri gansxivosnebis da maradiuli cxovrebis. qristes eklis
135
gvirgvinis precendentebi gvqonda uZveles droSi _ eklis gvirgviniT
amkobdnen msxverplad Sesawir adamianebs.
bevri RvTaeba warmogvidgeba Tavis morTulobiT. is mianiSnebda
maT ,,specializacias”: berZnul nayofierebis RvTaebas amkobda gvirgvini
borblebisagan, romaul Rvinis RmerTs ki yurZnis lerwmisgan
damzadebuli Saravandi amSvenebda.
dasavlur kulturasa da xelovnebaSi gvirgviniT gamoxataven ara
mxolod mefeebsa da RmerTebs, aramed wamebulebs, poetebs, wmindanebsa
da alegoriul figurebs, iseTebs, rogorebicaa _ rwmena, imedi, sibrZne,
WeSmariteba, dideba da Tavad eklesiasac ki.
metad sainteresoa gvirgvinis simbolika asureli mamebis cxovreba-
wamebaTa Zvel redaqciebSi. ,,abibos nekreselis wamebis” avtori wm. mamaze
ambobs: ,,daidga gÂrgÂni ZlevisaÁ TÂT motacebiTa, afrinebiTa maRlad,
romelman nayofni gamouxuna TÂsiT TaviT TÂT SewevniTa maRlisaÁTa”
(abulaZe 1955: 188).
aq ,,gÂrgÂni ZlevisaÁ” simbolurad wm. mamis sulier gamarjvebaze
mianiSnebs. man mowameobrivi sikvdiliT sZlia borotebas. swored am
mSvenieri saxe-simboloTi gadmogvcems avtori wm. mamis SebrZanebas
suleTSi, sadac aseve gvirgvinmosil wmindanebs Soris imkvidrebs
adgils: ,,da kualad mÃneTa maT Tana mowameTa Ruawlsa miiswrafa da
asparezi igi mswrafl waritaca da gÂrgÂniTa pativ-cemulTa Soris ipova
Suris meZiebelTa marTalTa rCulisaTa” (abulaZe 1955: 188). motanili
citata a redaqciidanaa, xolo b redaqciis avtori metad xatovnad
gadmogvcems abibos nekreselis Rvawls da mis mowameobriv sikvdils. igi
,,oriTa gÂrgÂniTa” pativcemulia (misi moRvaweoba da mowameobrivi
aRsasruli): ,,rameTu Soris orTa wmidaTa ganwyobilTa warmodga
mRdelobisa saydari modgamTa Tana ubiwod mRdelobiTa da marTl
mkueTelobiTa, da kualad mowameTa Tana mÃned moRuawebiTa oriTa
gÂrgÂniTa pativcemuli Soris ganwyobilsa marTalTasa” (abulaZe 1955:
188).
unda aRiniSnos, rom gvirgvini xSirad samkaulis mniSvnelobiTac
gvxvdeba aRniSnul teqstebSi. ase magaliTad, ,,ioane zedaznelis
cxovrebaSi" ioanes qarTlad Camosvla da damkvidreba uflis nebis
136
aRsrulebad aris gadmocemuli. a redaqciaSi vkiTxulobT: ufalma ori
saqmisaTvis moavlina ioane qarTlad _ ,,pirvelad, raÁTa samkaul iqmnas
da gÂrgÂn Cvenisa amis qalaqisa... da meored, rameTu adgili igi, romelsa
miivlina, godoli iyo pirvelTa maT warCinebulTaÁ, sada-igi
kerpTmsaxurebaÁ aRmaRlebul iyo” (abulaZe 1955: 26-28). am SemTxvevaSi
gvirgvini samkaulis mniSvnelobas iZens. wm. mamis moRvaweoba gaalamazebs
da daamSvenebs qarTls. albaT, swored amitom b redaqciaSi avtori
mxolod ,,samkauls” iSveliebs wm. mamis Rvawlis aRsaniSnavad: ,,xolo ese
amisaTÂs yo RmerTman, rameTu pirvelad samkaul eqmna eklesiaTa da
garemo qarTvelTa erTa, da meored amisTvis daeyuda adgilsa mas, rameTu
godoli aReSena warmarTTa” (abulaZe 1955: 26-28). igive iTqmis g
redaqciazec: ,,eseviTari samkauli kaTolike eklesiisa da qarTlisa
erisa didi mnaTobi daamkÂdra RmerTman mTasa amas zeda, raTa maRliT
mohfendes yovelTa garemosTa misTa zeda brwyinvalesa elvasa locvaTa
TÂsTasa” (abulaZe 1955: 27).
davubrundeT isev gansaxilvel epizods ,,Siosa da evagres
cxovrebidan”. samefo gvirgvinis dagdeba, am SemTxvevaSi gvesaxeba
mefobis pativis ugulvebelyofad. mefe siwmindis winaSe muxls iyris,
magram ras unda niSnavdes sartyelis Sexsna?
sartyeli, sabeli welze, Zveli aRTqmisa da saxarebis teqstebSi
arc Tu ise iSviaTad gvxvdeba. macxovars ,,sartyeli tyavisaÁ ertya
welTa misTa” (maT. 3. 4).
sartylis simbolika mravalferovania: erTguleba, umankoeba, Zala,
mzadyofna moqmedebisaTvis. igi mravali simboluri gagebiT gvxvdeba,
radgan gamoiyeneboda ara mxolod samosis dasaWerad (aqedan
momdinareobs misi simboluri gageba, rogorc umankoebisa), aramed
iaraRis, fulis, xoragis, instrumentebis satarebladac.
,,sartylis moxsna niSnavda samxedro samsaxuridan gadadgomas”
(romSi) (tresideri 1992: 290).
misi tareba colqmrul erTgulebasac gamoxatavda. ase magaliTad,
romaelebi TavianT sacoleebs ukeTebdnen cxvris bewvis sartyels. amis
sapirispirod, igi seqsualobis simboloc gaxldaT _ romaul
137
miTologiaSi cnobilia afrodites qamari, romelic mis mflobels
mimzidvelobas sZenda.
jadosnuri qamari gvxvdeba miTologiaSi, rogorc emblema Zalisa
(skandinaviur miTologiaSi _ toris qamari, romelic mis Zalas
aormagebda).
inglisSi qamris boZebiT Rirsebasa da wodebas aniWebdnen.
Cvens SemTxvevaSi, mefis mier sartylis Sexsna imave simbolur
mniSvnelobas unda atarebdes, rac mefis Saravandis gadagdeba gaxldaT,
anu mefe iviwyebs, uaryofs mefobis pativs, Rirsebas da siwmidis winaSe
qeds ixris.
mefis sartyeli rom misi Zalauflebisa da pativis atributia, amis
sailustraciod sakmarisia gavixsenoT epizodi sulxan-saba orbelianis
`wigni sibrZne sicruisadan~:
mefem memkvidris gamocda gadawyvita. jumberi mamas spiloze
amxedrebuli eaxla. roca `Camoxda spilodam, sartyeli Semoixsna,
spilosa zeda daagdo...~ (orbeliani 1989: 53). am da sxva ucnauri
saqcieliT gaocebulma mefem Svils misi moqmedebebis ganmarteba sTxova:
`_sartyeli rad Semoixsen da spilosa zeda miagde?
jumber Tqva:
_raJams mefe anu didi vinme sajdomiT TÂsiT siCqariT aRdges,
esreT xams, TÂsi Zliereba TÂssave sajdomsa dautevos da TÂTan Tavi
icnas, rome igi sajdomi ars didi hubuti, Tvaram umisod yovelive gare
SemoeZarcveba.~ (orbeliani 1989: 53-54).
aq sartyeli mefis Zlierebis simbolodaa ganmartebuli. amis
mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, farsman mefem Tavisi siZliere `Semoixsna~ da
morCilebis gamosaxatad da kurTxevis misaRebad muxli moiyara wminda
mamis winaSe.
sartyelTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi epizodi gvaxsendeba Zveli
qarTuli literaturidan, kerZod, `wminda grigol xanZTelis
cxovrebidan~.
wminda grigoli Seityobs aSot kurapalatis sasaxleSi mcxovrebi
`siZvis diacis~ arsebobas da gadawyvets, Caerios mefis pirad
138
cxovrebaSi, radgan didi codva da Seuracxyofa aaridos mas da mis
ojaxs.
netari grigoli aSot kurapalatis aryofniT sargeblobs da
`marjve dros~ SearCevs siZvis diacTan misasvlelad. igi ar akurTxebs
mas da arc jvars daswers, radgan ,,siZvis diaci” eSmaks hyavs
damorCilebuli da ar aris Rirsi kurTxevisa.
qali Tavis beds wminda mamas miandobs da SesTxovs: `wmindao
mamao, xelTa SenTa var, umjobesi sulisa CemisaÁ izrune~ (Zveli
qarTuli... I, 1963: 296).
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac darwmunda qalis sinanulSi, daswera
jvari da akurTxa igi. `maSinRa juari daswera da akurTxa locviTa da
SeWurva madliTa~ (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 297), magram aq xdeba CvenTvis
saintereso faqti _ `misca TvisTa xamlTa sabeli, raÁTa sartylad
Seirtyas da man yo egreT~ (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 297).
mama grigols `siZvis diaci~ sartyelSebmuli mihyavs monasterSi.
TiTqos sawinaaRmdego simbolikas vawydebiT sartylisa _ Tu
farsman mefis SemTxvevaSi, morCilebas sartylis Sexsna gamoxatavda, aq
codvili monaniebis Semdeg sartylad sabels ikravs da ise mihyveba
wminda mamas.
aq SeuZlebelia ar gavixsenoT aWis monastris wminda giorgis
xati. Ees xati sxvebisagan gansxvavdeba, masze iaraRdaSvebuli wminda
giorgia gamosaxuli. gveleSapi damarcxebulia, magram ara mkvdari, mas
sabeli aqvs Sebmuli da dedofals mihyveba; rac yvelaze saocaria _
gveleSaps monanie Tvalebi aqvs.
swored, ase unda iqnas aRqmuli, Cveni azriT, es scenac: gveleSapi
monaniebamde borotebisa da codvis simbolo da gansaxiereba iyo; siZvis
diacic aRiarebs codvebs, igi moinaniebs maT da amis gamo ar iRupeba,
piriqiT, igi uflis gzas daadgeba, emorCileba mis nebas. Tumca, erTic
unda aRiniSnos, wminda mama qals `xamlTa sabels~ Seartyams. gavixsenoT,
Tavdapirvelad mama grigoli axlos ar mouSvebs qals: `ubrZana
ganSorebulad dajdomaÁ~ (Zveli qarTuli...I, 1963: 296), iqneb, `xamlTa
sabelic~ miniSneba iyo imisa, rom qali mainc codvili gaxldaT. Cveni
azriT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ar iqneboda miTiTebuli, ra Seartya
139
sartylad mama grigolma (agiografiul ZeglebSi xom araferia
SemTxveviT naxsenebi).
lia wereTeli Tavis statiaSi ,,ese ars naTesavi qarTvelTaÁ”
(asureli mamebis ,,cxovrebaTa” saxismetyvelebis paradigmebi) ganixilavs
sartylis saxismetyvelur sazriss. ,,sartyeli gamosaxavs wmindanis mier
xorcieli bunebis Zlevas, daTrgunvas, tanjvas, sartyeli Suawelis, anu
adamianis zeda da qveda sxeulis nawilTa gamyof zRvars mianiSnebs,
adamianis qvena bunebis mTlianad damorCilebas, zeda _ sulieris mier”
(wereTeli 2007: 54). statiis mizania, warmoaCinos svimeon mesvetis
(halabielisa) da svimeon sakvirvelmoqmedis (umcrosis) _ mesveteobis
fuZemdebelTa ,,cxovrebebTan” asurel mamaTa ,,cxovrebebis” mimarTeba.
mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom orive svimeon mesvetis ,,cxovreba”
pirvelwyaroa asureli mamaTa cxovrebebisa. orive es ,,cxovreba”
amkvidrebs wmida mamaTa Sesamoselis saxismetyvelebas, romelsac ra Tqma
unda, wyarod Zveli aRTqmisa da saxarebiseuli saxismetyveleba aqvs.
mkvlevars statiaSi aRwerili aqvs mesveteobis fuZemdebelTa
Sesamoseli. sartyeli xorcSi ise Zalumad aqvT Semortymuli orive
svimeon mesvetes, rom isini sisxliania, xorcs awylulebs, saSinel suns
gamoscems, matlebs aCens da a.S. ramdenadac sazarelia aRwerili
suraTebi, imdenad xazgasmulia ,,xorcis ZleviT” sulieri sispetakisa da
simaRlis miRweva: ,,kualad moiro sabeli lifisaÁ ficxeli da moirtya
igi welTa misTa SiSuliv da sabelman man SeWamna welni misni vidremdis
aRorZinda Ãorci misi zeda kerZo sabelsa mas. da viTarca euwya
mamasaxlissa saqmei ese, Sehxsna mas sabeli igi iZulebiT da savse iyo igi
ÃorciTa da sisxliTa welTa misTaÁTa” (gariti 1957: 122).
kunkuli, ,,dabebkuli samoseli” da ,,sabeli” _ aucilebeli
saxismetyvelebaa asuruli tradiciiT wmida mamaTa Sesamoselisa.
,,svimeon umcrosi sakvirvelmoqmedis sartylisa da matlis
saxismetyvelebis kvali ,,SuSanikis wamebaSi” TvalsaCinoa” (wereTeli 2005:
21).
aqve gvinda davimowmoT daviT aRmaSeneblis sartylis
saxismetyveleba wignidan ,,cxovrebaÁ mefeT mefisa daviTisi”: mefis mier
sisxliT savse ube, sartylis Semoxsnisas ,,namtknari” sisxlis gadmoRvra,
140
romelic mefis Wrilobebidan gadmodenilad miiCnies, magram aRmoCnda,
rom mtris sisxli iyo. sartylis saxismetyvelebas mocemul teqstSi
kidev erTi niuansi emateba, rac misi saRvTismetyvelo sazrisis axal
xatmetyvelebad gvesaxeba _ es mefis sabrZolo-saraindo Rvawlisa da
RvTivsulierebis gansaxovnebaa.
cnobilia, rom Tavad berebic atareben sartyels. `Tokis sartyeli
berisa aris miniSneba Sekruli da gaSoltili qristesi~ (tresideri 1992:
291).
erT-erTi kaTolikuri ordenis berebis qamrebs hqondaT sami kvanZi,
rac aRniSnavda qristes morCilebas, upovarebis aRTqmas da umankoebas.
aseve, ubiwoebas gamoxatavs Cingulum, romelsac ikeTeben mRvdlebi
kaTolikuri wirvis dros.
Mmsgavsi epizodia ,,wm. Ddimitris wamebaSi” aRwerili. Aam
nawarmoebis sami redaqcia arsebobs. (uadresi redaqciisTvis ix. PGP116,
col. 1167-72; Sualeduri anonimuri redaqcia, XI s.-is xelnaweriT moRweuli:
PG 116, col. 1173-1184; mesame, anu svimeon metfrastiseuli redaqcia, X-XI ss.:
PG 116, col. 1185-1202). efTvime mTawmindels wminda dimitris qarTuli
ciklis Sesaqmnelad berZnulidan wamebis Sualeduri redaqcia
gadmouRia. Aam redaqciaSi mowame dimitris da mtarval maqsimianes
figurebi ukve garkveuli literaturuli modelebis mixedviTaa
damuSavebuli. Mmaia maWavariani Tavis naSromSi ,,hagiografiuli
paradigmebi wm. dimitris wamebisa da Sesxmis mixedviT” acxadebs: ,,efTvime
ar Semoifargla Txzulebis mxolod TargmaniT. Ggarda calkeuli
monakveTebis gadasxvaferebis da kleba-matebis magaliTebisa, efTvimem
Sualeduri redaqciis teqstSi ori mniSvnelovani da saintereso
cvlileba Seitana, riTac kidev ufro metad gamokveTa mTavari
personaJebis saxeebi da Txzulebis saerTo mizandasaxuloba.”
(maWavariani 2007: 47) (,,wm. dimitris wamebisa’’ da ,,Sesxmis’’ efTvimeseuli
teqstebi gamoqveynebuli ar aris. statiis avtori miTiTebisas
sargeblobs k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis
TanamSromlis nino natraZis mier gadmowerili da kritikulad
dadgenili teqstebiT. Cvenc naSromSi imave wyaros davimowmebT).
141
Cven, am SemTxvevaSi, gvainteresebs erT-erT epizodi, romelSic
imperator maqsimianesa da dimitris Sexvedraa gadmocemuli. samive
redaqciaSi wm. dimitrisa da imperatoris Sexvedra aRwerilia patara
monakveTSi – stadionze Sesvlis win imperators mohgvrian datyvevebul
dimitris.Ggatacebuli gladiatorebis momavali orTabrZoliT,
imperatori dimitris dakiTxvas brZolis dasasrulamde gadadebs da
brZanebs mis datyvevebas stadionis maxloblad mdebare abanos bnel
sakanSi.
efTvime Tavis TargmanSi swored am epizodSi rTavs imperatorisa
da wm. dimitris vrcel dialogs. imperatori dimitris ekiTxeba,
simarTlea Tu ara, rom igi qristiania. dimitri ar uSindeba rwmenis
gamoaSkaravebas. imperatori mas gadmosabireblad pativsa da warCinebas
hpirdeba. dimitri pasuxobs hagiografiuli gmirisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
SemarTebiT: ,,yovelive didebaÁ Seni Senda iyavn warsawymedelad, xolo
Cemda cxorebaÁ qriste ars da sikudili misTÂs sixaruli ars” da a.S.
maSin imperatori dimitris wamebiT daemuqreba, magram dimitri,
rasakvirvelia, ar Sedrkeba. igi ixsnis sartyels, daugdebs maqsimianes
win da mimarTavs antiTezebiT gamarTuli sityviT, sadac
dapirispirebulia pativi amqveyniuri da pativi uxrwneli: ,,aha esera,
sartyeli pativisa Senisa Sendave iyavn, mefeo. xolo Cemda iyavn qristÀ
da sasoebaÁ, romelman igi momces me pativi uxrwneli da waruvali
saukunoÁ ukunisamde”. aq dialogi mTavrdeba. ganrisxebuli imperatori
demetres datyvevebas brZanebs. amis Semdeg efTvimeseuli Targmani met-
naklebi cvlilebebiT mihyveba berZnul teqsts. statiis avtori miiCnevs,
rom es CanarTi efTvimeseulia da gamiznulia dimitris Rvawlis ukeT
warmoCenisaTvis. rac Seexeba sartylis moxsnas, maia maWavariani Tvlis,
rom es saxe SesaZloa momdinareobdes Zveli aRTqmidan: ,,da uqmne
Sesamoseli wminda ahrons, Zmasa Sensa, uqmne pativad da didebad” (gam. 28,
2); ,,da ese samoselni arian, romelni uqmne mas samkerde da samxre da
ferxTa sasxmeli, samoseli fesuedi da farSamangi da sartyeli” (gam. 28,
4) Cven migvaCnia, rom dimitris mier sartylis Sexsna amqveyniuri
didebisa da pativis uaryofas gamoxatavs. swored amas hpirdeboda
imperatori mas qristes rwmenaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi.
142
davubrundeT isev `Siosa da evagres cxovrebas~. Cveni azriT,
farsman mefem sartylis SexsniT wminda mamis winaSe sakuTari
Zalaufleba da mefuri atributi uaryo, msgavsad samefo Saravandis
gadagdebisa, riTac mianiSna ama soflis ZlierTa uZlurebaze uflis
didebulebis winaSe; mas ara aqvs amqveyniuri `sabeli~ da mxolod
SemoqmedTan samudamo, udroJamo sulieri kavSiri rCeba.
daskvna
saxismetyvelebiTi sqema-leqsikoni
naSromis dasasrul gvinda, SevajeroT mopovebuli masalebi da
SevadginoT erTgvari saxismetyvelebiTi sqema-leqsikoni; amiT SevecdebiT,
gamovkveToT asurel mamaTa cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi mopovebuli saxe-
simboloebis mxatvrul-esTetikuri mniSvneloba. amisaTvis cal-calke
gamovyofT nawarmoebebs da maT redaqciebs.
`ioane zedaznelis cxovreba~
mcenareTagan simboluri mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba yvavili (a red. 6),
misi moxmobiT avtors surda, mieniSnebina qristianuli rwmenis
sitkboebaze.
xe (Ziri) _ (a red. 20) moxmobilia bibliuri analogiiT.
nergi _ (a red.) axalnergebad iwodebian axlad qristianobas
naziarebi qarTvelebi, xoli b (mokle) redaqciaSi imave adgilas
axalnergad ukve qveyanaa dasaxelebuli;
ekali _ `eklovani ese queyanaÁ~ _ agiografi avtori samoTxidan
gamoZevebuli kacobriobis sasjelad miRebul cxovrebas eklovan qveynad
moixseniebs (a red. 30); imave adgilas b redaqciaSi `xrwna da sikvdilia~
dasaxelebuli, xolo g (metafrasul) redaqciaSi vkiTxulobT: ufalma
dasaja adami `da ganRmrTobisa wil sikudili daesaja da samoTxiT
eqsoria iqmna~ (g. 31). aSkaraa, rom uZvelesi redaqciis avtorma erT
mxatvrul saxeSi, erT saxe-simboloSi (`eklovani qveyana~) gamoxata
amqveyniuri cxovrebis arsi da is didi sasjeli, romelic kacobriobam
pirvelcodvis Sedegad miiRo.
143
ifqli da RvarZli _ g (metafrasul) redaqciaSi es saxeebi
moxmobilia sikeTisa da borotebis simboloebad (g red. 39) bibliuri
analogiiT.
nayofi: a redaqciaSi agiograf avtors moxmobili aqvs nayofis
saxe-simbolo (a red. 6), rodesac saubrobs guliTadi locvis
yovlisSemZleobaze _ `nayofi igi locvisaÁ~.
zoomorfuli saxeebi:
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ a redaqciaSi gvxvdeba mglis
simbolo, viTarca saxe borotebisa da codvisa: `ganiota boroti mgeli~
(a red. 5) _ aRniSnavs avtori wminda ioanes siwmindeze saubrisas. wminda
mamam Tavisi samwyso boroti mglisagan anu codvisagan daicva.
daTvi _ `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ daTvi veluri Zalebis
saxe-simboloa, romelic siwmidis winaSe uZlurdeba. igi samive
redaqciaSi gvxvdeba (a red. 52, b _ 52, g _ 54). ra Tqma unda, daTvi Tavisi
realuri mniSvnelobiTac Cans, magram ar gamovricxavT misi, rogorc
mxatvrul saxe-simbolod aRqmasac.
mtredi: wminda ioane mTaze daemkvidreba. am epizodSi avtori
moixmobs fsalmuns: `xolo me viTar vgoneb, netaro, Seni ars sityuaÁ ese:
`vinmca mcna me frTeni viTarca tredni, aR-mca-vfrinde, aRvimaRle, mi-mca-
ved, ganvisuene udabnosa~(a red. 26). aRsaniSnavia, rom imave adgilas g
redaqciaSi, gvritis saxe-simbolos moixmobs avtori wminda mamis
daxasiaTebisas _ `moyuare ese guriti~ (g red. 27) basili didic am
frinvelis swored udabnosmoyvareobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
gveli da Rriankali _ qvewarmavlebi satanuri Zalebis saxe-
simboloebia _ (g red. 39).
qvaTa simbolika: Zalian sainteresod iCens Tavs `ioane zedaznelis
cxovrebaSi~ qvaTa saxe-simboloebi. wminda ioanes mowafeebi aaronis
Sesamoselis patiosan qvebad moixsenebian: `mowafeni misni aTormetni igi
Tualni pativis-cemulni mixedviTa, gandgmul kvarTsa mas aaronisa,
sargebel da mkurnal yovelTaTvis myofTa qalaqisa amis Cuenisa,
romelni xadian miT, romelni mcired Semdgomad migeTxras~ (a red. 26-28).
144
Zvirfas TvalTagan simbolur saxed gvxvdeba margaliti, viTarca
Znelad misarweveli saukuno cxovrebis simbolo. xolo wminda mama
`zecisa margalitis~ maZieblad gvevlineba (a red. 28).
naTlis simbolika:
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ mravlad gvxvdeba naTlis saxe-
simbolo. es saxe uflis didebulebis warmosaCenadaa xolme moxmobili;
wminda samebac naTlis saxismetyvelebiTaa ganmartebuli (a red. 8-9).
araerTgzis gvxvdeba `dauRamebeli naTlis~ saxe (g red 5, 67),
romlis arsis SecnobiTac uflis maradiulobazea miniSneba.
wminda mamebi pirdapir mnaTobebad moixseniebian (g red. 27), xSiria
aseve maTi varskvlavad moxseniebac (g red. 5, 17, a red. 16, b red. 16).
samyaros stiqiaTagan `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~ simboluri
mniSvnelobiT moxseniebulni arian cecxli da wyali. am SemTxvevaSi am
saxe-simboloTa moxmobiT avtori amqveyniur cxovrebas gamoxatavs,
romelic savsea borotebiTa da codviT. maTi gadalaxva ganwmendas
ukavSirdeba (g red. 67).
,,samkaul da gÂrgÂn” ioane zedazneli, uflis nebis aRmsrulebeli,
samkaulad da gvirgvinad eqmneba qarTls. ,,samkaul iqmnas da gÂrgÂn
Cvenisa amis qalaqisa” (a red. 26). moxmobil magaliTSi gvirgvini
samkaulis mniSvnelobiTaa naxsenebi.
b da g redaqciebSi gvirgvini aRar gvxvdeba da mxolod samkaulia
wm. mamis Rvawlis simbolur gamoxatvisaTvis moxmobili. ,,xolo ese
amisaTÂs yo RmerTman, rameTu pirvelad samkaul eqmna eklesiaTa da
garemo qarTvelTa erTa, da meored amisTvis daeyuda adgilsa mas, rameTu
godoli aReSena warmarTTa” (b red. 26) igive iTqmis g redaqciazec:
,,eseviTari samkauli kaTolike eklesiisa da qarTlisa erisa didi
mnaTobi daamkÂdra RmerTman mTasa amas zeda, raTa maRliT mohfendes
yovelTa garemosTa misTa zeda brwyinvalesa elvasa locvaTa TÂsTasa”
(g red. 27).
rogorc vxedavT, ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi vxvdebiT
saintereso saxe-simboloebs. agiografi avtori simboloTa moxmobiT
amdidrebs da ufro sainteresos xdis wminda mamis Rvawlis aRweras, misi
145
saxisa da damsaxurebis warmoCenas. garda amisa, am saxe-simboloebs
udidesi mxatvrul-esTetikuri funqcia gaaCnia.
`Siosa da evagres cxovreba~
mcenareTagan am teqstebSi simboloebad gvevlinebian:
xe (g red. gv. 70);
nayofi (g – 70);
yvavili (g _ 70);
vardi (g –70);
SroSani (g _ 70);
finiki (g _ 70);
naZvi (g _ 70).
monakveTi, sadac avtori wminda mamebs axasiaTebs, datvirTulia
SesaniSnavi saxe-simboloebiT, romlebiTac is mianiSnebs wminda mamaTa
siwmidesa da gamorCeulobaze. es mxatvruli saxeebi srulyofilad
gvixsnian maT saxesa da Rvawls: `viTarca finiki aRyuavnes da viTarca
naZvi libanisaÁ ganmravldes, WeSmaritad amaRldes wmindani ufroÁs
yovelTa xeTa nayofierTa da yuavian saxlsa Sina RmrTisasa, viTarca
vardni Suenierni da viTarca SroSanni sulnelni...`
sxvagan finiki da nayofi, aseve nayofierebis mniSvnelobiTaa
moxmobili ( g red 77).
axeli nergi _ (g _ 78)
nergi, yvavili, keTilis Ziri (b red. 85).
ifqli da RvarZli _ Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSic es saxeebi
sikeTisa da borotebis arsis warmosaCenad arian moxmobilni (bibliuri
analogiiT).
zoomorfuli saxeebidan gvxvdeba:
gveli, viTarca simbolo borotebisa da codvisa. (g red. 97).
aRsaniSnavia, rom imave adgilas b redaqciaSi _ `uxilavi mteria~ _
amave saxis warmosaCenad naxsenebi. g redaqciis avtorma gvelis
146
simbolika gamoiyena satanis dasaxasiaTeblad. man saxe-simbolo moixmo,
raTa ufro gamZafrebuli yofiliyo aRqma am Zalisa.
cxovelTagan am teqstebSi gvxvdeba mgeli, rogorc veluri,
daumorCilebeli Zalis simbolo (b red. 114, g _ 115), magram TviT es
mxecic SeiZleba Zleuli iqnes da siwmindis samsaxurSi Cadges. amiT
avtori kidev erTxel mianiSnebs wminda mamaTa siwindesa da uflis
yovlisSemZleobaze.
frinvelTagan gvxvdeba mtredi, uflis saCuqari usazrdood
darCenili wminda mamisaTvis (b red. 96, g – 96).
qvaTa simbolika aqac `zecis margalitiT~ aris Semofargluli,
romelic Znelad misaRwevi saukuno cxovrebis simboloa (b red. 141).
naTlis simbolika _ `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ analogiur
saxe-simboloebs vxvdebiT naTlisa. `naTeli dauRamebeli~ (g _ 125),
`brwyinvale varskvlavi~ (b _ 98), imave adgilas varskvlavis nacvlad
sanTlis saxe-simboloa moxmobili (g _ 98), romlis arsic mWidrod
ukavSirdeba naTlisa da, zogadad, naTlobis simbolos.
`daviT garejelis cxovreba”
`daviT garejelis cxovreba~ sxva teqstebTan SedarebiT,
simboloTa simwiriT gamoirCeva, Tumca mis redaqciebSic vxvdebiT
saintereso saxe-simboloebs, romlebic nawarmoebis mxatvruli saxis
SeqmnisaTvis did rols asruleben, aseve gvexmarebian wminda mamis saxis
gamokveTaSi.
mcenareTagan gvxvdeba rto, nayofi, Ziri (b red. 147). avtori wminda
mamis mSoblebze saubrobs da aRniSnavs, rom RvTismosavma mSoblebma
keTili nayofi gamoiRes da wminda daviTi aRzardes: `garna esreTve
keTilTa ZirTagan sagonebel ars keTilisa amis rtosa aRmoCinebaÁ da
keTilman xeman keTilica gamoiRos nayofi~ (b red. 147). xe xom nayofiT
icnoba _ `eseca sanatreli TÂsTagan sacnaur hyofda romlobasa
ZirTasa`. Tavad wminda daviTi `nayofi Suenieri” mianiSnebs Tavis `Ziris”
gamorCeulobaze.
147
zoomorful saxeTagan simbolurad mniSvnelobs _ iremi (a red.
156, b – 156). is RvTis saCuqaria, wminda mamebs sazrdos awvdis.
veSapi – simbolo borotebisa da codvis, romelic unda
damarcxdes sikeTis mier (a red. 159, b – 159).
frinvelTagan kakabi da qori (a red. 168, b – 168). qori _
mtacebeli frinvelis saxe moixmo agiografma avtorma, raTa ufro
gamoekveTa uflis yovlisSemZleoba. es mtacebeli siwmindis winaSe ukan
ixevs, mSviddeba da iviwyebs mtaceblur bunebas. xolo kakabi miusafari
sulis simbolod gvevlineba, romelic saWiroebs zrunvasa da dacvas.
`abibos nekreselis wameba”
`abibos nekreselis wamebac~ ar gamoirCeva simboloTa siuxviT. am
teqstebSic imave saxe-simboloebs vxvdebiT, rac sxva asurel mamaTa
cxovrebebSia moxmobili.
mcenareTagan simbolurad mniSvnelovania:
nayofi (a red. 189, b – 189).
vardi (a red. 189, b – 189).
qvaTa simbolika aqac `zecisa margalitis~ saxe-simboloTi
Semoifargleba. mas imave simboluri datvirTviT ixmobs avtori, rac
`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSia~. (a red. 196).
naTlis simbolika _ agiografi avtori wminda abibosis
daxasiaTebisas acxadebs: wminda mamam `sanTeli TÂsi aRanTo zeda
maRalsa mTasa, raTa yoveli sofeli xedvides naTelsa mas dauSretelsa,
orpirad manaTobelsa...~ (a red. 189) moxmobil magaliTSi sanTeli saxe-
simboloa wminda mamis Rvawlisa, xolo imave adgilas b redaqciaSi _
sanTeli Tavad wminda abibosia: `... sanTeli maRlad mnTebare, mnaTobi da
ganmanaTlebeli yovelTa mxilvelTa misTaiTa” (b – 189).
,,gÂrgÂni ZlevisaÁ” _ am saxes avtori wm. mamis sulieri
gamarjvebisa da aRzevebis simbolod moixmobs (a red. 188).
odnav qvemoT aRwerilia abibos nekreselis sasufevelSi
SebrZaneba. igi ,,gÂrgÂniTa pativcemulTa Soris” (a red. 188) (wmindanTa
sulieri Rvawlis simbolo) ,,oriTa gÂrgÂniTa” (b red. 188) pativcemulia.
148
am SesaniSnavi saxe-simboloTi gamoxatulia wm. mamis moRvaweoba da
mowameobrivi aRsasruli.
`abibos nekreselis wameba~, rogorc vxedavT, simboloTa simwiriT
gamoirCeva. Tumca is saxe-simboloebi, romelnic aq gvxvdebian, teqstis
mxatvruli saxis SeqmnisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovan rols asruleben.
warmodgenili Temis mizani iyo, warmogveCina im paradigmul saxeTa
simboluri mniSvnelobebi, romlebic asurel moRvaweTa cxovreba-
wamebebSi iCens Tavs. mxatvruli literaturis istoriaSi cnobili
saxeebi, romlebic sxvadasxva epoqisa da xalxis sityvakazmul
mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba, mdgradi, paradigmuli pirvelsaxeebia, romelTa
gamoCena gansakuTrebiT mosalodnelia normirebul literaturaSi, rac
calkul avtorTan msgavsi ideuri poziciis an SemoqmedebiTi
gamocdilebis mauwyebelia. es paradigmuli saxeebi yovelTvis identuri
mniSvnelobisani ar arian. urTierTmsgavs mxatvrul elementebs
gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas sZens sxvadasxva konteqsti.
RvTismieri samyaro Rrmad simboluria. `xelTuqmneli~
simboloebis wyalobiT igi dabadebidan `soflisaÁT qmnuliTa maT Sina
sacnaurad ixilvebis, da samaradisod igi Zali misi da RmrTaebaÁ” (rom.
1. 20). garemomcveli samyaros simboloebi `bunebis trafaretuli
movlenebi ar arian~ (losevi 1973: 203). maT gansakuTrebuli azri da Zala
aqvT. maTi meSveobiT `cani uTxroben didebasa RmrTisasa da qmnilisa
ÃeliTa misTasa mouTxrobs samyaro” (fsalm. 18. 2). aseTi simboluri
aRqma SesaZlebelia ara maTi ganmartebiT, aramed sulieri gamWriaxobiTa
da dakvirvebulobiT. mxolod amgvarad SegviZlia axlad gamoRviZebul
bunebaSi sayovelTao aRdgomis simbolo davinaxoT, anda mzis
ganusazRvreli Suqmfinaroba aRviqvaT, rogorc WeSmariti sinaTlis
simbolo, romelic `ara Tu igi iyo naTeli, aramed raÁTa wamos naTlisa
misTÂs" (ioan. 1. 8). mzis cxovelmyofeloba _ sicocxlis momniWebelze
ufro metyvelebs, romlis mier yvelaferi Seiqmna, da `Tvinier misTa
arca raÁ iqmna, raodeni raÁ iqmna; mze misi aRmovals borotTa zeda da
keTilTa da wÂms marTalTa zeda da cruTa” (maT. 5. 45) _ simboloa
usazRvro, RvTaebrivi mowyalebisa; sameba _ mze, sinaTle, siTbo _
149
ganmWvret gonebas wminda samebamde aRamaRlebs da a.S... es siaxlove xels
gviwyobs, avmaRldeT saxeebidan _ garemomcveli samyaros simboloebidan
maT Semoqmedamde.
simboloebi da sxva pirobiTi niSnebi, dionise areopagelis azriT,
warmoiSoba ara TavisTavad, aramed gansazRvruli da, amasTan,
winaaRmdegobrivi mizniT, erTdroulad cxadyon da dafaron WeSmariteba...
erTi mxriv, simbolo raRacas aRniSnavs, gamoxatavs, amave dros,
miuwvdomels cxadyofs, usasrulobas sasrulobad aqcevs. meore mxriv,
igi aris safuZveli, saidumlo damcveli gamouTqmeli WeSmaritebisa
`pirvelSemxvedris~ Tvalisa da yurisagan, romelic Rirsi ar aris misi
wvdomisa. simbolos es Tavisebureba vrceldeba gamosaxvis sxvadasxva
formaze, rogoricaa alegoria, saxe, xati. simboloebi Rrma wvdomas
moiTxovs, radgan maTSi Sefarulia saidumlo da samyaros, rogorc
harmoniuli mTlianobis, axsnis safuZvlebi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom
simbolos wvdoma mxolod gonebis ZaliT SeuZlebelia. misi axsna da
saidumloebrivi Zalis gamovlena mxolod sulier samyarosTan
ontologiuri Sexebis dros aris SesaZlebeli. simbolos arsSi garkveva
rwmeniT miiRweva, rwmeniT, romelic aris arxilul saqmeTa mamxilebeli
(ebr. 2.1.) da romlis meSveobiTac empiriul realobas sulieri
realobisagan vasxvavebT.
mopovebuli da ganxiluli masalebis SejerebiT yalibdeba
erTgvari saxismetyvelebiTi sqema, risi meSveobiTac ikveTeba asureli
mamebis cxovreba-wamebaTa wignebSi mopovebuli saxe-simboloebis
mxatvrul-esTetikuri mniSvneloba.
mxatvruli saxe, simbolo agiograf avtors moTxrobis xatovani da
xasiaTobrivi gadmocemisaTvis aqvs gamoyenebuli. swored, amis gamoa, rom
narativi mxatvruli teqstis saxes iZens; magram aqve Tavs iCens
religiuri swavleba, rasac ori mxare aqvs: dafaruli RvTaebrivi sibrZne
ganemartos adamianebs, eklesiis mrevls, romelTaTvis samagaliTodac
ikiTxeba wmindanTa `cxovrebani~ liturgiisas da dafaros is
apokalifturi azri, rac mxolod umaRlesi sulieri xeldasxmis gzaze
SedgomilTaTvis sacnaurdeba.
150
amave dros, bibliur paradigmas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba, rom
lokaluri istoriis CarCoebSi mimdinare movlenebi, rogoricaa
wmindanTa cxovreba-moRvaweobani, organulad CarTos bibliuri drois
msvlelobaSi. es faqti mxatvrul, agiografiul teqsts hiperteqstad
aqcevs. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mxatvrul saxe-simboloTa Seswavlis,
gamokvlevis gareSe SeuZlebelia dadgindes agiografiuli Zeglebis
funqcia da mizanmimarTuleba, Tema da idea, romlis kompaqturad,
cxovrebiseuli magaliTebiT gadmocema dausaxavT avtorebs miznad.
151
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