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Furnishing Training Package
Support Material
LMFFM2005A
Join solid timber
Participant Name: …………………………………...
A U S T R A
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© Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) 2004
Level 11, AMP Place
10 Eagle StreetBRISBANE QLD 4000
Phone: (07) 3246 2300
Fax: (07) 3246 2490
All rights reserved. This work has been produced initially with the assistance of funding provided
by the Commonwealth Government through ANTA. This work is copyright, but permission is
given to trainers and teachers to make copies by photocopying or other duplicating processes for
use within their own training organisation or in a workplace where the training is being conducted.
This permission does not extend to the making of copies for use outside the immediate training
environment for which they are made, nor the making of copies for hire or resale to third parties.
For permission outside of these guidelines, apply in writing to Australian National Training
Authority.
The views expressed in this version of the work do not necessarily represent the views of ANTA.
Australian National Training Authority does not give warranty nor accept any liability in relation
to the content of this work.
Project Management
Sue Woodward
Jack Cunningham
Di Paton
General Manager – Light Manufacturing Training Australia
Project Coordinator – Light Manufacturing Training Australia
Senior Project Officer – Australian National Training Authority
Project Consultants
Furnishing Training Victoria Mark Kelly – Executive Officer/Project Manager
Alison Porter – Project Officer
Kirsten Stollery – Instructional Designer
Douglas Mawson Institute of TAFE – Technical Writer
Joanna Price – Graphic Artist/Developer
Techtrain/Mark Kelly – Content Editors
Bryon Stanley/Henry Johnson/
Hermann Oltrop/Glenn Hickey – Technical Editors
Alison Porter – Word Processor
Published by:
Australian Training Products Ltd
Level 25, 150 Lonsdale St
Melbourne 3000
Phone: +61 3 96550600 Fax: +61 3 9639 4684
www.atpl.net.au e-mail: sales@atpl.net.au
First published: July 2004
Stockcode: atp9530
ISBN: 0 642 80272 6
LMFFM2005A - Join solid timber (Master Pack)
Printed by: Document Printing Australia, Melbourne, Australia
AEShareNet: S
Version: 1
Release date: 20/07/2004
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Content
About this resource ......................................................................................... 1
Copyright ...................................................................................................................1
How do I use this resource? .......................................................................................2
What do I have to do? ................................................................................................3
How will I be assessed?..............................................................................................5
What other resources are available?...........................................................................6
Key words ......................................................................................................... 7
Introduction...................................................................................................... 9
Manufactured boards.................................................................................................9
Solid Timber...............................................................................................................9
Joining solid timber..................................................................................................11
Preparing for work ........................................................................................ 13
Health and safety .....................................................................................................13
Material Safety Data Sheets .................................................................................... 15
Planning the work sequence....................................................................................25
Quality procedures ..................................................................................................27
Quality Assurance...................................................................................................28
Selection of work area, tools and equipment ............................................................29
Preparation of materials ............................................................................... 35
Types of timber.........................................................................................................35
Adhesives .................................................................................................................39
Use of adhesives and glues.......................................................................................43
Selecting timber .......................................................................................................47
Converting timber....................................................................................................51
Defects......................................................................................................................57
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Selecting joining processes...................................................................................... 63
Marking timber for joining........................................................................... 73 Joining timber.......................................................................................................... 73
Cut materials to length............................................................................................ 74
Plane face and edge.................................................................................................. 75
Thickness................................................................................................................. 76
Laying out materials................................................................................................ 77
Clamping................................................................................................................. 79
Re-machining .......................................................................................................... 80
Checking work......................................................................................................... 81
Finalising operations..................................................................................... 83
Cleaning up and maintaining equipment ............................................................... 83
Disposing of materials............................................................................................. 83
Activities ........................................................................................................... 1
Worksheets................................................................................................................. 3
Learning Checklist................................................................................................... 15
Assessment Checklist .............................................................................................. 17
Appendix A ...................................................................................................... 1
Range Statement ....................................................................................................... 3
Evidence Guide.......................................................................................................... 5
Key Competency Levels............................................................................................. 8
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L e a r n i n g
R e s o u r c e
About this resourc e
Welcome to competency unit LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber. In this
resource you will be learning about joining solid timber.
The purpose of this resource is to provide you with the underpinning
knowledge required to assist you in completing an assessment in competency
unit LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber. This resource also contains worksheets
to test your underpinning knowledge, a learning checklist to monitor your
experiences and an assessment checklist so you can monitor what you will
need to do to meet the requirements of an assessment.
Industry trainers and Registered Training Organisations (RTO’s) may use this
resource as a learning and assessment tool. It is not compulsory and is
provided as a support to the Furnishing Training Package LMF02. Trainers
and RTO’s may choose to use alternative material. However, while
conducting accredited training, trainers must comply with the Australian
Quality Training Framework (AQTF). The AQTF can be viewed at
www.anta.gov.au.
This resource is one of forty units developed by Furnishing Training Victoria
on behalf of Light Manufacturing Training Australia, with funding from the
Australian National Training Authority, to support the implementation of theFurnishing Training Package LMF02.
The unit of competency this resource relates to is a specialist skill unit for the
following qualifications.
• Certificate II LMF20302 – Furniture Making
• Certificate III LMF30302 – Furniture Making
• Certificate III LMF30402 – Furniture Making (Cabinet Making)
• Certificate III LMF30502 – Furniture Making (Wood Machining)
Copyright
Parts of this resource (text and graphics) may have been reproduced from the
ABC Furnishing Modules Learner Guides. This material is copyright material
and has been reproduced with the kind permission of the Australian National
Training Authority (ANTA).
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L e a r n i n g
R e s o u r c e
How do I use this resource?
This resource is divided into four main sections.
• A learning resource, which contains underpinning knowledge and
background information on joining solid timber.
• Worksheets to test your underpinning knowledge of joining solid
timber.
• A learning checklist which allows you to monitor your experiences in
joining solid timber.
• An assessment checklist which will help you demonstrate competency.
It is suggested that to meet all the requirements of this resource you will need
to complete the following tasks:
• Read the information contained in the learning unit.
• Complete the worksheets as instructed.
• Have your answers checked by your trainer.
• Work with your trainer to practise joining solid timber.
•Read the assessment checklist.
• Complete an assessment.
If you are having difficulties completing this resource because you do not
have sufficient background knowledge or literacy skills, you should ask your
trainer for assistance.
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What do I have to do?
To achieve competence in this unit you will need to demonstrate the required
level of skills and knowledge for each of the elements involved in joining solid
timber.
The elements are:
• Prepare the work
• Layout and prepare materials
• Join solid timber
• Finalise operation and maintain equipment.
A copy of the complete unit of competency LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber
is attached in Appendix A. If you are unsure of the meaning of the elements
and/or performance criteria you should ask your trainer for assistance.
To demonstrate competence in this unit you will also need to:
• demonstrate a knowledge of:
- the types, characteristics (including cupping, expansion,
twisting, bowing, spring and grain direction), uses andlimitations of timbers
- the interpretation of plan representation of furniture design
- joining techniques and their effect on timbers
- the types of sawing methods, including back sawn and quarter
sawn, and the impact of these on joining
- the preparation of drawings/set-outs
- the identification of hand and/or power tools, materials,
equipment, processes and procedures
- workflow in relation to furniture production Evidence Guide
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• demonstrate the ability to:
- collect, organise and understand information related to work
orders, basic plans, and safety procedures
- communicate ideas and information to enable confirmation of
work requirements and specifications, coordination of work
with site supervisor, other workers and customers, and the
reporting of work outcomes and problems
- plan and organise activities, including the preparation and
layout of the worksite and the obtaining of equipment and
materials to avoid any back tracking, workflow interruptions or
wastage
- work with others and in a team by recognising dependenciesand using cooperative approaches to optimise workflow and
productivity
- use mathematical ideas and techniques to correctly complete
measurements, calculate area and estimate material
requirements
- use pre-checking and inspection techniques to anticipate
installation problems, avoid reworking and avoid wastage
- use the limited workplace technology related to the installation
of underlay and gripper strips, including tools, equipment,calculators and measuring devices
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How will I be assessed?
Your trainer and/or assessor will decide with you how and when you will be
assessed. Your assessment activity will include joining at least four solid
timber tops. The solid timber tops must have a minimum of three sections and
use a minimum of four different widening joins.
Your assessment should allow you to demonstrate all the skills and
knowledge required for joining solid timber.
This unit may be assessed in conjunction with other units of competency. Your
trainer and/or assessor will tell you if you will be assessed this way.
Are there any p rereq uisites?
There are no compulsory prerequisites in the Furnishing Training Package. It
is recommended that prior to undertaking competency unit LMFFM2005A –
Join solid timber, you should have successfully completed the following unit/
s of competency.
• LMFFM2001A – Use furniture making sector hand and power tools
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What other resources are available?
To assist you completing competency unit LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber,
the following resources have been suggested and should be available to you to
do this competency.
Web sites
• Search ‘joining timber’
• http://www.nohsc.gov.au
Texts
• Walton, J.A. 1993, Woodwork in Theory and Practice, The Australian
Publishing Co, New South Wales.
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Key words
Adhesive A natural or synthetic substance using evaporation or
chemical reaction to dry or set and hold two or more
pieces together
Button or table
clip
Either metal or timber, used to fasten down table tops
Carcase The body part of a cabinet
Countersink A cone shape boring in timber to receive a screw head
so that the surface of the screw is at, or lower than the
timber surface
Cup When a board has become hollow across its width,
usually away from the heart side
Face mark A mark to indicate the prepared and true tested face of
a piece of timber
Face-edge mark A mark on the edge of a piece of trued timber like a
‘V’, with the point of the ‘V’ pointing towards the face
markFigure A technical term for the grain of a piece of wood,
especially when used as a decorative feature
Flush Level or even with the surrounding surfaces
Slot screwing The clearance hole is elongated or enlarged to allow
for expansion and contraction of the timber. Used
where one piece of timber is secured to another,
having the grain direction at right angles to each other
such as drawer runners and kickers in solid timber
construction
Traversing To plane diagonally across the surface of joined timber
boards in order to flatten the surface
Twist Timber that is twisted in its length in a spiral or screw
like way
Tangential Growth rings on the end grain of timber that are part
of a circle
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Introduction
In the furnishing industry, furniture makers refer to and use two basic groups
of timber product, manufactured board and solid timber.
Manufac tured boards
Manufactured boards are a processed glued timber product. The common
names for these products are hard board, eg masonite, medium density
fibreboard (MDF), plywood or particle board. In most cases manufactured
boards are made from plantation thinnings. Manufactured board products
have in many cases, replaced solid timber or used in conjunction with solid
timber components in the furniture industry.
Manufactured boards can be used as a substitute in a number of ways. For
example, today manufactured board is commonly used in kitchen
manufacture and some casegoods as well as for doors and door-surrounds,
decorative mouldings, rails, skirtings and cornices.
You can learn more about manufactured boards in other units in this series.
Solid Timber
Solid timber is the term used to describe natural pieces of timber or wood that
has been cut to a usable size from a particular species of tree.
Solid timber is commonly used in furniture manufacturing and building
construction. Solid timber is a very versatile product, it is available in many
different species each having different advantages and disadvantages. Solid
timber can be divided into two categories, hardwood (pored wood) and
softwood (non-pored wood).
You need to have a little background knowledge of the differences between
softwood and hardwood before you are able to make choices of timber for
particular tasks. The difference between the two timbers is not related to
hardness or softness but rather to their botanical nature. Surprisingly, Balsa,
which is used extensively for lightweight model construction, is a hardwood.
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Hardwoods generally have broad leaves and covered seeds.
Hardwood leaves and covered seed
Softwoods generally have needle shaped leaves and uncovered seeds, eg pine
cones.
Softwood leaves and uncovered seeds
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Joining solid timber
When planning a joining task, there are four areas that are important to
consider, they are:
• the selection of an appropriate species of timber that is suitable to the
design requirements and function of the particular timber component
• the particular cut of the timber, whether back sawn or quarter sawn
• the figure, grain selection and placement of each component in the
piece of furniture to best suit the properties of the timber
• the methods of work and joining that allow the timber to move freely(working of the timber). Timber continues to expand and contract as it
reacts to changes in moisture content in the air.
In this unit, the following topics are covered:
• preparing for work
• preparation of materials
• joining timber
• finalising operation.
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Preparing for work
When preparing to join solid timber you need to consider a number of issues
that contribute to a safe and effective workplace.
In this section we will look at:
• health and safety
• the job requirements
• planning the work sequence
• quality procedures
• the selection of:
- work area
- tools and equipment.
Hea lth and safety
Following workplace health and safety procedures is very important to make
sure you and your workmates are not injured at work. You need to be aware
of your responsibilities at all times. Your responsibilities include knowingabout:
• Occupational Health & Safety (OH&S) legislation
• manual handling
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
OH&S legislation
All states and territories have Occupational Health and Safety legislation that
must be followed by all workplaces. This legislation covers:
• building codes
• material safety management systems
• hazardous substances & dangerous goods codes
• manual handling
• PPE
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
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Workplaces also need to work within the boundaries of state and territory
environmental legislation and health regulations. It is a good idea to find out
what the regulations are for your local area.
Manual handling
Before starting any manual handling procedure (lifting, lowering, pushing,
pulling or carrying), you must first assess the situation. This assessment is
called ‘sizing up the load’. In a familiar handling situation, where all the
characteristics of the load, surroundings and handler are known, this step will
be carried out automatically; but in unfamiliar circumstances, or when the
loads are variable, a deliberate appraisal should be made.
The general principles for most handling procedures are:
• position the body correctly before starting
• use the legs to raise and lower loads, to set the load moving and to
provide momentum for horizontal movement when pushing or pulling
• use body weight together with the first 2 points to counter loss of
balance and to assist in moving loads.
These manual handling strategies are particularly important when joining
solid timber. When you start a joining task the materials you will be using are
likely to be difficult to handle because of their length, then once complete the
joined timber could be quite heavy and difficult to manage.
Personal Protective Equipment
Away from work, you may choose your own clothing to suit yourself, but
work clothes and protective clothing are designed for your protection. You
must wear the correct clothing and equipment to protect yourself from
possible serious injury both in the short term and the long term.
When joining solid timber you must use your personal protective equipment
(PPE). PPE is designed to protect you from immediate dangers. The PPE you
will or may need for joining solid timber includes:
• eye protection – safety goggles or glasses
• hearing protection – ear plugs or muffs
• suitable footwear – steel capped boots or sturdy leather shoes
• protective clothing – overalls or similar protective clothing
• breathing apparatus – dust masks or respirators.
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Material Safety Data Sheets
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are an important part in the correct
handling, transporting, storage and application of hazardous goods and
substances.
The MSDS list all the relevant safety details that might affect:
• the user
• future processes
• the materials themselves
• other goods, substances and/or materials that the referenced materials
are likely to come in contact with.
MSDS satisfy Australian Standards on the responsibilities of the manufacturer
and those who are likely to be associated with the substance at any stage of its
life.
An example of the headings and their content in a materials safety data sheet
are given on the following pages. If you have difficulty understanding any of
the information on the MSDS, the national code of practice for the preparation
of Material Safety Data Sheets NOHSC: 2011 provides a definition for each of
the recommended information categories. This is available on their web site,
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Content of a MSDS
Date of issue
This section provides the date of issue for the MSDS not the product
manufacture date. Check if it is up to date (not more than 5 years old).
Manufac turer's or supp lier’s de tails
This section tells you how to contact the supplier.
• Company
• Address
• Telephone Number
• Emergency telephone number (Australia)
Identifica tion sec tion
This section is where you can check identification against the label (make
sure you have the right MSDS)
• Product names
• Other names
• Manufacturer’s product code
• UN number
UN numbers apply to substances classified as dangerous goods. Some
hazardous substances may also be dangerous goods and/or scheduled
poisons.
• Dangerous Goods class and subsidiary risk
• Hazchem code
• The Hazchem code is for responding to road emergencies such asspills.
• Poison schedule number
• Packaging group
Use
This section is where you find the uses recommended or intended by the
manufacturer and methods of application. These should be followed to
ensure safe use.
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Physica l de sc ription a nd prope rties
This section covers a wide range of technical information on properties
such as melting point, flash points and flammability. Also has information
on reactivity with other common substances, which is very important
when considering safe use and storage.
Ingredients
This section gives you the chemical identity of each hazardous ingredient.
The CAS number also identifies each ingredient. In some cases generic
names and a range of concentrations (eg. 30 – 60%) are used.• Chemical name
• CAS number
• Proportions
Health hazard information
This section covers all the health and protective information
• Health effects
- acute
• swallowed• eye
• skin
• inhaled
Here you find the short-term effects of exposure to the product by relevant
routes of exposure (if any).
• chronic
These are the long term effects (if any).
• First aid
This gives first-aid instructions for each relevant route of exposure and a
list of any first aid facilities required in the workplace.
• Advice to doctor
This is for use by medically trained personnel.
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Prec autions for use
Exposure standards (Worksafe)
• This section details exposure standards for contaminants in air,
which must not be exceeded, if applicable or available. Not all
substances will have exposure standards. This does not cover the
dermal (skin) or oral (mouth) routes of exposure.
• Engineering controls
This section gives ways of reducing exposure, for example ventilation
methods.
• Personal protection
This section gives specific types of protective clothing (eg. type of gloves,
apron) and respirator if required, to reduce exposure.
• Flammability
Here you find the steps to avoid fires and explosions.
Safe handling informa tion
Storage and transport
• Safe storage and transport requirements including any chemical
incompatibility.
Spills and disposal
• Information on suitable methods to avoid spills, materials to absorb
spills and suitable methods of disposal.
Fire/explosion hazards
• This section includes information for fire fighting and emergency
services. Indicates any dangerous decomposition or combustion
products. Shows the types of fire extinguishers you should use.Other information
Contact point (Australia)
This section is where you find the direct telephone number and job titles of
the person to contact for more information.
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L e a r n i n g
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Job requirements
The job requirements for a solid timber joining task can be found in the workinstructions. Work instructions contain details such as:
• the processes to be used
• the type and quantity of materials
• the finish requirements
• the finished quantity requirements.
Work instructions vary from very detailed information to a simple list or
verbal instructions from your supervisor.
Following work instructions and procedures helps:
• reduce the risk of injury to yourself and others
• reduce the risk of damage to goods, equipment and products
• maintain required production and output.
Elements of a Cutting a nd Costing list
Most furniture makers use cutting and costing lists as a form of workinstruction.
Traditionally, the cutting list was written on plywood and sealed with a
substance such as shellac to help preserve it for use at a future date. However,
today it is more likely to be a computer print out, laminated in plastic to
protect it. With computer technology, cutting lists are stored on disk and can
be changed and/or re-printed as required.
The cutting list is an integral part of the communication process in wood
machining, cabinet making and furniture making. In conjunction with the full
size set-out or rod, it provides each person involved in a project with all of the
necessary information to manufacture the project accurately. The set-out and
cutting list is a package of information. Each one compliments the other. They
should be kept in a safe place.
A cutting list shows the complete material requirements for one piece only. If
more than one unit is to be produced, then the number of pieces is multiplied
by the number of units required.
The following pages show a sample cutting list for a bed side cabinet.
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Cutting list – job: bedside c ab inet
I t e m N o .
D e s c r i p t i o
n P a r t N a m e
Q u a n t i t y
L e n g t h
W i d t h
T h i c k n e s s
M a t e r i a l
R e m a r k s
1 Ends Stiles 4 675 55 20 Oak
2 Rails 4 238 55 20 Oak *
3 Muntins 2 575 35 20 Oak *Add 10
mm fromfitting
4 Panels 4 575 110 4 Oak
Ply
*
5 Top 1 450 380 20 Oak Boards
joined
from 22
mm
material
6 Edge RailsFront
4 395 55 20 Oak *
7 Back Top 1 395 45 20 Pine *
8 Int. Bottom 2 395 45 16 Pine *
9 Base Front 1 385 65 20 Oak
10 Sides 2 335 65 20 Oak
11 Back 1 360 65 20 Pine *
12 Door Stiles 2 305 45 20 Oak
13 Rails 2 340 50 20 Oak
14 Panel 1 215 290 4 Oak
Ply
*
15 Bead 2 520 8 6 Oak Moulded
16 Drawer Front 1 370 80 20 Oak
17 Sides 2 305 80 12 Pine *
18 Back 1 370 60 12 Pine *
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Cutting list – job: b edside cab inet
I t e m N o .
D e s c r i p t i o
n P a r t N a m
e
Q u a n t i t y
L e n g t h
W i d t h
T h i c k n e s
s
M a t e r i a l
R e m a r k s
19 Bottom 1 300 355 4 Pine
Ply
*
20 Carcase Back 1 675 400 4 Pine
Ply
21 Shelf Panel 1 390 300 4 Oak
ply
22 Bottom Panel 1 370 300 4 Pine
Ply
23 Drawer
Runners
2 280 20 20 Pine *
24 Kickers 2 240 20 20 Pine *
25 Cleats 4 240 20 16 Pine *
26 Corner
Blocks
4 60 20 20 Pine *
*Denotes Cut To Length - all others to be left 10 mm longer than given
length
(All measurements are in millimetres.)
The cutting list has many columns. Each column has a specific purpose. The
previous cutting list contains the common column headings used. They are
the:
•item no
• description/part name
• quantity
• length
• width
• thickness
• material
•
remarks
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Item No.
Each item or component is assigned a number in ascending order. Sometimes
this is replaced with letters from the alphabet. It is quite common for the wood
machinist to label or mark each component machined with the item number
rather than the description for easy identification by the cabinet maker.
Desc ription/ Part Nam e
All part names are written in this column, usually in a systematic sequence to
prevent a component being left out. One method of deciding how to list the
part names is to picture how the project is to be constructed and assembled
piece by piece or in sections, and enter each part name in that order as they
would be used.
Quantity
After each part name is entered, the quantity required of each component is
listed. This information is calculated from the full sized set-out or rod.
Length
The length of each part is always measured in the direction in which the grainruns. This also applies to manufactured boards where face veneers or wood
grain patterns apply. Care must be taken as there are times when a width
measurement can be greater than the length. All measurements are stated in
millimetres. It is not necessary to write ‘mm’ in the column beside the
dimension.
Note
It is very important that the dimensions on the cutting list are accurate.Material machined incorrectly is costly and time consuming.
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Width and Thickness
These measurements refer to the end section size of each solid timber
component (width x thickness). The width is the larger of the two sizes.
Manufactured board materials are simply measured in length (along the grain
where appropriate) x the width (across the grain) x the thickness. Where there
is no grain or pattern on the board, then the length is always the longer of the
two sizes. When joining solid timber tops, components are entered on the
cutting list, it is usual to enter the finished length, width and thickness in their
respective columns. The remarks column is used to tell you that those
components are to be joined.
Material
Due to the wide variety of timbers, manufactured boards and timber products
used in the furniture industry, it is important to complete each item in the
material column. Sometimes where components are not seen, eg, corner
blocks, cleats, drawer runners and guides, it is suggested for economical
reasons to mark in the column against these items ‘suitable timber’. You can
then select timber that is suited to that need. Often, these components are
small in length and section and can be machined from off-cuts of good quality
timber that might otherwise be waste.
Remarks
All cutting lists should follow a set pattern. A tradesperson will understand
most general requirements. This column is used to explain special
requirements.
Remarks may include items such as:
• how the timber is dressed
• special requirements for joining
• details about mouldings
• details about shaped components.
Dressed timber – is generally referred to as DAR (dressed all round) or PAR
(planed all round) but where shaped work is to be carried out, it may only
need to be planed two sides. Therefore, D2S (dressed two sides) or P2S
(planed two sides) is entered in the ‘Remarks’ column.
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L e a r n i n g
R e s o u r c e
Planning the work sequenc e
The purpose of planning a work sequence is to:
• eliminate unnecessary work
• ensure full use of machinery
• prevent delays
• to make the factory run more efficiently and economically
• make full use of timber stacks.
A work sequence should be planned in a way that will minimise handling.This ensures that the minimum amount of time is spent at each machine or
process.
Planning out the work sequence also ensures that you complete or receive the
components as they are needed and will not be held up waiting for particular
pieces of the job.
The following are two examples of work sequence. The first would suit a
custom furniture maker and the second would suit a production or volume
manufacturer.
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Example one
The work sequence for joining a solid timber top in a custom furniture
enterprise could be:
• Select the timber from the rack or the pack of timber
• Dock timber to an approximate length according to the measurements
recorded on the cutting list
• Machine a face and edge, straight and flat, and at 90° to each other
using the under hand surface planner (Buzzer)
• Machine to width and thickness using the panel planer (Thicknesser)
• Match the boards in relation to colour, grain direction figure and type
of cut (back sawn or quarter sawn)
• Mark out and machine the joining type to be used, eg biscuit joins or
dowels
• Glue and clamp together and allow drying time depending on the
adhesive used checking for flatness of the panel
• Re-machine to the final thickness removing waste from both faces
• Buzz one edge straight and square to the face
• Re-dimension the panel to the final size using the sliding table saw
making sure to start with the buzzed edge against the fence.
Examp le two
This is a work sequence for joining a solid timber top in a volume production
enterprise.
• Cut to length using an optimising docking saw
• Machine a match join on the joining edges using moulding machinewith power feed
• Glue and clamp the panels together allowing time for the adhesives to
cure
• Thickness to final dimension using a wide belt sander
• Dimension to final length and width.
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Now complete Worksheets Questions 1 – 5 in your
Activities Booklet.
Quality proc edures
You can maintain the required job quality by checking the job at each stage of
the process.
Quality control is the name given to the process of checking that products
(and sometimes services) meet the standard set by the organisation. Thesechecks are usually carried out after the products have been manufactured.
Those that pass the check are accepted and those that fail are reworked or
scrapped.
Checking the quality of a product after it has been made is an expensive, and
less satisfactory way of trying to make sure customers receive only good
products, so in recent years quality control has generally been replaced by
‘quality assurance’.
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L e a r n i n g
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Quality Assurance
Quality assurance is an important factor in planning your work.
When effective quality principles are practiced by businesses they tend to
generate benefits resulting in improved quality, which in turn leads to
increased productivity, sales, and customer satisfaction.
Quality assurance is a term used to describe the introduction, documentation
and standardisation of quality systems and all the procedures that go with
them to give us, and our customers, confidence that all our products or
services will meet their requirements.
Quality Assurance is achieved by:
• providing a clear vision or idea of what quality is and how it can be
achieved.
• providing support and commitment to the process.
• developing policy and procedures.
• providing empowerment for people to solve customer problems and
produce quality.
• providing support, encouragement, or coaching.
• establishing customer information systems to find out whether
customers are happy with the products.
• creating self-managing work teams that are able to solve the customers'
problems.
• providing training.
• establishing quality and productivity targets.
•providing positive feedback, encouragement, support and informationabout achievement of targets.
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Sam ple c hec klist
Item Quality requirements
Dining chair Correct
size
Correct
position
Matches
template
Correct
timber
Correct
finish
polish
Seat height
Back rest
height
Foot rest
position
Colour
Seat Height
Other
Selec tion of work a rea , tools and equipmentThe selection of a work area and your tools and equipment is critical to
making sure that the product you are making is of a high standard.
Work a rea
A suitable work area needs to be set aside for the joining of solid timber. The
area must be able to cope with the static machines, tools and equipment you
are likely to use. When organising your work area remember to allow for the
length of the raw material as well as the finishing area of the joined solidtimber. The work area must be safe in accordance with the appropriate OH&S
legislation and MSDS.
Tools and equipment
Joining solid timber requires the use of machines and other tools and
equipment depending on the job to be done. The following tables identify the
static machines, tools and equipment you may use and what they are used for
and some basic safety and maintenance.
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Mac hines Use Safety c hec k and ma intenanc e
Panel planer(Thicknesser)
Reducing the joined solid
timber to its
final thickness
Check quality of bladeKeep machine clean and clear
Check safety features like the on/off
switch
Check safety features
Ensure dust extraction is operating
effectively
Spindle
moulder
Profiling timber
edges forwidening joins
Check quality of blade
Keep machine clean and clear
Check safety features like the on/off
switch
Check safety features
Ensure dust extraction is operating
effectively
Sanders
(wide belt,
stroke,portable or
orbital or
finishing)
Prepare surfaces
to final finish
ready forpolishing or
finishing
Keep machine clean and clear
Check safety features like the on/off
switch
Ensure dust extraction is operating
effectively
Check abrasive belts or papers
Vertical and
horizontal
drills
Join preparation
eg dowels
Check quality of drill bits
Keep machine clean and clear
Check safety features like the on/off
switch and guards
Biscuit
machines
(plate joiner)
Cutting groove
in edge to be
joined
Keep tool clean and clear
Check safety features like the on/off
switch and including power supply
Ensure dust extraction is connected
and operating effectively
Measuring
tapes and rules
Marking and
checking all
measurements
Keep clean and stored correctly
Use only for intended purpose
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Mac hines Use Safety c hec k and ma intenance
Hammers Tapping timberinto position
(face of timber
should be
protected to
avoid damaging
the surface)
Keep face clean and clear ofsubstances eg oil, glue, coatings
Store correctly
Mallets Tapping timber
into position
Keep clean avoid hitting sharp
objects and damaging the face
Squares Checking thetimber to make
sure it is square
Keep clean and store separatelyfrom other tools to avoid damage
Bevels Transfer angles
from one piece
of timber to
another
Keep clean and store separately
from other tools to avoid damage
Chisels Traditionally
used to cut joins
by hand, now
more commonly
used for tidy up
work such as
scraping
removing excess
glue or clearing
cuts
Keep clean and store separately
from other tools to avoid damage to
the blade
Keep sharp and store to avoid
damage and injury
Planes Traditionally
used to prepare
surfaces readyfor assembly by
hand
Keep clean and store separately
from other tools to avoid damage to
the blade
Hand saws Hand cut timber Keep clean and store separately
from other tools to avoid damage to
the blade
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Mac hines Use Safety c hec k and ma intenanc e
Portablepower saws
Rarely used,however can
take the place of
a docking saw
Check safety features like the on/offswitch and including power supply
and guards
Ensure dust extraction is operating
effectively (if fitted)
Portable
power drills
Rarely used in
joining solid
timber, could be
used for join
preparation egdowels in
conjunction
with dowelling
jig
Check safety features like the on/off
switch and including power supply
Check quality of drill bits
Pneumatic
tools
Can be used in a
variety of
situations
depending on
the design of the
tool for exampleclamping,
drilling,
screwing and
sanding
Oil according to manufacturers
specifications and keep clean. Make
sure air supply is maintained and
free of excess moisture
Clamps Holding timber
in place while
adhesives cure.
Keep clean and free of cured
adhesives, dust and dirt
Note
All static machines, tools and equipment need to be checked for safe and
effective operation before they are used.
Now complete Worksheets Questions 6 – 7 in your
Activities Booklet.
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Preparation of materials
Successfully joining solid timber will show off the timbers natural beauty and
strength. To achieve a high quality outcome it is important to understand the
structure of timber. Having that understanding will ensure appropriate
consideration is given to the selection, joining method and techniques used in
joining.
In this section we will look at:
• types of timber
• adhesives
• selecting timber
• converting timber
• selecting joining processes.
Typ es of timber
There are many different species of timber that are used in the furnishing
industry. Some of the more commonly used and available are included in the
following table with information on their characteristics.
Blackwood
Origin Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales.
Timber Hard, golden brown in colour with coarse texture.
Straight grain with occasional waves.
Workability Easy to work, takes a high polish and bends easily.
Weight Moderately heavy.
Uses: Furniture, panelling, boat building, decorative veneers,
show–wood furniture, flooring.
Availability Generally readily available, often used as a substitute
for teak.
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Tasmanian oa k or mountain ash
Origin Tasmania and Victoria.
Timber Hard, pale brown in colour, usually straight grained
with an open texture. Prominent growth rings, tough
and strong.
Workability Good bending qualities, easily worked with hand tools.
Polishes well.
Weight Heavy.
Uses General building, furniture, joinery, paper pulp, show–
wood furniture.
Availability Generally readily available.
Jarrah
Origin Western Australia.
Timber Dark red colour with coarse but even interlocking grain.Workability Glues and bends easily, but needs care when nailed.
Weight Heavy.
Uses Furniture, joinery, doors, show–wood furniture.
Availability Generally readily available.
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European beec h
Origin Common in Europe.
Timber Pale brown or creamy in colour with red, brown centre
when dried. Fine, even texture with a straight grain.
Workability Easy to work and glue, may need pre–drilling when
nailed. Gives a very smooth finish and can be steam
bent.
Weight Fairly heavy.
Uses Cabinet making, bentwood furniture, veneer, plywood.
Availability Limited quantities imported.
Silver ash
Origin Northern NSW, Queensland and New Guinea.
Timber Coarse texture and straight grained.
Workability Glues, stains and bends well and is easy to work.
Weight Varies from light to heavy.
Uses Furniture, sporting goods, boat building, show–wood
furniture.
Availability Limited quantities available.
Western red cedar
Origin West coast of North America.
Timber Very soft, red–brown centre and white around the
outside. Straight grained with coarse texture, resistant to
decay and borers.
Workability Too soft, would not hold staples.
Weight Very light.
Uses Garden or outdoor furniture, cladding, lining boards.
Availability Generally readily available.
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Queensland kauri
Origin Northern Australia. Sourced overseas from NZ, Damar
Minyak from Malaysia.
Timber Straight grained fine textured wood with a lustrous
surface. Colour varies from cream–brown to pinkish.
Not durable.
Workability Works well with hand and power tools, can be brought
to a fine finish.
Weight Light.
Uses Concealed parts in quality furniture or whole painted or
stained items.
Availability Generally readily available.
Note
These are a selection of timbers only. There are many hundreds of
eucalypts and other timbers used widely and in varying quantities inAustralia. Many other timbers are imported for use in Australia, eg
American Oak, Walnut, Baltic Pine, Oregon, Maple, Mahogany. These
timbers come from North and South America, Europe and Asia.
Adhesives
There is a large range of adhesives appropriate to the wood industry. On a
number of occasions you have been told about adhesives. Before you
commence joining solid timber you should have a better understanding ofadhesives.
What a re a dhesives
Adhesives may be defined as substances which are capable of holding
materials together by surface bonding. Adhesives are used widely in the
furnishing industry for furniture construction, fixing joins permanently
together, inlaying, veneering, plywood and particleboard manufacture.
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Adhesives or glues
Glues once referred only to products, which were derived from organic
materials (natural products), such as animal and casein glues, while the term
adhesive was used to describe products derived from synthetic resins (man-
made adhesives), such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA), urea-formaldehyde contact
adhesive and epoxy resin. Today, most glue is made from synthetic resin
bases so the term adhesive is used interchangeably with glue.
Adhesives are needed to join solid timber together. It is crucial that the correct
adhesive is chosen to suit the various timbers in relation to colour, hardness,
density and stability of the timber used as many Australian timbers haveproved difficult to glue due to their characteristics and properties.
It is also important that the information that appears on the MSDS in relation
to the usage and storage of adhesives is followed.
Two of the most common materials you are likely to use when joining solid
timber are epoxy resin and PVA adhesives. Both these products have very
specific first aid requirements should they be mishandled. The following
tables outline the first aid requirements for these products. You should make
yourself familiar with them.
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Epoxy Resin
First Aid
Ingestion Eye Conta c t
Resin Part A
Rinse mouth with water.
Give water to drink.
Do not induce vomiting.
Resin Part A
Irrigate eye with copious amounts
of water.
Remove clothing if contaminated
wash skin.
Hardener Part B
Can result in vomiting, nausea,
irritation of the gastrointestinal
tract.
Hardener Part B
As above.
Seek medical advice. Seek medical advice.
Hand ling a nd Storing
Store in a cool place out of direct sunlight.
Classified as a combustible material maintained in accordance with
AS1940.
Keep container closed at all times.
Hazardous material requiring careful handling
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PVA Adhesives
First Aid
Ingestion Eye / Skin Contac t
Rinse mouth with water.
Drink plenty of water.
Drink water after vomiting.
Irrigate with water while eye held
open.
InhalationRemove victim from area.
Avoid exposure yourself.
Skin contactWash with water.
Remove contaminated clothing
wash skin.
Seek medical advice. Seek medical advice.
Hand ling a nd Storing
Store in a cool place out of direct sunlight.
Keep container closed at all times.
Store away from acids.
Protect from freezing. S A
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Use of adhesives and glues
The use of adhesives in joining solid timber is very important, selecting and
using the correct adhesives will ensure the quality of the job.
Choosing the right adhesive
There are many types of adhesive commercially available; it is often difficult
to match the properties of the adhesive to the particular requirements of the
job. There are three major factors you must consider before deciding on which
adhesive to use. These are:
• cost
• type of material to be bonded
• the prevailing atmospheric conditions under which the adhesive must
bond.
Cost is a major consideration in selecting an adhesive. Prices vary greatly,
however PVA and urea-formaldehyde are usually cheaper than the epoxy
type.
Types of adhesives appropriate to join solid timber include:
• PVA
• formaldehyde adhesives including phenol and urea
• epoxy resins eg araldite.
Note
The adhesive reacting with the metal sash clamp can stain the timber. To
eliminate the problem, place a piece of paper between the clamps and thematerial. If the timber is stained a solution of oxalic acid and warm water
will help to remove the stain from the timber.
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Join fa ilure
Correct gluing is essential in furniture construction. When a glue join fails, it
could be because of incorrect formulation, an excessive cure time or the glue
may be past the used by date or shelf life.
As a general rule, a gluing problem is frequently the result of several small
factors that when combined, cause the problem. It is important to be alert for
contributing factors in glue join failure.
One common problem is excessive moisture content in the timber, that is,
timber that has not been seasoned correctly or has been exposed to large
amounts of surface water. Some situations may call for water resistant or
water proof glues.
Anatomy
When a glue join is examined, there are five links. The strength of the join is
equal to the strength of the weakest of these five links. A good join will be
stronger than the timber itself.
Link 1
‘The middle’, or the first link is the strength of the glue itself. If the proper
adhesive has been chosen and if it has been handled correctly (stored at the
right temperature, not too old, correct catalyst added, etc) then this link is very
strong.
Links 2 and 3
The next links on either side of the ‘middle link’ are most often the cause of
glue-line failure. Weakness results because the adhesive cannot attach itself to
the timber. The problem may be oily timber like teak or poorly fitting joins,
glue with appropriate properties must be used to compensate for these
inconsistencies.
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Links 4 and 5
These links represent the strength of the surface of the timber. It is possible
through machining or sanding to damage the timber surfaces so that they are
not as strong needed.
A study in the US Forest Products Laboratory has shown that abrasive planing
damages surface fibres more than knife planing, causing possible problems for
joins in exterior situations.
What makes a g ood glue join
There are five stages in forming a good glue bond. These stages are critical to
achieving a strong high quality finish.
Stag e 1
The adhesive must flow to form a fairly smooth continuous film over the
surface of the timber. If the adhesive doesn’t flow, marks from the spreading
pattern will usually be visible. The adhesive won’t flow if it’s too thick, too
cold, the timber is too hot or too cold, the surface of the timber is dirty or if
there is insufficient adhesive.
Stag e 2
Next, the adhesive must transfer to the opposite or mating surface. This
requires pressure and enough adhesive to make the transfer. The adhesive
must be able to flow and not have begun to set and harden. Usually a failure
in Stage 2 will be seen by having the adhesive only on one part of a join. Not
enough pressure and pre-curing are common causes. Often the lack of
pressure is a result of ‘non flat’ surfaces. Pre-curing is often caused by
excessive assembly time or timber being too dry. Not enough adhesive can be
a problem as well.
Stag e 3
When pressure is applied, the adhesive penetrates the surface pores. The
pressure does not force the glue into the timber cells however except for those
few cells exposed on the surface.
This action provides mechanical strength for the bond. Such mechanical
strength provides shear resistance, but has little tensile (pulling apart)
strength.
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Stag e 4
Good glue joins are a result of good molecular bonds between the molecules
in the timber and the adhesive. For this bonding to occur, the timber and
adhesive must be in close contact.
Sometimes the timber surface is contaminated or is chemically unable to bond.
This is called a ‘non wetting’ surface. (Imagine trying to glue two pieces of
timber together that have oil on their surfaces.) Ensure surfaces are clean of
any contaminants or select an adhesive appropriate for such conditions.
There are three common causes of failure at this stage:
• the timber surfaces have not been freshly prepared (a surface several
days old may be too old)
• the timber surfaces have foreign material on it, eg oil
• the shelf life of the adhesive or glue is past its used by date.
Stag e 5
The final stage is the solidifying of the adhesive. Failure to solidify may be
caused by too cold a temperature, pH problems or adhesive/catalyst problems.
The rate of solidifying of PVA is influenced by the moisture content of thetimber, the drier the timber, the faster the glue sets and by temperature, the
higher the temperature, the faster the setting time.
When using the epoxy resins the correct mixture of resin and catalyst is very
important as too much catalyst will weaken the join, causing a brittle glue line.
Insufficient will not harden the glue allowing movement between the joined
members, causing an uneven surface after polishing.
Now complete Worksheets Questions 8 – 13 in your
Activities Booklet.
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Selec ting timber
When selecting timber for joining it is very important that you choose
carefully. The following information should be considered when you select
timber.
Timber ready for use is called seasoned. This means that most of the fluid has
been removed from the cells and the walls of the cells have a controlled
specific moisture content. When processed into joined solid timber, the timber
must be seasoned.
This seasoning can be done in many ways but there are two main methods –naturally or kiln dried. Both methods remove the excess moisture. The kiln
dried method of drying timber in temperature and humidity controlled ovens
is much preferred because it is controlled, faster and there is less loss of
product through cracks caused by shrinkage.
Plantation grown timbers are now available and processing methods are in
controlled environments. Australian Standards have been put in place so that
when purchasing timber you will know the characteristics and quality of the
product. You will see a rating stamped on timbers when they are purchased
i.e. F5, F8 etc (Refer to the Australian Standards whenever further knowledgeabout a particular rating is needed). This is generally used for building
timbers. Furniture timbers generally do not carry these markings.
While timbers can appear to be similar, their structures can be very different.
Dense woods such as Black Bean (an Australian hardwood), have less air and
more fibre in their make up than some Meranti timbers (an imported
hardwood). Black Bean can weigh twice that of an equal size piece of Meranti.
The more dense timbers are generally more difficult to bond with adhesives.
This is due to the smaller size and number of empty cells or pores which can
form anchor points for the glues.
The secret to selecting timber is in the structure of the wood. Hardwood has
many pores within its grain that run through its entire length. Softwood does
not have the same pores.
When selecting timber choose lengths which are of the same size in sections
and then add 15 to 20 mm to the length. The longest lengths are cut first so
that shorter lengths may be cut from the off-cuts. Group similar sizes saves set
up times on other machines. The length of timber you select should be long
enough to cut one or several pieces minimising waste.
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When selecting timber from stock for machining, you need to consider the
following points:
• The appropriate width and thickness of each board should be selected
to allow for the least amount of waste. Timber is commercially milled
and sold to the furniture industry as kiln dried, sawn boards. Most
timber is also sold in standard lengths, widths and thicknesses. You
should select the closest size over the size finished you need.
• Timber is sold by length in graduations of 0.3 metric units (300 mm). A
minimum length of 0.9 metre and a maximum of 6.0 metres would be
the available range depending on the species of timber and the
availability of stock held. Generally, stock lengths or the most common
lengths for furniture timbers range from 1.8 metres to 4.2 metres long.
• When considering the width of boards, the variations can be extreme
depending again on the species of timber, availability and mill
practices. Widths of boards can range from 75 mm wide and up to 300
mm wide but varying species can provide wider boards. The boards
are milled in gradations of 25 mm. Common widths are 75 mm, 100
mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, 250 mm and 300 mm.
Distortion of boards takes place during drying because timber does not shrink
equally in all directions.
The movement parallel to the growth rings is about double that at right angles
to the growth rings. Therefore, a back sawn board can shrink as much as twice
that of a quarter sawn board (depending on the species).
Grain patterns and direc tion
If defects are found in the timber you need to either replace it or place it in an
unseen position where the strength of the piece is not compromised. Some
defects can enhance the appearance of the surface.
The visual power of timber grain is constantly at work in furniture. Even in
furniture made from the plainest timber, the grain pattern can have a
considerable visual.
When drawer fronts are to be constructed of solid timber, it is important to try
to maintain the continuity of the grain pattern across the faces. If two or more
fronts are beside each other, try to cut them out of the same board
When selecting and joining timber for door panels, the grain direction and
final appearance must be considered. Wide back sawn boards should be
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selected for door panels as the visual effects will be far more pleasing than
that of quarter sawn boards.
Balance should be considered when selecting boards. For example, if panels
are in pairs they should have similar grain patterns.
All of these previous ideas form common practice and make a piece of
furniture look consistent and like it matches.
Timber struc ture
Each piece of timber is unique, from the original tree you can observe many
features, these features become the features that highlight the piece of
furniture you make. The timber structure is best described in four ways
• growth rings
• medullary rays
• heartwood
• sapwood.
Growth rings
The so called annual rings are sheath or cone-like layers of wood formed each
growing season. Variations are produced by periodic changes in the rate of
growth caused by the climactic conditions, eg winter, summer and fires.
Overall a tree reacts to the climate, the better the growing season the bigger or
wider the growth ring. During a year of average rainfall and sunny days a tree
will grow at its normal rate. During years of draught a tree will be less active
and not grow as much due to lack of water. This will cause a smaller growth
ring.
Events such as bush fire and floods can also be scientifically identified ingrowth rings.
Medullary rays
These are lines or groups of thin walled cells running radially from the bark to
the pith or intermediate growth rings. The rays distribute and store food
materials to the cambium layer and adjacent living cells of the sapwood.
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Heartwood
This is the fully developed wood surrounding the pith. It supports and gives
rigidity to the tree.
Sap wood
This is the immature and newly grown woody tissue produced by the
cambium layer. Sapwood contains active water-producing cells, which convey
water and mineral solution absorbed by roots to the leaves.
Growth rings
Sapwood
Heartwoodor Truewood
Pith
Cambiumlayer } }
Bark
Medullary rays
Cross section of log
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Converting timber
When joining solid timber it is important to understand the advantages of the
growth ring pattern on boards.
There are three main methods of conversion:
• back sawn
• quarter sawn
• live sawn.
Boards are also cut to standard thicknesses with 25 mm, 38 mm, 50 mm, 75mm and 100 mm being the normal sizes milled.
Bac k sawing
When back sawing, the log is sawn so that the width of the boards is
tangential to the growth rings. This method is used widely throughout North
America, New Zealand and Australia for converting timber used in the
Furniture industry.
The main disadvantage of this sawing method is that boards tend to ‘cup’away from the heart (centre of the log).
Timber such as Red Cedar, King William Pine, Jarrah, Douglas Fir,
Coachwood and Blackwood are usually back sawn, to expose pleasant feature
markings of the growth rings on soft tissue. Back sawn boards are used for
tool handles, steam bending, cabinetwork, tabletops, shelving, beams and
bearers.
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Cut 3 Cut 2
Cut 1
Back sawing (Tangential, Flat or Slash cut)
The advantages of back sawing timber include:
• less shrinking in thickness compared to quarter sawn timber
• nails and other fixings are accepted without splitting
•decorative surface grain is revealed in some timber species
• decorative knots are revealed in the cross section
• wider boards can be obtained.
The disadvantages of back sawing timber include:
• boards tend to cup more
• gum veins can show across the face of the timber, especially in
eucalypts
• shrinking can occur in the width of the timber.
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Quarter sawing
Quarter sawing is used to convert logs into boards, which have their width in
the general direction of the medullary rays. The logs have to be turned
frequently to new positions, especially for fully quarter sawn boards.
Quarter cut boards from timbers which have distinct rays such as Oak, She-
Oak and Silky Oak show decorative medullary ray figure markings called
‘silver grain’ Timber with interlocked grain such as Queensland Maple,
Walnut and Mahogany show ribbon or stripe figure when quarter sawn, and
those having wavy grain produce wavy, curly and fiddle back figure.
Quarter sawn boards are preferred for flooring and decking, as they have
good wearing surfaces and wear evenly without splintering. Quarter sawn
boards are preferred for interior finish, mouldings, architraves, furniture, sash
and door frames, as they retain their shape better than other cuts.
Quarter sawing (radially cut)
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The advantages of quarter sawing include:
•reduced cupping and warping than back sawn timber
• less ‘movement’ when exposed to changes in temperature and
humidity
• gum veins are shown only as a line on the surface of the timber
• the surface grain is more resistant to wear than that of back sawn
timber.
The disadvantages to quarter sawing include:
• knots, if present, show as spokes across the surface of the board
• a tendency to split when nailing through the face
• a less decorative surface grain is presented.
Live sawing
Live sawing is when the log is cut into boards by a series of parallel saw
blades. This is a relatively cheap method of conversion, as the log is not
turned during the machining process.
Live sawing
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The advantages to live sawing include:
•reduced costs and increased time efficiency
• mix of various types of conversions in the one method.
The disadvantages to live sawing include:
• boards tend to cup more
• gum veins can show across the face of the timber, especially in
eucalypts
• shrinking can occur in the width of the timber
•
knots, if present, show as spokes across the surface of the board• a tendency to split when nailing through the face
• a less decorative surface grain is presented.
Back sawn and live sawn methods are the most commonly used because they
are the fastest methods and return the highest volume of board conversion
from each log.
Seasoning timber
It is important when joining solid timber to used season timber only.
Unseasoned timber is very unstable and is more likely to bow, twist or cup.
Moisture content
All timber contains some water. This water content or ‘moisture content’ is
expressed as a percentage of the weight of water present in the timber in
relation to the weight of a similar of dry wood.
In a similar sense the air around us contains some moisture. If a piece of
timber contains more moisture than the air around it, then it will slowly dry
out until it has the same moisture content as the air. If a timber has excessive
moisture then it will affect the stability and holding ability of the adhesive
used.
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) refers to the state where the timber has
the same moisture content as the air around it.
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If the moisture content of the air around you is 12% (12% of its bulk is water)
and a piece of timber has a moisture content of 12%, then it has reached a
point of equilibrium moisture content. Its moisture content is equal to that of
the atmosphere.
The moisture content of timber is never constant, it will fluctuate with
seasonal changes. There will be seasonal swelling and shrinking. This is
referred to as the ‘working of the wood’. This is evident in doors, drawers, etc,
which may become tight or hard to open and close during long periods of
humid weather, even though they have been in use for years.
Seasoning is simply the drying out of most of the moisture from the timber.
The aim of seasoning is not to dry the water completely from the wood, but
rather to bring it to a point of equilibrium moisture content (EMC).
In Australia the average moisture content of the air varies. Timber that is used
should be seasoned to the EMC of the area. If the timber is to be fitted inside a
centrally heated building, then its moisture content must match that of the air
in the building. This can be as low as 6–8%, quite different to the moisture
content outside.
There are two distinct stages in the seasoning of green timber. This is because
the moisture exists in the timber in two forms. Firstly as free moisture which is
held in the cell cavities, and secondly as ‘combined moisture’ which exists in
the cell walls.
During the first stage of seasoning the wood, cells give up their free moisture
from the cell cavities. The combined moisture in the cell walls remains until
the cell cavity is empty. This condition is referred to as fibre saturation point
at which time the moisture content is around 30%. Shrinkage of the timber
does not commence until the fibre saturation point has been reached.
Shrinkage begins as the cell walls begin to dry up the combined moisture andit continues until the seasoning is complete.
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Defects
When logs have been converted into boards some problems or defects become
obvious.
A ‘defect’ is any irregularity occurring in or on the timber, which may lower
its strength, durability or value, this may also be detrimental to the finished
component when joining solid timber.
Defects may be ‘natural’ or ‘artificial’. Natural defects are those, which are
present in a growing tree, such as growth defects, grain irregularity, shakes
and knots. Artificial defects are caused by careless handling, incorrectconversion and seasoning techniques and inadequate protection of the timber.
Defects in timber can have a serious affect on the finished piece. Some defects
can affect the:
• strength of the timber
• potential use and value of the timber
• overall appearance of the timber (aesthetics).
You must have a thorough knowledge of the:• various types of defects and the terms used to identify them
• effect that the defect will have on the strength and appearance of the
timber.
It is important when joining solid timber to use seasoned timber only.
Unseasoned timber is very unstable and is more likely to bow, twist or cup.
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Natural defec ts in timber
Defects in timber can be due to several influences such as tree growth, insects
or the environment. Common defects caused during the growing process are
Ring, Cup and Heart shake. A shake is a partial or full separation between
adjoining layers of wood due to relief of growth stresses present in the stem at
the time of felling. A star shake is a number of heart shakes that occur together
in the same log in the form of a star. Felling shakes and star shakes occur after
the felling process.
Common natural defects are shown in the following:
Ring/ Cup Shak e
This is a fine crack between
the growth rings which cause
the strength of a piece of
timber to be compromised.
Hea rt Shake
A split extending from the
pith. This type of shake exists
in the log before conversion.
Felling Shake
This is a fine, irregular like
crack, which extends across
the face or edge or both faceand edge. These sections
should not be used where
weight and support is
required
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Gum PocketsCracks in the timber, which
contains gum. These are often
marketed as natural features
along with other defects in
furniture and floating grade
timbers.
Gum veins
Gum deposits in veins or
blotches on the surfaces of the
timber.
Structural strength is affected
when the gum deposit is
loose and does not contain
wood fibres.
Insec t and termite holes
Termites, borers and insectsmake holes and tunnels in the
timber, which seriously affect
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KnotsKnots are sections of branch
in the timber.
There are several types of
knots and all affect the
strength and appearance of
timber in different ways.
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Other de fec ts in timber
Once timber has completed the seasoning process it is stable and ready for
joining. When selecting solid timber for joining the following needs to be
taken into account if defects are present.
• Is the defect likely to be in a primary highly visible area, eg top, front,
door panel or secondary, less obvious position such as an end?
• Does the defect have the potential to downgrade the overall
appearance and function of the piece or alternatively enhance the
surface appearance without likely surface movement potential?
Other defects that are found in cut timber are shown the following:
Spring
Spring is a curvature along
the edges of timber.
Bow
Bow is a curvature along the
faces of the timber
Convex face
Concave face
Cup
Cup is a curvature across the
faces of timber. This effect is
most common on back sawn
boards.
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TwistTwist is a distortion across
the face which rotates the
ends of the timber in opposite
directions.
Surface Chec ks
These are shallow cracks
extending along the grain on
the face or edge.
Surface checks do not usually
affect the strength of the
timber but they do
downgrade the appearance.
Want a nd Wane
Want and wane is the absence
of wood from the edge of a
piece of timber. Timber can
often be described as havinga ‘waney’ edge.
Now complete Worksheets Questions 14 – 18 in yourActivities Booklet.
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Selec ting joining p roc esses
When joining solid timber there are a number of edge joining methods that
may be used.
Butt A traditional method of joining, which
requires less work in preparation than most.
Dowel Also a traditional method of joining where
dowels are used to strengthen the butt joins.
Plate join or biscuit join A recent innovation where compressed
beech ‘biscuits’ are glued into matching
tangential slots cut in adjacent edges with a
biscuit joiner. The resulting join is quick to
prepare and strong.
Machine moulded edge
join
Profiles are run on the edge. This is a faster
method of joining and reduces the potential
of cutting/moulding through
biscuits/dowels in later processes.
Slip-tongue(Grove and Feather)
A traditional method where a groove ismachined into each edge and a feather of
timber or plywood is glued and inserted
creating a greater glued surface area.
The following pages contain examples of the previous join construction
methods. You will notice on the following pages that the face of all pieces
appear to have a triangular shape marked on them.
This is common in the furnishing industry. It shows which piece fits where.
When joined the markings will complete the triangle. When the pieces arematched and sitting next to each other before joining they are marked in this
way.
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Butt jo in
Position sash clamps onto the workbench. Use as many clamps as necessary to
support the boards at about 600 mm intervals. Place the boards on the clamps
leaving the first board face up and stand the other pieces on edge so that the
triangle marks face away from you. Apply a thin bead of adhesive to each
board; enough to cover the entire edge when the adhesive is spread.
Butt join
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Dowelled joins
Dowel joins are one of the most common adhesive-based furniture assembly
joins. Dowelling is a simple, inexpensive and reliable means of making
various types of joins. Dowel joins have three main advantages.
• Allows precise alignment of parts without special jigs or fixtures.
• Machining is simple, only drilling machines are required.
• The dowels reinforce the joins.
Types of dowels
Multi-
fluted
Single
Fluted
Single
Spiral
Multi-
spiral
Plain Toothed
Drilling
The fit of the dowel in the hole is critical to the strength of the join. It is
important to select a correctly sharpened and sized drill bit. If the dowel is tootight, the timber may split. If it is too loose, the join will not align correctly and
will be weak.
Dowel holes should be cleanly machined with no loose or torn fibres. All loose
shavings should be cleared from the holes. Spiral grooved and multi-grooved
dowels are generally preferred over plain dowels since they allow air and
excess glue to escape from the dowel holes.
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Depth of dowel holes
Dowel holes should be drilled to a combined depth of 2 – 3 mm deeper than
the length of the dowel.
Dowel length Hole depth for each side
50 mm
44 mm
38 mm
30 mm
26 mm
23 mm
20 mm
16 mm
Dowel d iameter
The diameter of the dowel should be approximately one half of the thickness
of the timber.
Timber thickness Dowel diameter
12 mm
16 mm
19 mm
6.5 mm
8 mm
9.5 mm
Dowe l p ositioning
Dowels should be placed approximately 25 - 40 mm in from each end of the
finished solid timber size. Dowels should be spaced approximately 100 – 200
mm apart depending on the length of the join.
Note
Where you place the dowels should also be considered if the timber is to be
edge moulded. Forward planning and a calculation of further processing
will help you work out where the dowels can go.
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Dowel join
Tighten the clamps under the boards just enough to butt them together and
check for alignment. Avoid over-tightening the clamps as the boards may
buckle up at the joins.
Place a third clamp across the top of the boards centering it between the two
underneath. Finish tightening all of the clamps in turn until there are no gaps.
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Plate joining (b iscuit)
Apply enough adhesive along the edges and into each slot inserting the
biscuits as you go. Assemble the boards quickly to prevent the biscuits from
expanding and becoming difficult to insert or causing damage. Position the
clamps in the same manner as for dowel joins. Dried adhesive can blunt
cutters and clog abrasive bells limiting their life and effectiveness.
Remove as much excess adhesive as possible using a plastic putty knife or
damp cloth before the glue dries.
Plate joining (biscuit)
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Mac hined finger / lightning join
This join is produced on a spindle moulder for production purposes. Panel
doors, tops and ends are often produced in quantity using this type of join.
There are many variations of the finger join joining profile. Machined finger
joins are glued and clamped in the same way as butt joins, you must make
sure the adhesive covers all of the surfaces.
Machined finger / lightning join
Tongue and g roove jo in
A tongue on one piece of timber fits into a groove on the second piece to form
this join. Tongue and groove joins are used for flooring boards, matchboards,
and vertical wall panelling.
Tongue and groove is joined in the same way as the machined finger joins.
Tongue and groove
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Groove and fea ther
A groove is produced in each edge and a strengthening feather (slip tongue);
usually plywood is inserted to form this join. Table and bench tops are often
joined this way.
Groove and feather joins follow the same method as the plate joins (biscuit).
Groove and feather
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Rebated join
The edges of the pieces to be joined are rebated. This provides a larger
adhesive area. Rebate joins are used when making table tops, desktops and
shelving.
Rebated join
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Marking timber for joining
When you have selected the timber to be joined and have decided how it will
be laid out to achieve the desired grain pattern, direction and colour you
should mark the pieces while they lay together with a marking that will help
you identify the order in which the pieces will be joined.
Joining timber
When your materials, work space, static machines, tools and equipment are
prepared ready for joining you can commence the joining process. The process
of joining solid timber has six key stages that you must consider they include:
• cut materials to length
• plane face and edge
• thickness
• laying out materials
• clamping
• re-machine after joining.
Note
All relevant safety precautions must be observed at all times when setting
up, operating, and maintaining machines. Appropriate and approved
personal protective equipment must always be used when operating static
machinery.
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Cut ma teria ls to leng th
This is the first stage, this is when you select and dock the solid timber to
length. This is normally done to a size slightly larger than the finished size,
this is called oversizing. The amount you would normally allow is
approximately 25 mm to the length. When you cut materials to length you
must complete the task economically and with a minimum of waste.
It is at this stage that you would cut out surface checks, unwanted gum veins
or other defects.
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Plane face and edge
Before planing timber on a surface planer, the material must be checked for
straightness and defects. The timber may have stones embedded in it or
staples driven into one end. If the timber is bowed, the hollow side should be
placed down on the table to dress the face side. If the material is twisted, the
material should be placed on the infeed table and rotated and held to remove
roughly the same amount of material from the two opposite corners that are in
contact with the table. Two or more cuts may be necessary to dress the face
straight and flat. The timber grain on the bottom surface must point away
from the direction of cutter rotation to ensure a clean cut.
If the timber is not bowed or twisted, the best side is selected for the face and
the timber is planed with the grain to produce a smooth finish.
Plane the face surface first then the face edge. Before planing the face edge, it
is important to check that the fence is square to the table.
Planing
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Thic kness
The next stage is to thickness the boards. The best way to achieve a good
finish is to pass the material through the thicknesser on its edge first then
when you are satisfied that the finish is of the required standard you can
adjust the machine and complete the second pass, the second pass will dress
the face of the timber, it is important to keep the pre-dressed face down on the
machine table.
Thicknessing reduces the timber to parallel sizes as indicated on the cutting
list. Remember, these are the other size measurements. This allows for resizing
the finished size later.
Thicknesser
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Laying out materials
Once prepared, the timber should be laid out ready for joining.
Edge joined boards should look like a single board when completed.
Experiment with the boards to match colour and grain patterns as closely as
possible to create a pattern that is visually interesting. The boards should also
be arranged so that the grain direction is the same on all of the pieces and that
the growth rings (heart sides) on adjacent boards are alternated.
The boards are considered to be matched if, when placed edge to edge:
• the grain direction on all boards faces in the same direction
• the growth rings on adjacent boards are alternated
• the colour and figure matches as closely as possible.
Grain direction
When joining to obtain wide boards, you can select quarter sawn timber thiswill help you to avoid cupping and excessive movement in the width.
Generally more boards will be required using this method. Also the surface
will be straight grained as back sawn boards will show more figure.
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Joining wide boards
If back sawn boards are used for widening, locate them with their heart sides
facing alternate surfaces to reduce the effects of cupping. If this is not done the
joined boards will cup over the entire width.
Cupping
Arrange the boards before final machining of the edges so that the grain runs
in the same direction, growth rings are alternated and colour and figure is
matched as closely as possible
Arranging boards
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Clamping
One of the most important stages in joining solid timber is the clamping of the
timber.
As you have reading this resource, there are a number of factors that
contribute to a good or poor solid timber join.
When clamping you must be careful to place the clamps in the best position,
about 600 mm apart maximum, and make sure they are set in from the edge so
that no damage or danger can be caused.
When clamping you need to clamp following the organisation’s policy.
Remember to place the clamps alternating from top to bottom or the joined
solid timber.
Clamps in position
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Re-machining
When all the edge widening joins have dried thoroughly and the clamps
removed, the panels must be prepared for final thicknessing in accordance
with the cutting list.
One face must be traversed by hand planing or surfaced on a buzzer to ensure
you have a flat surface to thickness the joined timber. If the joined timber has
not had one face dressed before it is passed through the thicknesser, the panel
may be dressed to the required thickness with a twist or cup in it. This is due
to the thicknesser holding the component flat on the bed of the machine and
allowing it to return to the shape it had before thicknessing.
Select the face that requires a minimum amount of hand planing to flatten the
surface. Proceed as described in the following.
Plane diagonally across one face of each panel taking care to work with the
grain. Tilt the plane to check for straightness or use a steel ruler or straight
edge.
Traversing or flattening one face
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When the joined timber has been traversed, machine it to the correct thickness
in accordance with the cutting list.
Place the joined timber onto the thicknesser table with the flattened surface
down and with the grain direction pointing towards you.
Only remove half of the extra thickness allowed for the joining process in the
first cut.
When the first pass has been completed, rotate the panel end over, set the
machine to the final thickness and machine the panel with the previously
machined side down to the table.
The panel is now ready to be cut to final length and width. This information isobtained from the job specifications. The work is usually carried out on a
panel saw. Each end and each side will need to be cut.
End cutting is usually completed by taking the minimum amount off one end
then cutting the second end of the final size.
You need to be careful cutting sides, if you cut too much off one side the
joined timber won’t appear even. Usually you should cut to an even amount
outside each of the closest joins.
Checking work
The final joins should be checked against job specifications and quality
standards. Each workplace has its own set of standards for joining solid
timber you must make yourself aware of these standards and follow them.
A good way to check your work is to check it against the set-out. This will tell
you if your work meets the required size, accuracy fit and finish.
If the joined solid timber does not meet the required specifications orstandards, you should follow the workplace procedures for re working. If you
cannot rework the product you should always try to salvage the timber for a
smaller project, this will eliminate or at least reduce waste in the workplace.
Now complete Worksheets Questions 23 & 24 in your
Activities Booklet.
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Activities
LMFFM2005A
Join solid timber
Name: ………………………………………………
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Worksheets
The following activities are provided for you to self check your knowledge of
the competency unit LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber. You may refer to the
information in this resource to help you answer the questions, however, your
answers should be based on your workplace.
1. List five of the topics that are covered in the OH&S legislation.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
2. What personal protective equipment should you use when joining
solid timber?
3. In your workplace what adhesives are used and what is the first aid
response for those adhesives according to the MSDS?
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4. Describe the work sequence for a volume manufacturer.
5. Describe the relevance of MSDS data to suppliers and users of the
product.
6. What are the three (3) most common static machines used to join solid
timber in your workplace.
(a)
(b)
(c)
7. Explain the term ‘traversing’.
8. List four (4) natural timber defects.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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9. List two (2) types of knots found in solid timber.
(a)
(b)
10. Explain in simple terms the meaning of the following:
Moisture content
Equilibrium moisture content (EMC)
Seasoning
Air seasoning
Kiln seasoning
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11. Define the term ‘adhesive’.
12. Name three (3) factors you must consider when determining what type
of adhesive to use.
(a)
(b)
(c)
13. Two of the most common materials you are likely to use when joining
solid timber are epoxy resin and PVA adhesives. What should you do if
the material comes into contact with your eyes?
Epoxy resin
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14. Briefly describe the five (5) links associated with the strength of a glue
join.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
15. Describe the five (5) stages in forming a good glue bond when joining
solid timber.
(a)
(b)
©
(d)
(e)
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16. List five (5) hand and power tools that are used in your workplace to
join solid timber.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
17. Describe the main characteristics of back sawn timber and its uses.
18. What are the features of quarter cut timber and its uses? S A
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19. There are a number of different solid timber joining methods. What
type of joining methods are used in your workplace?
20. There are a number of different solid timber joining methods, what
type of joining method could your workplace use that they don’t
currently, based on the equipment you have available?
21. Why should you lay out the materials prior to commencing the joining
process?
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22. Identify and name the following widening joins and briefly state where
they could be used.
Name:
Use:
Name:
Use:
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Name:
Use:
Name:
Use:
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Name:
Use:
Name:
Use:
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Name:
Use:
23. List the six (6) key stages of joining timber.
(a)
(b)
(c)(d)
(e)
(f)
24. How does moisture content in solid timber contribute to join failure?
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25. What policies and procedures does your workplace have for keeping
the workplace clean in the joining solid timber area?
26. Solid timber must be disposed of correctly. How does your workplace
deal with this issue?
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Lea rning Checklist
Your trainer will work with you to demonstrate and explain how to join solid
timber.
You may find it helpful to tick the boxes on the checklist as you experience
each learning point listed.
The following points will be covered.
Using work instructions to determine job requirements includingprocess, materials, finish and quantity.
Planning the work sequence.
Determining procedures for, and checking quality at each stage of
the process.
Following workplace health and safety requirements, including
personal protection needs, throughout the work.
Selecting a suitable work area for the task.
Identifying and checking tools and equipment suitable for the task
and for safe and effective operation.
Selecting and checking timbers for defects.
Selecting joining processes and preparing for the joining processes
including measuring, marking and cutting to size timbers for
joining and preparing and laying out timbers for joining.
Using machinery is in accordance with workplace procedures,including use of personal protective equipment.
Applying adhesives according to workplace procedures and/or
manufacturers’ instructions.
Completing a final trim and finishing to specifications.
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Checking completed work against required quality standards.
Cleaning the work area, hand and/or power tools, machinery and
equipment including, maintenance and storage requirements in
accordance with workplace procedures.
Tagging and reporting faulty and/or defective equipment in
accordance with workplace practices.
Dealing with off-cuts and unused materials including collecting
and storing for reuse or disposing of waste and scrap by following
workplace procedures.
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Assessment Checklist
Competency is to be demonstrated by joining solid timber in accordance with
the performance criteria, the range statement and the evidence guide within
the unit of competency.
(see Appendix A – LMFFM2005A – Join solid timber)
Your assessor will check the following points.
Did the pa rtic ipant: Assessor
Sign
Part’pant
Sign
Date
Interpret work orders and locate and
apply relevant information?
Apply safe handling requirements for
equipment, products and materials,
including use of personal protective
equipment
Follow work instructions, operating
procedures and inspection practices to:• minimise the risk of injury to
self and others
• prevent damage to goods,
equipment and products
• maintain required production
output and product quality
Identify and use hand and/or power
tools and equipment that may include
measuring tapes or rulers, hammers,mallets, squares, bevels, chisels,
planes, hand saws, power saws, power
drills, biscuit machines, pneumatic
tools, dowel jigs, hoses, clamps,
pincers panel saw, cross-cut saw, rip
saw, surface planers, panel planer,
spindle moulder, sanders and vertical
and horizontal drills
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Did the pa rtic ipa nt: Assessor
Sign
Part’pant
Sign
Date
Use the hand and/or power tools and
equipment according to workplace
procedures and manufacturers
instructions for the use of the hand
and/or power tools and equipment?
Carry out work is in accordance with
legislative obligations, environmental
legislation, relevant health regulations,
manual handling procedures and
organisation insurance requirements?
Work effectively with others and use
workplace procedures relating to
reporting and communications
including using some discretion,
judgement and problem solving skills
in joining solid timber?
Modify activities to cater for variations
in workplace contexts and
environment?
Demonstrate a knowledge of:
• the types, characteristics
(including cupping, expansion,
twisting, bowing, spring and
grain direction), uses and
limitations of timbers
• the interpretation of plan
representation of furniture
design• joining techniques and their
effect on timbers including
widening joins and joining
methods such as butt, dowel
moulded edge join (finger-join,
tongue and groove, zig-zag)
biscuit join slip-tongue join
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Did the pa rtic ipant: Assessor
Sign
Part’pant
Sign
Date
• types of sawing methods,
including back sawn and
quarter sawn, and the impact of
these on joining
• the preparation of drawings/set-
outs?
Demonstrate the ability to:
• Collect, organise and
understand information related
to work orders, basic plans, and
safety procedures
• Communicate ideas and
information to enable
confirmation of work
requirements and specifications,
coordination of work with site
supervisor, other workers and
customers, and the reporting of
work outcomes and problems• Plan and organise activities,
including the preparation and
layout of the worksite and the
obtaining of equipment and
materials to avoid any back
tracking, workflow interruptions
or wastage
• Work with others and in a team
by recognising dependencies
and using cooperative
approaches to optimise
workflow and productivity
• Use mathematical ideas and
techniques to correctly complete
measurements, calculate area
and estimate material
requirements
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Did the pa rtic ipa nt: Assessor
Sign
Part’pant
Sign
Date
• Use pre-checking and inspection
techniques to anticipate
installation problems, avoid
reworking and avoid wastage
• Use the limited workplace
technology related to the
installation of underlay and
gripper strips, including tools,
equipment, calculators and
measuring devices
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This assessment was cond uc ted at (insert p lac e o f assessment)
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
On the (insert date o f assessment)
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
At (insert time of a ssessment)
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
Assessor’s Name (p lea se print)
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
Assessor’s Signa ture:
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
Assessor’s Reg istered Training Organisation:
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
Participant’s Nam e (p lease p rint)
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
Participant’s Signa ture:
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
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Appendix A
LMFFM2005A Join solid timber
Unit Descriptor This unit covers the competency to join solid timber
required for the manufacture of solid timber flat
surfaces.
Element Performanc e Criteria
1 Prepare for
work
1.1 Work instructions are used to determine job
requirements including process, materials,
finish and quantity
1.2 Work sequence is planned
1.3 Procedures are determined for checking
quality at each stage of the process
1.4 Workplace health and safety requirements,
including personal protection needs, are
observed throughout the work
1.5 Suitable work area is selected for the task
1.4 Tools and equipment suitable for application
are identified and checked for safe and
effective operation
2 Layout and
prepare
materials
2.1 Timbers are selected and checked for defects
following work instructions
2.2 Suitable joining processes are selected and
prepared2.3 Timbers are prepared for joining and laid
out
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Element Performance Criteria
3 Join timber 3.1 Timbers are measured, marked and cut tosize
3.2 Machinery is used in accordance with
workplace procedures, including use of
personal protective equipment
3.3 Adhesives are applied according to
workplace procedures and/or
manufacturers’ instructions
3.4 Final trim and finishing are completed to
specifications
3.5 Work is checked against required quality
standards
4 Finalise
operation
and
maintain
equipment
4.1 Work area is cleaned, hand and/or power
tools and equipment are cleaned,
maintained and stored in accordance with
workplace procedures
4.2 Machinery is cleaned and left in a safe mode
4.3 Faulty and/or defective equipment is tagged
and reported in accordance with workplace
practices
4.4 Off-cuts and unused materials are collected
and stored for reuse or disposal following
workplace procedures
4.5 Waste and scrap materials are dealt with
following workplace procedures Range
Statement
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Range Statement
The Range Statement provides advice to interpret the scope and context of this
unit of competency, allowing for differences between enterprises and
workplaces. It relates to the unit as a whole and facilitates holistic assessment.
The following variables may be present for this particular unit:
Joining
techniques
• Joining techniques are to cover widening
joins, including the following edge joining
methods:- butt, dowel
- moulded edge join (finger-join,
tongue and groove, zig-zag)
- biscuit join
- slip-tongue join
Unit context • OH&S requirements include legislation,
building codes, material safety management
systems, hazardous substances and
dangerous goods code and local safe
operating procedures
• Work is carried out in accordance with
legislative obligations, environmental
legislation, relevant health regulations,
manual handling procedures and
organisation insurance requirements
• Work requires individuals to demonstrate
some discretion, judgement and problem
solving skills in joining solid timber
• Competency may be demonstrated inworkplaces involved in the manufacture of
solid timber furniture, domestic furniture,
commercial furniture, kitchen and bathroom
cabinets and/or furniture components
Machines • Machines may include: panel saw, cross-cut
saw, rip saw, surface planers, panel planer,
spindle moulder, sanders and vertical and
horizontal drills
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Tools andequipment
•Tools and equipment may include, but arenot limited to: measuring tapes or rulers,
hammers, mallets, squares, bevels, chisels,
planes, hand saws, power saws, power drills,
biscuit machines, pneumatic tools, dowel
jigs, hoses, clamps and pincers
Materials • Materials to be used may include but are not
limited to: solid timber, plywoods, adhesives,
abrasives and cleaning materials
Personal
protectiveequipment
• Personal protective equipment is to include
that prescribed under legislation, regulationsand enterprise policies and practices
Information and
procedures
• Workplace procedures relating to the use
and operation of tools and equipment
• Workplace instructions, including job sheets,
plans, drawings and designs
• Workplace procedures relating to reporting
and communications
• Manufacturers’ instructions for the use of
equipment and materials
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Evidence Guide
The Evidence Guide identifies the critical aspects, knowledge and skills to be
demonstrated to confirm competency for this unit. This is an integral part of
the assessment of competency and should be read in conjunction with the
Range Statement.
Critical Aspec ts of
Evidence
• Interpret work order and locate and apply
relevant information
•
Apply safe handling requirements forequipment, products and materials,
including use of personal protective
equipment
• Follow work instructions, operating
procedures and inspection practices to:
- minimise the risk of injury to self and
others
- prevent damage to goods, equipment
and products
- maintain required production outputand product quality
• Join at least four solid timber tops of a
minimum of three sections and using a
minimum of four different widening joins
• Work effectively with others
• Modify activities to cater for variations in
workplace contexts and environment
Underpinning
Knowledge
• Types, characteristics (including cupping,
expansion, twisting, bowing, spring andgrain direction), uses and limitations of
timbers
• The interpretation of plan representation of
furniture design
• Joining techniques and their effect on timbers
• Types of sawing methods, including back
sawn and quarter sawn, and the impact of
these on joining
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UnderpinningKnowledge –
cont.
•Preparation of drawings/set-outs
• Identification of hand and/or power tools,
materials, equipment, processes and
procedures
• Workflow in relation to furniture production
Evidence Guide
Underpinning
Skills
• Information. Collect, organise and
understand information related to work
orders, basic plans, and safety procedures
•Communication. Communicate ideas andinformation to enable confirmation of work
requirements and specifications,
coordination of work with site supervisor,
other workers and customers, and the
reporting of work outcomes and problems
• Planning. Plan and organise activities,
including the preparation and layout of the
worksite and the obtaining of equipment and
materials to avoid any back tracking,
workflow interruptions or wastage
• Teamwork. Work with others and in a team
by recognising dependencies and using
cooperative approaches to optimise
workflow and productivity
• Mathematical ideas and techniques. Use
mathematical ideas and techniques to
correctly complete measurements, calculate
area and estimate material requirements
•Solve problems. Use pre-checking andinspection techniques to anticipate
installation problems, avoid reworking and
avoid wastage
• Use of technology. Use the limited workplace
technology related to the installation of
underlay and gripper strips, including tools,
equipment, calculators and measuring
devices
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ResourceImplications
Access to plans, hand and/or power tools,equipment, joining and finishing materials,
woodworking machinery, and a work area.
Method of
AssessmentAssessment methods must confirm consistency of
performance over time and in a range of workplace
relevant contexts.
Assessment should be by direct observation of
tasks and questioning on underpinning knowledge.
Assessment should be conducted over time and
may be in conjunction with assessment of otherunits of competency.
Context(s) of
AssessmentAssessment may occur on the job or in a workplace
simulated facility with relevant process equipment,
materials, work instructions and deadlines.
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Key Competency Levels
NB: These levels do not relate to the Australian Qualifications
Framework. They relate to the seven areas of generic competency
that underpin effective workplace practices.
There are three levels available with:
• Level 1 where work is within set conditions and process
• Level 2 where the management or facilitation of conditions or
process is exercised; and• Level 3 where the design and/or development of conditions or
process is required.
Collect, analyse and organise information Level 1
Communicate ideas and information Level 1
Plan and organise activities Level 2
Work with others and in teams Level 1
Use mathematical ideas and techniques Level 1
Solve problems Level 2
Use technology Level 2
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