Post on 24-Dec-2015
Association for the
Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)
To be presented at theUNESCO Regional Seminaron Secondary Education in AfricaAddis Ababa, 21-24 November 2005
Articulation of Post-Primary Education and Skills Development:
National Qualification Frameworksof South Africa, Namibia and Mauritius
bybyHans KrönnerHans Krönner
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 22
Overview
1.1. Scope of post-primary educationScope of post-primary education
2.2. What are Qualifications Frameworks?What are Qualifications Frameworks?
3.3. Why are QFs being developed?Why are QFs being developed?
4.4. NQFs in the SADC regionNQFs in the SADC region
5.5. The scope of NQFs in SADCThe scope of NQFs in SADC
6.6. Conclusions for secondary education?Conclusions for secondary education?
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 33
Overview
1.1. Scope of post-primary educationScope of post-primary education
2.2. What are Qualifications Frameworks?What are Qualifications Frameworks?
3.3. Why are QFs being developed?Why are QFs being developed?
4.4. NQFs in the SADC regionNQFs in the SADC region
5.5. The scope of NQFs in SADCThe scope of NQFs in SADC
6.6. Conclusions for secondary education?Conclusions for secondary education?
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 44
Range of post-primary learningRange
from to
Type Formal Non-Formal
Delivering agency Public SectorNon-governmental, employer
Monitoring Government Private (or none)
Place of learningSchools andtraining institutions
Workplace
Delivery pattern Classroom deliveryOpen and distance learning, e-learning
Educational objectiveIndividual andsocial development,life skills
Employability, occupational capabilities
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 55
Scope of secondary education
““Many countries … are faced with the Many countries … are faced with the urgent need to expand and reinforce urgent need to expand and reinforce secondary education,secondary education,including technical and vocational including technical and vocational education and trainingeducation and training …” …”
UNESCO 33C/5 Draft, Programme I.4 “Supporting post-primary education systems”UNESCO 33C/5 Draft, Programme I.4 “Supporting post-primary education systems”
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 66
Overview
1.1. Scope of post-primary educationScope of post-primary education
2.2. What are Qualifications Frameworks?What are Qualifications Frameworks?
3.3. Why are QFs being developed?Why are QFs being developed?
4.4. NQFs in the SADC regionNQFs in the SADC region
5.5. The scope of NQFs in SADCThe scope of NQFs in SADC
6.6. Conclusions for secondary education?Conclusions for secondary education?
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 77
What is a National QF?
A system of A system of credits forcredits for learning outcomeslearning outcomes.. A learning outcome is a capability … reflecting an A learning outcome is a capability … reflecting an
integration of knowledge and skillintegration of knowledge and skill which can be which can be understood, applied and transferred to different understood, applied and transferred to different contexts.contexts.
The achievement of a qualification … is The achievement of a qualification … is not not dependent on attendance at particular coursesdependent on attendance at particular courses, , but by a learner accumulating credit on .. learning but by a learner accumulating credit on .. learning outcomes defined by outcomes defined by full-time, part-timefull-time, part-time or or distance learningdistance learning, by , by work-based learningwork-based learning or … or … assessment of assessment of prior learningprior learning. . (Samuels 2000)(Samuels 2000)
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 88
Role of NQFs: UNESCO Perspective
““Governments should consider establishing a Governments should consider establishing a system of equivalencies whereby credit is given system of equivalencies whereby credit is given for completion of any approved programme, for completion of any approved programme, and recognition is granted to and recognition is granted to educational and/educational and/
or professional qualifications and work or professional qualifications and work experienceexperience …”…”
UNESCO Revised Recommendation on TVE (2001) para 15UNESCO Revised Recommendation on TVE (2001) para 15
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 99
Role of NQFs: ILO Perspective
““Members should … develop a NQF to facilitate Members should … develop a NQF to facilitate lifelong learning, … guide individuals in their lifelong learning, … guide individuals in their choice of training and career and facilitate the choice of training and career and facilitate the recognition of prior learningrecognition of prior learning and andpreviously acquired skills,previously acquired skills,competencies and experiencecompetencies and experience …” …”
ILO Recommendation 195 Concerning Human Resources Development: Education, ILO Recommendation 195 Concerning Human Resources Development: Education, Training and Lifelong Learning (2004), para 5Training and Lifelong Learning (2004), para 5
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1010
National versus Regional QFs
National National QF:QF: An instrument for the An instrument for the
development and development and classification of classification of qualifications according qualifications according to a set of criteria for to a set of criteria for levels of learning levels of learning achieved.achieved.
(OECD definition)(OECD definition)
RegionalRegional QF: QF: A meta-framework A meta-framework
that enables users to that enables users to see how qualifications see how qualifications embedded in different embedded in different national systems national systems relate to one another.relate to one another.
(European Communities)(European Communities)
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1111
Regional Framework relating NQFs
Source: Commission of the European Communities, SEC(2005)957, 08.07.2005
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1212
Overview
1.1. Scope of post-primary educationScope of post-primary education
2.2. What are Qualifications Frameworks?What are Qualifications Frameworks?
3.3. Why are QFs being developed?Why are QFs being developed?
4.4. NQFs in the SADC regionNQFs in the SADC region
5.5. The scope of NQFs in SADCThe scope of NQFs in SADC
6.6. Conclusions for secondary education?Conclusions for secondary education?
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1313
Rationale for Qualification Frameworks
The challenge for secondary education:The challenge for secondary education: Diversification of contentDiversification of content Adaptation of content to local needsAdaptation of content to local needs Diversification of learning patternsDiversification of learning patterns
But at the same time:But at the same time: ArticulationArticulation Vertical and horizontal progression of learnersVertical and horizontal progression of learners Coherent system for assessment and certification Coherent system for assessment and certification
of learning achievementsof learning achievements
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1414
Overview
1.1. Scope of post-primary educationScope of post-primary education
2.2. What are Qualifications Frameworks?What are Qualifications Frameworks?
3.3. Why are QFs being developed?Why are QFs being developed?
4.4. NQFs in the SADC regionNQFs in the SADC region
5.5. The scope of NQFs in SADCThe scope of NQFs in SADC
6.6. Conclusions for secondary education?Conclusions for secondary education?
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1515
The Southern African Development Community (SADC)
MozambiqueMozambique
Zimbabwe
UnitedRepublic of
Tanzania
Botswana NamibiaNamibia
Angola Zambia
Malawi
Lesotho
Swaziland
MauritiusMauritius
DemocraticRepublic ofthe Congo
SouthSouthAfricaAfrica
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1616
Progress in NQF DevelopmentStage 0Stage 0 Stage 1Stage 1 Stage 2Stage 2 Stage 3aStage 3a Stage 3bStage 3b Stage 4Stage 4
AngolaAngolaBotswanaBotswana
D.R. CongoD.R. CongoLesothoLesotho
MalawiMalawiMauritiusMauritius
MozambiqueMozambiqueNamibiaNamibia
South AfricaSouth AfricaSwazilandSwaziland
U.R. TanzaniaU.R. TanzaniaZambiaZambia
ZimbabweZimbabwe
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1717
NQF Structure: South Africa
NQF LevelNQF Level BandBand
88
Higher Education and TrainingHigher Education and Training(HET)(HET)
77
66
55
44Further Education and TrainingFurther Education and Training
(FET)(FET)33
22
11 General Education and Training (GET)General Education and Training (GET)
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1818
NQF Structure: Mauritius
LevelLevel Primary / SecondaryPrimary / Secondary TVET / WorkplaceTVET / Workplace TertiaryTertiary
…… …… …… ……
55 HSC / GCE ‘A’HSC / GCE ‘A’BAC / IBACBAC / IBAC
CertificateCertificate ……
44
33 SC / GCE ‘O’SC / GCE ‘O’
22
11 Certificate of Primary EducationCertificate of Primary Education
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 1919
NQF Structure: Namibia1010 Doctoral DegreeDoctoral Degree
99 Masters DegreeMasters Degree
88 BachelorBachelor ProfessionalProfessional
77 Bachelor DegreeBachelor Degree
66
55
44
33
22
11
NQ
F L
evel
Cer
tific
ates
Dip
lom
as
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 2020
NQF Level Descriptors: Namibia
LevelLevel DescriptorDescriptor
…… ……
44 … … theoretical conceptstheoretical conceptsor in-depth applied knowledge and skills …or in-depth applied knowledge and skills …
… … wide range of technical or scholastical skills …wide range of technical or scholastical skills …
33 … … some theoretical knowledge ...some theoretical knowledge ....… range of well-developed skills ….… range of well-developed skills …
22 … … basic operational knowledgebasic operational knowledge using readily available informationusing readily available information … …
11 … … narrow range of knowledge and technical skills …narrow range of knowledge and technical skills …
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 2121
Overview
1.1. Scope of post-primary educationScope of post-primary education
2.2. What are Qualifications Frameworks?What are Qualifications Frameworks?
3.3. Why are QFs being developed?Why are QFs being developed?
4.4. NQFs in the SADC regionNQFs in the SADC region
5.5. The scope of NQFs in SADCThe scope of NQFs in SADC
6.6. Conclusions for secondary education?Conclusions for secondary education?
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 2222
Scope: Education and Training (1)
Types of relationship within NQF:Types of relationship within NQF: Unified:Unified:
All systems are integratedAll systems are integrated Linked:Linked:
Separate systems,Separate systems,but with common structures for transferabilitybut with common structures for transferability
Tracked:Tracked:Separate systems with limited transferabilitySeparate systems with limited transferability
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 2323
Scope: Education and Training (2)
South Africa:South Africa:Highly unified scope, Highly unified scope, bridging “theory” (general education) bridging “theory” (general education) and “application” (vocational education and training).and “application” (vocational education and training).
Namibia:Namibia:Comprehensive QF covering education and training;Comprehensive QF covering education and training;bridges between academic education and vocational training.bridges between academic education and vocational training.
MauritiusMauritius::Covering general academic as well as TVET;Covering general academic as well as TVET;however, concentration on harmonizing various patterns of however, concentration on harmonizing various patterns of vocational training.vocational training.
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 2424
Overview
1.1. Scope of post-primary educationScope of post-primary education
2.2. What are Qualifications Frameworks?What are Qualifications Frameworks?
3.3. Why are QFs being developed?Why are QFs being developed?
4.4. NQFs in the SADC regionNQFs in the SADC region
5.5. The scope of NQFs in SADCThe scope of NQFs in SADC
6.6. Conclusions for secondary education?Conclusions for secondary education?
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 2525
Conclusions
??What is the messageWhat is the messagethat NQF experiencethat NQF experiencein SADC conveysin SADC conveysfor the scope and designfor the scope and designof secondary educationof secondary educationin your country?in your country?
Addis AbabaAddis Ababa21-24 November 200521-24 November 2005
Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA):National Qualification Frameworks in the SADC RegionNational Qualification Frameworks in the SADC Region 2626
Acknowledgements
Materials used in this presentation are based on a Materials used in this presentation are based on a paper by Jakes Swartland, with contributions from:paper by Jakes Swartland, with contributions from:
Mauritius Qualifications AuthorityMauritius Qualifications Authority Namibia Qualifications AuthorityNamibia Qualifications Authority South African Qualifications AuthoritySouth African Qualifications Authority