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United States Environmental Protection Agency
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Environmental Research Laboratory Corvallis, OR 97333
EPA 600/3-R9/038b V October 1989
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Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the Science Vol. II
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EP A/600/3-89/038 October, 1989
WETLAND CREATION AND RESTORATION: THE STATUS OF THE SCIENCE
Volume II: Perspectives
Edited by:
J on A. Kusler Association of State Wetland Managers
Box 2463 Berne, New York 12023
and
Mary E. Kentula NSI Technology Services, Corporation
200 S.W. 35th Street Corvallis, Oregon 97333
u.s: Environm'2:nta! Protection Agency Region 5, Libr2ry (PL-12j) 77. West Jackson Boulevar.d 12th fJ Chicago, IL 60604-3590' oor
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DISCLAIMER/CREDITS ON CONTRACTS
This project has been funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and conducted at EPA's Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, through Contract 6B-CB-0006 to NSI Technology Services, Corp. and Contract CR-B1429B-OI-O to the Association of State Wetland Managers. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer review and approved for publication.
This document reflects the diverse points of view and writing styles of the authors. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the EPA. The official endorsement of the Agency should not be inferred.
Mention of trade names of commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Cover by Kathryn Torvik
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CONTENTS VOLUME I: REGIONAL REVIEWS
Foreword ........ . v Office of Wetlands Protection
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. vii Mary E. Kentula and Jon A. Kusler
Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . xi Jon A. Kusler and Mary E. Kentula
Wetland Mitigation Along the Pacific Coast of the United States ........ . 1 Michael Josselyn, Joy Zedler, and Theodore Griswold
Creation and Restoration of Tidal Wetlands ofthe Southeastern United States. 37 Stephen W. Broome
Creation and Restoration of Coastal Plain Wetlands in Florida. 73 Roy R. Lewis, III
Creation and Restoration of Coastal Wetlands in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands ........ 103 Roy R. Lewis, III
Creation, Restoration, and Enhancement of Marshes of the Northcentral Gulf Coast .......... 127 Robert H. Chabreck
Creation and Restoration of the Coastal Wetlands of the Northeastern United States .......... 145 Joseph K. Shisler
Regional Analysis of the Creation and Restoration ofSeagrass Systems ................. 175 Mark S. Fonseca
Creation and Restoration of Forested Wetland Vegetation in the Southeastern United States ...... 199 Andre F. Clewell and Russ Lea
Freshwater Marsh Creation and Restoration in the Southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Kevin L. Erwin
Restoration and Creation of Palustrine Wetlands Associated with Riverine Systems of the Glaciated Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Dennis J. Lowry
Regional Analysis of the Creation and Restoration of Kettle and Pothole Wetlands ........... 287 Garrett G. Hollands
Regional Analysis of Fringe Wetlands in the Midwest: Creation and Restoration ............ 305 Daniel A. Levine and Daniel E. Willard
Creation and Restoration of Riparian Wetlands in the Agricultural Midwest ............... 333 Daniel E. Willard, Vicki M. Finn, Daniel A. Levine, and John E. Klarquist
The Creation and Restoration of Riparian Habitat in Southwestern Arid and Semi-Arid Regions .... 359 Steven W. Carothers, G. Scott Mills, and R. Roy Johnson
Restoration of Degraded Riverine/Riparian Habitat in the Great Basin and Snake River Regions .... 377 Sherman E. Jensen and William S. Platts
Riparian Wetland Creation and Restoration in the Far West: A Compilation ofInformation ...... 417 John T. Stanley
Overview and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Joy B. Zedler and Milton W. Weller
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VOLUl[EII: PERSPECTIVES
Wetland RestorationlCreationlEnhancement Terminology: Suggestions for Standardization. Roy R. Lewis, III
Information Needs in the Planning Process for Wetland Creation and Restoration Edgar W. Garbisch
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Wetland Evaluation for Restoration and Creation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Kevin L. Erwin
Wetland Dynamics: Considerations for Restored and Created Wetlands. Daniel E. Willard and Amanda K. Hiller
Restoration of the Pulse Control Function of Wetlands and Its Relationship to Water Quality Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Orie L. Loucks
Vegetation Dynamics in Relation to Wetland Creation William A. Niering
Long-term Evaluation of Wetland Creation Projects. Charlene D'Avanzo
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Regional Aspects of Wetlands Restoration and Enhancement in the Urban Waterfront Environment. 85 John R. Clark
Waterfowl Management Techniques for Wetland Enhancement, Restoration and Creation Useful in Mitigation Procedures ...................................... 105
Milton W. Weller
Wetland and Waterbody Restoration and Creation Associated with Mining ............... 117 Robert P. Brooks
Mitigation and The Section 404 Program: A Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 William L. Kruczynski
Options to be Considered in Preparation and Evaluation of Mitigation Plans, William L. Kruczynski
Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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