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Business Master Dissertations
2018
Assessment of smallholder farmers
perception on adoption of post-harvest
grain techniques: a case of Bahi district
Chalubii, Victor Leonard
The University of Dodoma
Chalubii, V. L. (2018). Assessment of smallholder farmers perception on adoption of
post-harvest grain techniques: a case of Bahi district. Dodoma: The University of Dodoma.
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/1305
Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository.
ASSESMENT OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS
PERCEPTION ON ADOPTION OF POST-
HARVEST GRAIN TECHNIQUES: A CASE OF
BAHI DISTRICT
VICTOR LEONARD CHALUBII
MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA
OCTOBER, 2018
ASSESMENT OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS PERCEPTION
ON ADOPTION OF POST-HARVEST GRAIN
TECHNIQUES: A CASE OF BAHI DISTRICT
BY
VICTOR LEONARD CHALUBII
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS ON
BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
THE UNIVERSITY OF DODOMA
OCTOBER, 2018
i
DECLARATION
AND
COPYRIGHT
I, Victor Chalubii, declare that this thesis is my own original work and that it has
not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or
any other degree award.
Signature……………………………..
“No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the
author or the University of Dodoma. If transformed for publication in any other
format shall be acknowledged that, this work has been submitted for degree award at
the University of Dodoma”.
ii
CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by
the University of Dodoma dissertation entitled “The assessment of smallholder
farmers perception on adoption of post-harvest grain techniques: A case of Bahi
district “in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters on
Business Administration in the University of Dodoma.
…………………………..
Dr. William George
(Supervisor)
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This thesis work wouldn’t have been possible without help of many people remarks
and suggestions significantly improved the end result. First, I would like to give
special thanks to my supervisor Dr. William George of The University of Dodoma
for his special contribution to this thesis project.
I would also like to acknowledge, Mr. Joel Vitalis for his advice and support during
my study period. I also gratefully express my sincere gratitude to all participants,
who took their time to participate and share their views and experiences in response
to variety of questions contained in the questionnaires. Lastly I would like to be
sincerely grateful to my father Leonard Chalubii and my sponsor Fr. Riccardo Caffi
for their big encouragement and financial support they gave me.
iv
DEDICATION
To my beloved family of Leonard Chalubii, my sponsor Riccardo Caffi, my son
Ricardo, all of this people were the reason of me finishing this thesis on time and on
the required manner. God Bless You.
v
ABTSRACT
This study was conducted to examine farmers’ perception on adoption of rice post-
harvest handling techniques and practices in Bahi District. Simple random,
multistage and snowball sampling techniques were used to select the farmers. A
well, structured questionnaire was used to obtain information from the respondents
using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Binary logistic regression
analysis was used to analyze data. The findings shows that, the highest number of
the respondents were male and very few were female. The level of rice farmers’
perception on adoption of post-harvest technologies packages was negative, majority
of the respondents agreed with the positive statements on adoption of post-harvest
technologies, implying the possibility of high level of adoption of post-harvest
technologies. The results also shows that perception is the problem which hinders
most of the farmers to adopt the technology, there is availability of some of the
technology which can be applied but most of the farmers still do not apply them.
The study concluded that rice farmers had negative perception of PHT in the study
area and therefore recommends that extension should make the technologies
available along with training. Efforts should focus on sensitizing rice farmers and
customizing the technologies that suit farmers’ situations.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT ......................................................................... i
CERTIFICATION........................................................................................................ ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................... iii
DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iv
ABTSRACT……….. ................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ vi
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... x
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ...................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES …………………….…………………………………….. ix
CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION…...... ……………………………………………………...…….. 1
1.1 Overview………. ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Background Information ........................................................................................ 1
1.3 Problem Statement ................................................................................................. 3
1.4 Objectives ………………………………………………………………………..4
1.4.1 General objective ................................................................................................ 4
1.4.2 Specific objectives .............................................................................................. 5
1.5 Research Question .................................................................................................. 5
1.6 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................. 7
2.1 Overview………... ................................................................................................. 7
2.2 Definition of key words ......................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 Adopters .............................................................................................................. 7
2.2.2 Grain loss ............................................................................................................ 7
2.2.3 Diffusion ............................................................................................................. 7
2.2.4 Perception ............................................................................................................ 7
2.2.5 Post-harvest ......................................................................................................... 7
2.2.6 Post harvesting techniques .................................................................................. 8
2.3 Theoretical review .................................................................................................. 8
vii
2.3.1 Diffusion of innovation theory ............................................................................ 8
2.3.2 Rational choice theory......................................................................................... 9
2.3.3 Expected utility theory ...................................................................................... 10
2.4 Empirical Literature ............................................................................................. 10
2.5 Conceptual framework ......................................................................................... 14
2.6 Research Gap ....................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER THREE
METHODS AND MATERIALS ............................................................................... 16
3.1 Overview………. ................................................................................................. 16
3.2 Research Approach .............................................................................................. 16
3.3 Description of the study area................................................................................ 16
3.3.1 Location…......................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Research design .................................................................................................... 17
3.5 Sampling Procedure ............................................................................................. 17
3.6 Data collection methods ....................................................................................... 17
3.7 Data analysis ........................................................................................................ 18
3.8 Data Presentation ................................................................................................. 19
3.9 Validity and Reliability ........................................................................................ 19
3.9.1 Validity…….. .................................................................................................... 19
3.9.2 Reliability .......................................................................................................... 20
3.10 Ethical consideration .......................................................................................... 21
CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Social economic information ............................................................................... 22
4.2.1 Gender of the respondent .................................................................................. 22
4.2.2 Age of the respondents ...................................................................................... 23
4.2.3 Household size .................................................................................................. 23
4.2.4 Years of formal education ................................................................................. 24
4.2.5 Years of farming experience ............................................................................. 25
4.3 To find out social economic traits that affect perception on adoption of PHT on
rice farmers ......................................................................................................... 25
viii
4.3.1 Level of agreement on essentiality of adopting PHT ........................................ 25
4.3.2 Perception on adoption of PHT to be necessary ............................................... 26
4.3.3 Post harvesting technology is better than local tool .......................................... 27
4.3.4 PHT Adoption reduces PH Activities stress in riceproduction ......................... 27
4.3.5 PHT should be adopted regardless of the costs ................................................. 28
4.3.6 Adoption of PHT cannot reduce PH losses ....................................................... 29
4.3.7 Co-farmers should be discouraged from adopting PHT ................................... 29
4.3.8 PHT can raise farmers to maximum standard of living .................................... 30
4.3.9 PHT can raise farmers to maximum standard of living .................................... 31
4.3.10 PHT should be adopted on a permanent basis ................................................ 31
4.3.11 Income influence the adoption of PHT ........................................................... 32
4.3.12 The extent to which social status affects PHT adoption ................................. 33
4.3.13 The most social economic trait that affects perception to adopt PHT ............ 33
4.4 Availability of post-harvest techniques to smallholder farmers in the study area 34
4.4.1 There is availability of PHT at Bahi District .................................................... 34
4.4.2 The most available PHT in the area .................................................................. 34
4.4.3 The available PHT increase amount of rice ...................................................... 35
4.4.4 The extent on the usefulness of PHT to small holder farmers .......................... 36
4.4.5 Applying PHT enabled farmers to sustain the living ........................................ 36
4.4.6 The most PHT used in the area ......................................................................... 37
4.5 The cost on adoption of post- harvest techniques in the study area. .................... 38
4.5.1 The cost of applying PHT influences perception to adopt ................................ 38
4.5.2 The cost of PHT is affordable to farmers .......................................................... 38
4.5.3 Farmer will have enough money to use on PHT ............................................... 39
4.5.4 The extent to which cost of PHT affect farmers income .................................. 40
4.5.5 There is financial assistance on applying PHT ................................................. 41
4.5.6 The costly stage to apply PHT .......................................................................... 41
4.6 Nature of risks associated with adoption of PHHT on rice farmers. ................... 42
4.6.1 The risk associated to the adoption of PHT ...................................................... 42
4.6.2 The most risk stage that requires PHT .............................................................. 42
4.6.3 Mitigating the risk associated can influence adoption of PHT ......................... 43
4.6.4 Strategies to reduce risks associated ................................................................. 43
ix
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION …………………………………………………………...………….45
5.1 Overview………. ................................................................................................. 45
5.2 Socioeconomic information ................................................................................. 45
5.3 Social economic traits affecting perception on adoption of PHT on rice
farmers………….. .............................................................................................. 46
5.4 Availability of post-harvest techniques to smallholder farmers .......................... 47
5.5 The cost on adoption of post- harvest techniques ................................................ 48
5.6 Risks associated with adoption of PHHT on rice farmers ................................... 49
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 51
6.1 Overview…………. ............................................................................................. 51
6.2 Summary of the findings ...................................................................................... 51
6.3 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 52
6.4 Recommendation.................................................................................................. 53
6.4.1 Recommendation to the government ................................................................ 53
6.4.2 Recommendation to investors ........................................................................... 53
6.4.3 Recommendation to farmers ............................................................................. 54
6.5 Suggestion for further study ................................................................................. 54
6.6 Limitation and Delimitation of the study ............................................................. 54
REFERENCE ........................................................................................................... 56
APPENDICES …………….. ................................................................................... 59
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Gender of the respondent ........................................................................... 22
Table 4.2: Age of the respondents.............................................................................. 23
Table 4.3: Household size .......................................................................................... 24
Table 4.4: Years of formal education ......................................................................... 24
Table 4.5 Experience of farming in years .................................................................. 25
Table 4.6: Level of agreement on essentiality of adopting PHT................................ 26
Table 4.7 Perception on adoption of PHT to be necessary ........................................ 26
Table 4.8 Post harvesting technology is better than local tool ................................... 27
Table 4.9: PHT Adoption reduces PH Activities stress in rice production ................ 28
Table 4.10: PHT should be adopted regardless of the costs ...................................... 28
Table 4.11 Adoption of PHT cannot reduce PH losses .............................................. 29
Table 4.12 Co-farmers should be discouraged from adopting PHT .......................... 30
Table 4.13 PHT should be adopted on a permanent basis ......................................... 32
Table 4.14 Income influence the adoption of PHT .................................................... 32
Table 4.15: The extent to which social status affects PHT adoption ......................... 33
Table 4.16: The most social economic trait that affects perception to adopt PHT .... 34
Table 4.17 There is availability of PHT at Bahi District ........................................... 34
Table 4.18: The most available PHT in the area ........................................................ 35
Table 4.19: The available PHT increase amount of rice ............................................ 35
Table 4.20: The extent on the usefulness of PHT to small holder farmers ................ 36
Table 4.21: Applying PHT enabled farmers to sustain the living .............................. 37
Table 4.22: The most PHT used in the area ............................................................... 37
Table 4.23: The cost of applying PHT influences perception to adopt ...................... 38
Table 4.24: The cost of PHT is affordable to farmers................................................ 39
Table 4.24.1: Variables in the Equation on whether the cost of PHT are affordable to
farmers 39
Table 4.25 Farmer will have enough money to use on PHT ...................................... 40
Table 4.26: The extent to which cost of PHT affect farmers income ........................ 40
Table 4.27: There is financial assistance on applying PHT ....................................... 41
Table 4.28 the costly stage to apply PHT .................................................................. 41
Table 4.29 the risk associated to the adoption of PHT .............................................. 42
Table 4.30 The most risk stage that requires PHT ..................................................... 43
xi
Table 4.31: Mitigating the risk associated can influence adoption of PHT ............... 43
Table 4.32: Strategies to reduce risks associated ....................................................... 44
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Frame Work ........................................................................... 14
xiii
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
ANSAF Agriculture non- State Actors Forum
CVI Content Validity Index
PHHT Post Harvesting Handling Technology
PHL Post harvesting Loss
PHM Post Harvesting Management
PHT Post harvesting Technology
REPOA Research on Poverty Alleviation
SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
TFDA Tanzania Food and Drug Authority
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Research Questionnaire……………………………………………….59
Appendix 2 Interview checklist…………………………………………………….66
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
1.2 Background Information
Post-harvest refers to after separation from the medium and site of immediate growth
or production of the food, it begins during the process of separating or collecting
food of edible quality from its site of immediate production has been completed
(Harris & Lindblad, 1978).
In developing countries, most of the people try hard to make best use of the food
produced, despite all this efforts there still a substantial quantity produced which is
lost in post-harvest operations. On the other side in developed countries the middle
stage has little losses of the food produced on supply chain due to availability of the
modern technologies, efficient and effective handling practices, moreover, there is
huge loss of food on the final stage of the supply chain which is called food wastage.
(Kumar & Kalita, 2017)
Post-harvest grain losses are substantial high among smallholder farmers in sub-
Saharan Africa. The losses vary among countries, crops, and between seasons with
the average loss ranging from 20–40%. This high loss suggests the need for greater
attention on reducing post-harvest grain losses in order to address the problem of
household food insecurity in developing countries.
In Ethiopia, post-harvest grain management technologies is a matter of strategic
policy concern not only on perceptive of minimizing losses but also on view of
2
considering at as viable and dynamic economic activity in creating jobs, value
addition and income linkage. The perceived risks of post-harvest loss could influence
the techniques for post-harvest grain management such as marketing behavior, crop
share marketed and other options to achieve the goal of food security (Gabriel &
Hundie, 2006).
Post harvesting food loss not only affects social and economic status but also result
into wastage of resources employed during production to include land, energy, water
and time. To mitigate the post-harvest loss on rice in Nigeria, metal silo have to be
introduced, training programs to the local tinsmith, blacksmiths and craftsmen to
come up with innovative ideas on reducing the post harvesting loss of food.(Briefing,
2015; Coulter & Schneider, 2004).
There many promising post harvesting technologies to reduce loss of grains, this may
range from building capacity of the improved handling practices and storage hygiene
on usage of metal silo, hermetic bags and local silos, in the aspect of ensuring food
security and income of people is increased, households metal silo is the technology
to be put in place. There is a range of available technologies if farming households
adopt, will improve the quality and quantity of food since big loss is caused by the
use of improper harvesting methods, farmers need to be assisted on the proper and
well fit post harvesting handling technologies and practices(Kiaya, 2014). Due to
post harvest loss challenge , the use of simple, efficient and affordable technologies
for farmers to access all relevant information direct from the reliable source is of
great help, increasing farming extension officers, modern technology must be
channeled to enable farmers get access to the very promising postharvest handling
technology and practices(Ngowi, 2017).
3
Agricultural practice provides the basic needs of life in terms of food, shelter and
clothing, which results in better living standard in Tanzania. This vital sector is
mainly characterized with the use of simple tools and primitive ideas, which result in
low productivity and low income. According to REPOA (2014) agriculture remain to
be the back bone of Tanzania economy, it needs to be given the needed attention,
which can be achieved by implementing modern technologies in the processing,
storage and marketing of food crops. Ssebaggala and Kyazze, (2016) supported that,
for Agriculture to be profitable new technologies must be adopted, and thus, the
perception of the farmers on adoption of innovation plays a vital role.
Bahi is one among four districts of Dodoma region, its main agricultural products are
rice, maize, sunflowers, and groundnuts. Bah district receive rain once in a years, it
depend its water source from river bubu. It’s raining season starts from December to
March.
Post-harvest losses of food grains in Tanzania is still a problem, this counts 15% to
40% of loss from harvest to consumption, and this has a negative impact on farmers
income, livelihood and production incentives ( REPOA, 2014; ANSAF, 2017;). By
reducing the post-harvest losses in most of the developing countries, food supply and
food nutrients would substantially increase (Morris, 1978).
1.3 Problem Statement
Post-harvest losses occur between the completion of harvest and moment of human
consumption. This loss occurs due to poor management of the external applied
adverse factors such as insects, birds, and rodents, during state or process factors loss
occur on threshing, winnowing, transportation, drying, packing, storing, milling,
4
polishing and on marketing. Poor post-harvest handling practices on these factors
reduce the supply of food grains, food nutrients and low income of the farming
households (FAO, 2016; Harris and Lindblad, 1978).
Post-harvest loss has been a problem in Tanzania that counts up 15% to 40% of the
grain lost, this loss reduces quality and quantity of grains which affects food security,
income and employment of the most farming households.
Thus Postharvest losses are an integrative phenomenon that results from interactions
between farmers, technologies/practices and the context in which they operate
(World Bank, 2011) and perceptions are central to this phenomenon. The poor
performance of technologies (including post-harvest technologies) is not only driven
by the weak delivery systems but also the users’ perceptions (Affognon et al., 2015).
However, the influence of perceptions on use of such technologies and practices has
been less studied (HELVETAS, 2017). Yet the problem of food insecurity, poor
income and rural unemployment continues to be questionable matter and affects
many small holders farmers (Odhong, 2017. This study examined farmers’
perceptions towards PHL in rice to provide a sound understanding of the context in
which PHL occurs.
1.4 Objectives
1.4.1 General objective
The general objective of this study was to examine farmers’ perception in adoption
of rice post-harvest handling techniques and practices in Bahi District .
5
1.4.2 Specific objectives
i. To find out social economic traits that affect perception on adoption
of PHT on rice farmers.
ii. To study the availability of post-harvest techniques to smallholder
farmers in the study area.
iii. To study the cost on adoption of post- harvest techniques in the study
area.
iv. To explore the nature of risks associated with adoption of PHHT on
rice farmers.
1.5 Research Question
i. What are the social economic traits that affect perception on adoption of post
harvesting techniques?
ii. What are the available posts harvesting techniques adopted by smallholder
farmers?
iii. What are the costs that affect the adoption of post harvesting techniques by
smallholder farmers?
iv. What are the risks associates with adoption of post-harvest handling
techniques by smallholder farmers?
1.6 Significance of the Study
Reduction of post-harvest losses and edibility deterioration are crucial to food
availability, applying post harvesting techniques help farmers to improve food
security, income as well as health of consumers all around the world. According to
HELVETAS 2017 post harvesting handling methods had been introduced to most
parts of the country to support farmers improve their standard of living. Through
6
relevant PHM techniques, informed policies and capacity building it is possible to
improve income, food security and employment opportunities to rural areas.
This study would help the farming households to make beneficial choice out of their
perception on appropriate post-harvest techniques to adopt with regard to their
income level as well as their location, as they will be certain on the return made out
of the practices chosen. Right perception of adopting the relevant techniques
improved the quality and quantity of their products that meet international standards
(TFDA, 2016).This study would also help government in policy making and how to
support farmers on what they need.
7
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
2.2 Definition of key words
2.2.1 Adopters
Refers to the group of people who use new or introduced product to test or increase
production.(Rogers, 2003).
2.2.2 Grain loss
Refers to any change in the availability, edibility, wholesomeness or quality of the
food which prevent it from being consumed by people (Harris & Lindblad, 1978).
2.2.3 Diffusion
Refers to the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain
channels over time among the members of a social system. It is a special type of
communication, in that the messages are concerned with new ideas (Rogers, 2003).
2.2.4 Perception
This is the way something is regarded, understood or interpreted base on the
background or belief (Levai et al., 2015).
2.2.5 Post-harvest
Means after separation from the medium and site of immediate growth or production
of the food(Harris & Lindblad, 1978).
8
2.2.6 Post harvesting techniques
This refers to different methods that help to improve quality and quantity of the food
grains to increase food security and income of the farmers.
2.3 Theoretical review
2.3.1 Diffusion of innovation theory
According to (Rogers, 2003)Diffusion theory refers to the process on which
innovation or new idea is communicated through its channels over time among its
members of a social system. Newness in ideas is always associated with uncertainties
to which number of alternative are perceived to bring the expected results. This
theory is different from other theories in the sense of not persuading farmers to adopt
new post harvesting technology but rather as an evolution or reinvention of post
harvesting technologies and practices to fit the needs of farmers, with diffusion
theory farmers don’t change but practices and technology changes.
Perceived features of innovation that guide farmers on the use of new
technology
Relative advantage
Refers to the degree on which post harvesting technology is perceived as better
method in preventing post-harvest loss of grains by farmers. The degree of relative
advantage is measured in economic terms, social prestige, convenience and
satisfaction.
9
Compatibility
Post harvesting technology is perceived as a consistent method to given farmer
values, past experience on the use of the technology and the need of potential
farmers. If technology doesn’t fits the prevalent values and norms of the farming
households then it will take time to be adopted.
Complexity
Post harvesting technology to be perceives as difficult practice to understand and use
by farmers.
Trial-ability
The new post harvesting technology may be experimented on a limited basis to
enable farmers to accept the technology.
Observable results
The easier it is for farmers to see the results of post harvesting technology, the more
likely to adopt it. Visible results lower uncertainty to farmers and stimulate peer
discussion of a new method and its perceived benefit.
2.3.2 Rational choice theory
Rational choice theory hold that farmers must anticipate the outcome of their
alternative course of actions and find out which method will mostly give the highest
satisfaction on their return (Coleman 1990; Basheka 2016). Farmers calculates the
likely cost and benefits of the techniques before the adopt it.
10
2.3.3 Expected utility theory
Expected theory state that the decision maker will choose between risky or uncertain
prospects by comparing their expected utility value. Farmers chose the post-harvest
handling technology which seems to match their expected utility value (Mongin
1988). Expected utility maximizer with a differentiable utility function will always
want to take a sufficiently small stake in any positive- expected-value bet. Farmers
are always risk averse, farmers choose the method that have little scale of risks to
affect their income, therefore will always choose the post-harvest handling practices
that maximizes their return.
2.4 Empirical Literature
According to Aulakh & Regmi (2013) in his research conducted in Rome on post-
harvest food losses estimation and development of consistent methodology. The
objectives of the study were to develop a consistent and comprehensive framework
for estimating PHL, to develop econometric models with partners and collaborators
to estimate PHLs for selected countries and commodities, and to improve global food
balance sheet data via better estimates of PHLs. The study focused on value chain
activities which is holistic way of solving a problem but it involved so many food
groups which would make study a bit complicated, and the finding were obtained
using the survey data and econometric model shows that, attention to reduce losses is
not only reflecting the food available for consumption but even a way more on keen
use scarce natural resource along with reducing loses from farm to consumer chain.
According to the study conducted by REPOA (2014) on challenges and options for
mitigating post-harvest losses in Tanzania, with the objective of evaluating actions
and policies that govern post harvesting loss prevention. The findings show that they
11
were no clear policy until 1970s but now the government has been taking initiative
through different programs and strategies under the Agricultural Sector Development
Strategy (ASDS) with new policies. Moreover, despite the increase in cereal
production in the country with estimate of 3,897,500 tons in a year, the poor
harvesting and processing technology has led to 1,55,00 tons of PHL in a year, about
40% of the annual production in the country is lost. The study has able to involve
different players whom would support post harvesting loss prevention but the study
was conducted in Iringa and only three cereals where involved even 3years has
already passed since the study was done.
Gabriel and Hundie (2006) conducted a study on farmers' Post-Harvest Grain
Management Choices under Liquidity Constraints and Impending Risks in Ethiopia,
the objectives of the study were to identify different post-harvest grain management
processes, examine the extent to which farmers’ perception of risk about post-harvest
grain loss influences their marketing behavior, to investigate potential risk associated
with losing income due to post harvesting losses, to highlight some crucial policy
issues to attain food security, the study employed household level analysis where the
findings showed poor post harvesting handling and assumptions of imminent loss
which counts 93% of grains are lost due to pests and other factors. This study spotted
on PHM however failed to recognize the contribution of other players in minimizing
the problem.
Base on the study done by Babangida and Yong (2011) on Design, development and
techniques for controlling grains post-harvest losses with metal silo for small and
medium scale farmers in China, with objective of improving storage facilities to
ensure food security and improve farmers income using meta silo storage, The
12
findings show that the use of metal silo has been effectively and efficiently
significant as proven by 59% of farming households its said to be cheaper, easy to
use and can last for more than 15 years. In this study the mobile metal silo was also
introduced however neglected to research on other factors that would cause post-
harvest loss during threshing, transporting, and drying as well as in marketing.
Furthermore the study suggested the modern machines, global positioning system
and geographical information system to support creating awareness campaign to
rural areas on modern post harvesting technologies, with this technology the farmers
will be able to sustain them.
From the study conducted by Abass et al (2014) on assessment of post-harvest
handling practices and food losses in a maize-based farming system in Tanzania, the
study used cross sectional approach to obtain the data and the findings shows 79%
use control measure out 333 sample. The poor situation of availability of proper post
harvesting handling techniques seems to increase the already food insecurity
problem. This research showed the need of providing trainings to farmers as one to
ensure post harvesting loss prevention although the study spotted much on maize and
little to other cereal products such as rice, millet.
The study conducted by Waliyar et al (2015) on Post-harvest management of
aflatoxin contamination in groundnut in Mali, the study conducted was on the post-
harvest problem that reduce the kernel quality of the groundnut and some
management tools that will reduce the post harvesting losses such as post- harvest
grain handling, post-harvest machinery, physical separation, storage methods and
conditions, disinfestation, detoxification, inactivation, filtration, binding agents, and
13
antifungal compounds. The study aim to ensure food security and improve the
quality of the grains.
Basavaraja, Mahajanashetti, & Udagatti (2007) did a research on post harvesting
loss for cereals in India. The study was to identify stages the cause of loss of cereals,
the researcher used survey data to collect information from different representatives
as well as linear regression to assess factors affecting post-harvest losses in supply
chain of rice till it reaches the market place. The finding showed that storage phase
has contributed to a great loss.
Ssebaggala & Kyazze, (2016) did a study on farmers’ perceptions and their
implication on the use of rice post-harvest handling technologies and practices in
eastern Uganda. The researcher collected data using cross-sectional survey and focus
group discussion.
14
2.5 Conceptual framework
PHHT Perception on adoption
Figure 2.1 Conceptual Frame Work
Source: Researchers idea 2018
2.6 Research Gap
In Tanzania there have been substantial interventions on post-harvest handling
technologies and practices to reduce post-harvest loss which counts up to 40% loss
of grains(Coulter & Schneider, 2004). Poor performance of PHHTP is not only
driven by the weak value delivery systems as spotted by many scholars but also
users’ perceptions (Affognon, et al., 2015). However, there very few studies done on
perceptions of the use of post-harvest handling technologies and practices(Martins et
Economic traits
Income
Education
Availability
Usefulness
Consistence
Cost
Finance
Affordability
Risk
Maintenance
Adopters
Non adopters
15
al., 2014). Post-harvest handling technologies and practices have been introduced
and there several studies done on the benefits and usability, but on the other hand of
perception on the adoption few studies have been done which give a room to the
researcher to find out on perception to both adopters and non-adopters of the post-
harvest techniques in relation to the availability, cost and risk.
16
CHAPTER THREE
METHODS AND MATERIALS
3.1 Overview
3.2 Research Approach
The researcher used triangulation method which combines qualitative and
quantitative techniques. Data will be collected through interview, questionnaires,
focus group. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques was employed to
sample the respondent. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze data.
3.3 Description of the study area
Dodoma is a semi-arid natural condition region, it receives annual average rainfall of
570mm. It’s one among region where post harvesting technologies and practices idea
has been spread, due to the problem it encountered in its districts such in Chemba,
Kongwa, Chamwino and Bahi. This areas have been experiencing hunger, death,
unemployment, increased population and malnutrition problems (TFDA, 2017).
Most products produced in this region are maize, rice, millet, sorghum, ground nuts,
peas, onions, grapes and sesame.
3.3.1 Location
This study was carried out at Bahi District in Dodoma, Tanzania because big percent
of the farmers involve in rice farming activity, Rice as the study product to examine
farmers’ perception on adoption of post-harvest handling techniques and practices. It
included 3wards which is Bahi, Bahimakulu and Lukali. 5 villages covered from the
wards were Bahisokoni, nagurobahi, uhelela, bahimakulu and Lukali.
17
3.4 Research design
The researcher used descriptive research which attempt to systematically explain the
situation, problem, and phenomenon or provide information towards the attitude.
Descriptive study will be used to explore farmers’ attitude on post-harvest handling
technologies and practices, this design helped the researcher to enhance an
understanding and obtain required information from farming households and from
relevant institutions. The researcher used simple random and multi stage sampling
techniques to sample the respondents. Triangulation technique was employed as a
combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to explain the analyzed
information(Kumar, 2011).
3.5 Sampling Procedure
The researcher used mixed method of simple random sampling and multistage
sampling technique to sample the respondents. The first stage involved purposive
selection of 3 wards in the district where farmers involve in rice farming activities.
The second stage covered selection of 5 villages among 3 wards, from each village
farmers were selected using snow ball techniques. According to Kumar, 2011,
Snowball sampling is the technique which involve selection of sample using
networks or locating information rich key farmers, few farmers will be selected and
required information were collected, then they will be asked to identify other farmers
in the group to become part of the sample and provide the information needed.
(Kothari, 2004; Kumar, 2011).
3.6 Data collection methods
Both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data refers to information
obtained by investigator himself for the specific problem and secondary data are
18
already collected data that investigator use such as from journals, reports,
professional publication and relevant institutions. The data collection method
included were structured questionnaires (Appendix 1) which were distributed with
regards to the desired information needed from relevant institutions and farmers.
Interview is concerned with gathering farmers’ opinions, perception or attitudes, to
explore the perspective of potential farmers personal qualitative interview is to apply
(Appendix 2)(Kumar, 2011)
3.7 Data analysis
Data were analyzed by binary logistic regression which use maximum like-hood
method to maximize the probability of getting the observed results given the fitted
regression coefficient. It provide the knowledge of relationship and strength between
variable of the study. With binary logistic regression in SPSS data are easily
manipulated.
Objective one: Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage and mean will be
used to categorize respondents based on their socioeconomic characteristics such as
income, social status and employment.
Objective two: Inferential statistics were used to establish a relationship between
availability of PHT and farmers` perception on the adoption. The relationship was
established on the ground of its usefulness and consistence.
Objective three and four: Perception on adoption of post harvesting techniques in
relation to cost and risk, the respondents were asked in degrees and were measured at
ordinal level by using five- point Likert type scale such as strongly agreed (5),
19
agreed (4), undecided (3), disagreed (2) and strongly disagreed (1) for positive
statements and the scores were reversed for negative statements. The five point
Likert scale to be designed with respect to cost and risk.
3.8 Data Presentation
Data were presented in different form such as scientific form, charts, graphs, bars
and histograms depend on the classification as to whether be nominal, ordinal or
Likert scale.
3.9 Validity and Reliability
3.9.1 Validity
Validity also refers to as the degree to which results obtained from the analysis of
data actually represent the phenomenon under study. This is the ability of the
instrument to collect truthful and justifiable data (Oso and Onen, 2008). The research
will prepare research instruments and subject them to validity tests before finally
administering them on respondents. The draft questionnaire will be subjected to
expert judgment to verify the validity of the questions in line with (Balung,
2016)where the researcher used the Content Validity Index (CVI).
The researcher distributed an initial draft questionnaire to 5 (five) experts in grain
post- harvest technologies. The Content validity was determined by having items on
the instrument rated by five (5) experts. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was then
be determined by the formula and the workings below.
𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 =𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖ℎ𝑁𝑁 𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜𝑖𝑖 𝑞𝑞𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑁𝑁𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑒𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
20
A CVI of 0.7 and above for any instruments was considered valid for the study in
accordance with (Balung, 2016),all questions deemed not valid were edited or
dropped per the recommendation of the experts.
3.9.2 Reliability
Reliability refers to the degree to which an assessment tools produce stable and
consistence results. The degree to which repeated measurement of the same trait are
reproducible under the same conditions. The research ensured reliability repeating
the test of the instrument to enhance reliability of the information to be obtained (R.
Kumar, 2011). The Chronbach’s alpha was used to correlate the scores of the
responses. The formula for Cronbach’s Alpha to be used is follows:
𝐶𝐶𝑁𝑁𝑜𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐ℎ′𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎ℎ𝑣𝑣 = �𝑐𝑐
𝑐𝑐 − 1� �𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 − ∑𝐶𝐶𝑣𝑣𝑁𝑁𝑖𝑖𝑣𝑣𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑁𝑁
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 �
Where:
n = Number of items on the test
SD = The Standard Deviation for the set of test scores, and
ΣVariance = Summation of the variances of the scores for each of individual item on
the test.
A Cronbach‟s Alpha of above 0.7 will show that the tool is reliable. The higher the
reliability coefficient of above 0.7, the higher the reliability of the instrument
(Balung, 2016).
21
3.10 Ethical consideration
In conducting research, it is important to remember the power relationship in a
research process and how this affects the research. The researcher had the
responsibility not to abuse power, and to safeguard other participant’s integrity,
anonymity and generally treat all involved with respect. As one of the overarching
principles of ethics, it is crucial to sound research to do no harm. This position
promoted an ethical view that claims that the value of the research is not worth
destroying people or communities in the process. Another consideration in the
research is that participation was voluntary based on conscious decision and
informed consent which is a way of ensuring this. This was obtained by the
researcher explaining what the study is about, and ensuring the participant’s
anonymity as well as the participants’ possibility of withdrawing during the research.
22
CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGS
4.1 Introduction
Thus chapter presents the compressive findings of the study. Out of the total targeted
70 respondents, 60 duly filled and returned the completed questionnaires. The
findings in this part include the socio economic information of the respondents and
perception of farmers on PHTP in relation to availability, cost and risk of the post-
harvest technology and practices.
4.2 Social economic information
This part covers the demographic characteristics of the respondents which include
sex, age, household size, education level, and farming experience.
4.2.1 Gender of the respondent
The study found that the number of males participated in the study is exceeding that
of the female as shown on Table 4.1 The number of the male participants were
63.3% while the female participants were 36.7%, male respondents were the active
participants and responsive people during harvesting stage in responding to
questionnaires as shown on table 4.1
Table 4.1 Gender of the respondent
Sex Frequency Percent
Male 38 63.3
Female 22 36.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
23
4.2.2 Age of the respondents
The study intended to know the age group of different participants in farming
activities in relation to acceptance level of the post harvesting technology to improve
farmer’s live hood. The age of the respondent categorized into five groups as
presented on table 4.2. It has been found that the age group of 26-35 was the highest
respondents, followed by the age group of 18-25 which had average of age
respondents, the other age group had small percent such 36-45, 46-55 and the last
one 55 Above had fewest on age respondents. The results show that most of the
youth at Bahi district are active and full involved in farming activities.
Table 4.2: Age of the respondents
Age category Frequency Percent
18-25 10 16.7
26-35 26 43.3
36-45 9 15.0
46-55 9 15.0
55 above 6 10.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.2.3 Household size
The study aimed at identify the house hold size of the farmers, the findings shows
that most of the rice farmers have household size of 5-8 people which counts highest
rate of respondents than the lest, household of 1-4 people had above average,
followed by household size of 13-16 which counted on average, 9-12 people counted
least of average on the household size and the last household had very little
household size respondents as it is shown on table 4.3. Thus, with this representation
24
it clear seen that household with 5-8 class size has high percent which signify that
farmers with that class size has a great advantage in farming activities as it is shown
on table 4.3
Table 4.3: Household size
Category Frequency Percent
1-4 18 30.0
5-8 20 33.3
9-12 6 10.0
13-16 14 23.3
16-19 2 3.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.2.4 Years of formal education
The findings show that 41.7% of the participants have informal education, 18.3 %
with nine years of education, 16.7% with four years of education, 16.7% with 12
years of education and last 6.7% with 15 years of education. This signify that the
high number of illiteracy among farmers, despite that farmers with formal education
have been observed in the area. As shown on table 4.4
Table 4.4: Years of formal education
Years Frequency Percent
None 25 41.7
4 years 10 16.7
9 years 11 18.3
12 years 10 16.7
15 years 4 6.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
25
4.2.5 Years of farming experience
The study aimed at observing farming experience of different farmers at Bahi
District, from the findings it shows that 36.7% have farming experience of 1-10
years, followed by 23.3% of 21-30 years of experience, 11-20 years have 18.3% and
the last one with 31 Above years of experience has 21.7%. The study show that
farmers with below 10 years have highly has participated in filling the
questionnaires.
Table 4.5 Experience of farming in years
Years Frequency Percent
1-10 Years 22 36.7
11-20 years 11 18.3
21-30 years 14 23.3
31 Above 13 21.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.3 To find out social economic traits that affect perception on adoption of PHT
on rice farmers
4.3.1 Level of agreement on essentiality of adopting PHT
This study intended to observe the level of agreement on essentiality of adopting
PHT. The findings show that farmers agree on adoption of PHT with regard to its
essentiality. 30% strongly agreed on adoption to be essential, 31.7% literally agreed,
11.7% felt to undecided whether they agree on disagree, with the remaining 1.7% for
disagree and 5% for strongly disagree. This implies that most of the farmers believe
that adopting PHT would help them to improve their quality and quantity of rice.
26
Table 4.6: Level of agreement on essentiality of adopting PHT
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 3 5.0
Disagree 1 1.7
undecided 7 11.7
Agree 19 31.7
Strongly agree 30 50.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.3.2 Perception on adoption of PHT to be necessary
This study aimed to study the adoption of PHT perception if it is necessary, the
finding shows that the respondents agreed by 43.3% that adoption is necessary to
farmers to improve productivity of the products, 38.3% strongly agreed that PHT is
very necessary to people, the findings also shows that the responded disagree by
small percent that PHT adopt is not necessary only 5% disagreed and 3.3% strongly
disagree.
Table 4.7 Perception on adoption of PHT to be necessary
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 2 3.3
Disagree 3 5.0
undecided 6 10.0
Agree 26 43.3
Strongly agree 23 38.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
27
4.3.3 Post harvesting technology is better than local tool
This study intended to know as to whether farmers still accept the old tools or have
changed to modern tools, from the findings the researcher has observed that people
need new tools by supporting with strongly agreeing by 40% and agree by 35%,
13.3% for disagreeing, 6.7% for strongly disagreeing and only 5% for undecided.
This information depict that farmers are now transforming to new ways of farming to
improve productivity.
Table 4.8 Post harvesting technology is better than local tool
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 4 6.7
Disagree 8 13.3
undecided 3 5.0
Agree 21 35.0
Strongly agree 24 40.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.3.4 PHT Adoption reduces PH Activities stress in rice production
This study was intentionally done to see how much farmers felt secured of PHT in
farming activity. The data shows positive attitude towards level of agreement, 33.3%
of the farmers have agreed on stress reduced by farmers on adopting PHT, 28.3%
have strongly agreed, 16.7% for undecided, 13.3% for disagree and only 8.3% was
left for strongly disagreed farmers. This shows that most of the farmers have belief
on PHT as technology that would change life style, from uncertainty to certainty of
the farming activities.
28
Table 4.9: PHT Adoption reduces PH Activities stress in rice production
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 5 8.3
Disagree 8 13.3
undecided 10 16.7
Agree 20 33.3
Strongly agree 17 28.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.3.5 PHT should be adopted regardless of the costs
Study findings has revealed that PHT can be adopted regardless of the cost,
participants has agreed by 35% that cost is nothing when comes to serious business,
20% betted on strongly agree, with the remaining undecided, disagree and strongly
disagree betted on 15% each. The finding supported the truth that good things always
come with cost, therefore farmers has to accept PHT technology with all cost to
transform the farming activity to competitive level. Refer table 4.9.
Table 4.10: PHT should be adopted regardless of the costs
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 9 15.0
Disagree 9 15.0
Undecided 9 15.0
Agree 21 35.0
Strongly agree 12 20.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
29
4.3.6 Adoption of PHT cannot reduce PH losses
This study aimed at observing whether respondents have experienced or have heard
of disadvantages of applying PHT. The findings shows that most of the respondents
have criticized by disagreeing on the fact that PHT cannot reduce post harvesting
technology, 26.7% has shown the level of disagreeing, 23.3% strongly disagreeing,
but on the other hand some of the respondent have agreed by 23.3% that adopting
post harvesting technology is of no use to farmers, that cannot reduce losses, 16.7%
was left for undecided this is referred to table 4.10.
Table 4.11 Adoption of PHT cannot reduce PH losses
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 14 23.3
Disagree 16 26.7
Undecided 10 16.7
Agree 14 23.3
Strongly agree 6 10.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.3.7 Co-farmers should be discouraged from adopting PHT
This study intended to find out as whether farmers should be discouraged from
adopting PHT. The data shows that respondent strongly disagree by 31.7% on the
fact of discouraging farmers to adopt PHT, 23.3% strongly disagreed, 15% left
undecided, 15% agreed and 15% was for strongly agree. This implies that co-farmers
accept PHT technology and eager to put it into practice, this is presented on table
4.11.
30
Table 4.12 Co-farmers should be discouraged from adopting PHT
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 14 23.3
Disagree 19 31.7
Undecided 9 15.0
Agree 9 15.0
Strongly agree 9 15.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.3.8 PHT can raise farmers to maximum standard of living
This study intended to examine whether there is a relationship between technology
and better life of people, the better the technology the better the standard of living.
The findings proves that, for farmer to improve standard of living through
agriculture they have to adopt PHT for effectiveness and efficiency. Respondents
have agreed on the fact that PHT can raise farmers to maximum standard of living
by 41.7% and strongly agreed by 28.3%, with 13.3% for undecided, 10% for
disagreeing and 6.7% for strongly disagreeing. This signifies for farmers to live
better life has to accept technology especially after harvest technology this is
referred to table 4.12.
31
4.13: PHT can raise farmers to maximum standard of living
Level of agreement Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 4 6.7
Disagree 6 10.0
Undecided 8 13.3
Agree 25 41.7
Strongly agree 17 28.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.3.9 PHT should be adopted on a permanent basis
The study intended to know as to whether respondent would accept to adopt PHT on
permanent basis. The findings show positive attitude toward adopting PHT on
permanent basis, 22% strongly agree, 19% agreed, 8% left out stranded as to adopt
or not to adopt on permanent base, 8% disagreed and 3% strongly disagreed that, this
adopt should not be a permanent thing. This signify that respondents have accepted
changes and they are eager to take farming business to a different level.
32
Table 4.14 PHT should be adopted on a permanent basis
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 3 5.0
Disagree 8 13.3
Undecided 8 13.3
Agree 19 31.7
Strongly agree 22 36.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.3.10 Income influence the adoption of PHT
The study aimed at examining the influence of income on adopting PHT, is there any
relationship between the two variables. The findings show that, some of the
respondents agreed and some disagree, 20% of the respondents agreed that income
influences farmers to adopt PHT, 14% disagreed with the fact of income to influence
adoption of PHT, 20% of the respondents were not sure whether income can
influence farmers to adopt or not to adopt, 8% strongly agreed and 6% strongly
disagree.
Table 4.15 Income influence the adoption of PHT
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 6 10.0
Disagree 14 23.3
Not sure 12 20.0
Agree 20 33.3
Strongly agree 8 13.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
33
4.3.11 The extent to which social status affects PHT adoption
This study intended to know how great social status affects PHT adoption. The
findings show that it’s by 20% moderate extent that PHT affects social status, 16%
small extent, 15% great extent and 9% not at all, this signify that the respondents half
believe on the effect and half dot believe on effect of the social status.
Table 4.16: The extent to which social status affects PHT adoption
Scale Frequency Percent
Not at all 9 15.0
Small extent 16 26.7
Moderate 20 33.3
Great extent 15 25.0
Total 60 100.0
4.3.12 The most social economic trait that affects perception to adopt PHT
This study intended to find out what is the most dominating social economic trait that
prevail in affecting perception to adopt PHT, the respondents finding show that
income is the most dominating trait that affect perception to adopt by 29%, while for
education respondents gave out 16% and the last trait is social status with 15% of
agreement. This shows that farmers with access to finance have a bigger chance to
adopt PHT than people with education or social status.
34
Table 4.17: The most social economic trait that affects perception to adopt PHT
Scale Frequency Percent
Income 29 48.3
Education 16 26.7
Social status 15 25.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.4 Availability of post-harvest techniques to smallholder farmers in the study
area
4.4.1 There is availability of PHT at Bahi District
This study intended to know whether there is availability of PHT in the respondent
area, with 31% of respondent did said yes that there is availability of the PHT
technology meanwhile 29% of the respondents said no that PHT are not available to
farmers. This signifies that PHT technology is available farmers by small percent and
its uneven distributed to farmers.
Table 4.18 There is availability of PHT at Bahi District
Frequency Percent
Yes 31 51.7
No 29 48.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.4.2 The most available PHT in the area
These findings aimed at recognizing the most available PHT that farmers have
adopted, the respondent have reported that packing bags and drying surface are the
most available PHT technology by 17% each, then 11% was for grading machine,
35
10% respondent reported on the adoption of mini-combined machine for harvesting,
lastly marketing system had only 5% of respondent report on its presence to farmers.
The finding show that the available techniques used by most farmers are the one that
are cheaper and easy to make but the other one which seems to be little expensive or
have not used before are not available in most of the farmers.
Table 4.19: The most available PHT in the area
Scale Frequency Percent
Combined harvester 10 16.7
Packing bags 17 28.3
Drying surface 17 28.3
Grading machine 11 18.3
Marketing system 5 8.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.4.3 The available PHT increase amount of rice
This study was intentionally done to see whether there is an advantage in the
available PHT in increase quantity of rice, the findings show the balance from the
respondents, that 50% of the respondents agree and the other 50% disagreed on the
advantages of PHT to increase the quality of rice product when adopted.
Table 4.20: The available PHT increase amount of rice
Scale Frequency Percent
Agree 30 50.0
Not agree 30 50.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
36
4.4.4 The extent on the usefulness of PHT to small holder farmers
The findings from this study was intentionally done to know how useful PHT are to
smallholder farmers, from the findings it was observed that 41.7% of the respondents
agreed by small extent, 33.3% agreed on moderate, 15% said not at all, and 10%
responded on great extent. The findings show that PHT are used by farmers in the
moderate average and not to a great extent.
Table 4.21: The extent on the usefulness of PHT to small holder farmers
Scale Frequency Percent
Not at all 9 15.0
Small extent 25 41.7
Moderate 20 33.3
Great extent 6 10.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.4.5 Applying PHT enabled farmers to sustain the living
The study was done to examine the level of agreement on PHT adoption enabling
farmers to sustain the living when they adopt the technology, from the findings it
shows high level of disagreement by 33.3%, 31.7% responded for undecided, 18.3%
agreed on PHT to sustain farmers living, 10% of the respondents strongly disagree
on the fact of PHT to sustain the living. This shows that the observed advantages and
the availability of PHT have little impact to people’s lives.
37
Table 4.22: Applying PHT enabled farmers to sustain the living
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 10 16.7
Disagree 20 33.3
undecided 19 31.7
Agree 11 18.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.4.6 The most PHT used in the area
The study was done to know the most PHT practiced by most farmers at Bahi
District, the respondent were able to mention the most used technology, 43.3% of the
respondents voted for storage handlings as the most PHT used by many farmers,
25% opted marketing techniques, 20% of the respondents named mini-combined
harvester and 11.7% said threshing machine are the most available in their area. This
means that, most of the farmers use storage than other techniques of post harvesting.
Table 4.23: The most PHT used in the area
Scale Frequency Percent
Mini combined harvester 12 20.0
Threshing machine 7 11.7
storage handlings 26 43.3
Marketing technique 15 25.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
38
4.5 The cost on adoption of post- harvest techniques in the study area.
4.5.1 The cost of applying PHT influences perception to adopt
This study was intentionally done to analyze if the cost of applying PHT influences
perception to adopt, from the findings shows high level of respondents agreement
on the fact of cost to influence perception to adopt, but very few responded on not
agreeing with cost to be the influencing factor. This signify that most of people avoid
to apply PHT technology because of cost factor.
Table 4.24: The cost of applying PHT influences perception to adopt
Scale Frequency Percent
agree 39 65.0
Not agree 21 35.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.5.2 The cost of PHT is affordable to farmers
This study was done to see whether the cost of PHT are affordable to farmers, the
findings show that most of the farmers cannot afford the cost of PHT, 68.7% of the
respondents responded with no option that, this cost are not affordable to most of the
farmers, 31.7% of the respondents said yes, that these costs are affordable to farmers.
The cost factor can be the main factor which hinders farmers to adopt PHT.
39
Table 4.25: The cost of PHT is affordable to farmers
Scale Frequency Percent
Yes 19 31.7
No 41 68.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
The results from binary regression of perception on adoption of PHT shows to
significant of 0.006 which is nearly to 0.000 significant level hence the study is
valid.
Table 4.26. Variables in the Equation on whether the cost of PHT are
affordable to farmers
B S.E. Wald Df Sig. Exp(B)
Step 0 Constant .769 .278 7.680 1 .006 2.158
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.5.3 Farmer will have enough money to use on PHT
This study was intentionally done to collect information on benefits of applying
PHT, the findings aimed at investigating profit earned by applying PHT and how
farmers can meet there daily needs with profit obtained out of applying PHT, the
data shows 36.7% strongly disagree, 23.3% remained undecided, 21.7% of the
respondents disagreed, 16.7% agreed and 1.7% strongly agreed. This data signify
that, farmers can still not always have enough money to apply PHT.
40
Table 4.27 Farmer will have enough money to use on PHT
Scale Frequency Percent
Strongly disagree 22 36.7
Disagree 13 21.7
Undecided 14 23.3
Agree 10 16.7
Strongly agree 1 1.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.5.4 The extent to which cost of PHT affect farmers income
This study was done to test the relationship between cost and income, the findings
show that 43.3% of respondents voted for moderate extent, 28.3% voted for small
extent, 23.3% voted for great extent and only 5% of the respondent voted for not at
all. From these finding it show that farmers are still not aware of the bundle of
benefits from applying PHT despite of it cost.
Table 4.28: The extent to which cost of PHT affect farmers income
Scale Frequency Percent
Not at all 3 5.0
Small extent 17 28.3
Moderate 26 43.3
Great extent 14 23.3
Total 60 100.0
41
4.5.5 There is financial assistance on applying PHT
This study was internationally done to question the financial assistance that farmers
get when they apply PHT, the findings from the respondents show 73.3% of farmers
don’t get support when they apply PHT and only 26.7% of the respondents agree on
receiving financial assistance when they apply new technology.
Table 4.29: There is financial assistance on applying PHT
Response Frequency Percent
Yes 16 26.7
No 44 73.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.5.6 The costly stage to apply PHT
This study was done to identify the costly stage among the four option, the data
shows that 40% of the respondent voted for threshing to be the costly stage above all,
28.3% voted for storing stage, 23.3% of the respondents voted for marketing to be
the costly stage and lastly 8.3% of the respondents voted for drying to be the costly
stage. These findings signify that threshing stage cost a lot than other method, so
there is a need to put eyes on it.
Table 4.30 the costly stage to apply PHT
Stages Frequency Percent
Threshing 24 40.0
Drying 5 8.3
Storing 17 28.3
Marketing 14 23.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
42
4.6 Nature of risks associated with adoption of PHHT on rice farmers.
4.6.1 The risk associated to the adoption of PHT
Furthermore, this study was done to identify the risks which associated with adoption
of PHT, the findings show that 30% of the respondents reported that PHT can be the
source of unemployment, 25% for machine deterioration risk, 25% of the
respondents voted for non-consistence risk and lastly 20% for the risk of delay to
harvest. This risk is the one which hinders farmers not to adopt PHT.
Table 4.31 The risk associated to the adoption of PHT
Risks Frequency Percent
Machine deterioration 15 25.0
Non consistence machine 15 25.0
Delay o harvest 12 20.0
Unemployment 18 30.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.6.2 The most risk stage that requires PHT
This study intended find out the stage which is risk and require farmers attention in
farming activity, the findings shows that harvesting is the most risk stage with 41.7%
respondent votes, followed by storage with 25% to be risk stage, drying counted
18.3%, transportation 8% and lastly Hauling counts only 1%. This give a room o
discussion that harvesting is the most risk stage and require much attention of
adoption of PHT and risk assessment to reduce this perception. For the stage with
risk stage analysis also should be carried out to see how effective those technologies
to farmers are.
43
Table 4.32 The most risk stage that requires PHT
Stages Frequency Percent
Harvesting 25 41.7
Storing 15 25.0
Hauling 1 1.7
Drying 11 18.3
Transporting 8 13.3
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.6.3 Mitigating the risk associated can influence adoption of PHT
This study intended to know the level of agreement on mitigating the risk associated
and the influence on adoption of PHT, the finding depicted that the respondent agree
by 73.3% that mitigating the risk can influence farmers to adopt PHT, while 26.7%
disagree with statement of mitigating the risk to influence adoption of PHT. This
study show that, despite all the risks and cost associated but they are sure that one
day this technology will transform them.
Table 4.33: Mitigating the risk associated can influence adoption of PHT
Scale Frequency Percent
Agree 44 73.3
Not agree 16 26.7
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
4.6.4 Strategies to reduce risks associated
Lastly, this study intended to know the strategies that can reduce risks of applying
PHT, the findings show the most living strategy is machine consistence with 21.7%
of the respondents, 20% was voted for extension officers, 18.3% for training farmers,
44
15% for financial access and lastly 13.3% for enough spare parts. The findings show
that, with this strategy farmers can be able to full adopt PHT to enhance farmers
productivity.
Table 4.34: Strategies to reduce risks associated
Strategies Frequency Percent
Enough spare parts 8 13.3
Consistence machine 13 21.7
Enough PH machines 7 11.7
Extension officers 12 20.0
Training to farmers 11 18.3
Finance access 9 15.0
Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Survey, 2018
45
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION
5.1 Overview
This chapter presents mainly the discussions of the results represented in chapter
four. The study intended to assess smallholder farmer’s perception on adoption of
post-harvest grain techniques in Tanzania, where the case study was at Bahi District.
The discussion based on the study objectives.
5.2 Socioeconomic information
In this study, it is found that most of the farmer’s respondents were male and very
few were female, to the case of gender, the results shows that male are the most
active people in farming. According Ssebaggala & Kyazze, 2016) the data showed
male were the active people in giving information about PHT.
On the case of age group , big percent of the respondents were youth to the age group
of 26-35, this signify that young people are the active people and are the generation
of today, if are well employed they can be the change makers. To change the
perception of adopting PHT this group need to be involved in training, giving access
to finance, and the importance of improving the quality and quantity of the products
they produce. The age group above 55 years old, seems to be passive people, this is
the group that we cannot invest on, as they are less productive. This has been
supported by Kimiywe (2015) that young generation are the early majority , this
group can easily adopt any change that happen in their areas , the aged group are the
late majority can take so long to decide on matters, so the adopt decisions.
46
Household size effect, this affect PHT adoption on the notion that when the size is
small then little possibility of adopting the technology as they cultivate little with
regard to the size. This is different from great household size, the great the size the
high the responsibility to meet the need of that household size, this group will have
to work hard to make sure they have enough food to meet the needs. So the need for
the household to try different ways to increase their productivity, hence adoption of
different techniques can apply.
Education level from this field work show that a big percent of the farmers are
illiterate and very few are educated , this signify that adoption rate would face some
critics to be adopted as they rarely believe in technology. The higher the number of
educated individual the easier the acceptance of the new technologies as they become
aware of the benefits of applying technology in farming.
The experience in farming show that a big number of farmers have experience of 1-
10 years followed by class of 11-20 years. This mean that a great number of the
participants are youth as the experience shows from the findings(Odhong, 2017) said
the youth are the assets in farming transformation, now the young people becomes
aware of farming and it advantage, farming is now the first choice of many young
people in the world.
5.3 Social economic traits affecting perception on adoption of PHT on rice
farmers.
This first objective intended to study the social economic variables that affect
farmers, the objective coved income and education as variables. The results shows
that income affects adoption rate of PHT, farmers with high income are likely to
47
adopt the technology but farmers with little income then it’s hard for them to divide
the little they have to acquire or adopt the technology. With education the study
shows that farmers will certain level of education support adoption of new
technology especially that with positive impact in their farming activities, but people
with little understand always hinders the development. This has been supported by
Ngowi (2017) that education favors adoption, people who are educated are
considered to be innovators. Income also influence perception to adoption of any
technology, people with high level of income can likely adopt new technology
whenever is inverted which is little difficult for the people with little income.
5.4 Availability of post-harvest techniques to smallholder farmers
To this objective the variables discussed were usefulness and consistence, the study
intended to know to what level are the available PHT are useful to people and to
what level of consistence are the technology. The findings shows that most of the
available PHT are not full employed by farmers with some reason of not affording
the cost of adopt or hiring the technology, the cost of renting the tools is high that
smallholder farmers cannot afford to adopt or rent the tools. For the case of
usefulness Affognon et al., (2015) said , introducing any technology without any
prior preparation affects the adoption rate, technology introduced need to be useful to
people who need it after the investigation of the usefulness of it to the area but if
technology is introduced without any studying the area it will become useless and
very few people can adopt it.
To the question of consistence the findings show that most of the introduced
technology are not consistent to people hence most of people are reluctant to accept
technologies when are introduced. This case has been supported by Kitinoja etal.,
48
(2010) that introduction of appropriate technology motivate adoption rate of that
technology, but if the technology is introduced and is not appropriate with nature of
the area then that technology is likely to be not adopted and it will also discourage
most of other people not to adopt another technology when introduced.
5.5 The cost on adoption of post- harvest techniques
This objective intended to assess the influence of cost on perception to adopt PHT,
the results shows the cost as one of the influencing factor that farmers consider
before adopting or use a particular technology, if the technology is affordable to
farmers then that technology would be accepted.(Ngowi, 2017).
The results also show that farmers will always not have money to use on PHT as
farming activity is not stable and affected much by the climate change which make
the farmers sometimes not to have enough money to use or adopt technology, the
respondents strongly disagree with the fact that farmers will always have money to
use. The results also show that farmers have no association where they can join their
hands together and save money which they can use in buying some usefully
technology. To support farmers cost analysis of technology to be introduced need to
be effectively analyzed and the informations need to be shared to farmers.
Cost of the technology also affects the income of people, farmers still believe the that
the return on asset is not viable to them as the income will be affected by the cost of
the technology they would choose to adopt, the results shows bad perception of most
of the farmers that if they choose to adopt the technology they would end up
bankrupt as some point.(Kitinoja et al., 2010)
49
The results shows that there is little financial assistance to farmers who wants tto
adopt the technology, with this notion farmers will not just adopt technology if the
financial institution does not provide assistance in finance, training and monitoring
the performance of those famers in financial usage and the usefulness of the
technology, when farmers fell secured of the money the invest and get supported
then they will likely adopt that technology
5.6 Risks associated with adoption of PHHT on rice farmers
This objective intended to study the nature of risks associated to adoption of PHT,
the results from this study identified the following risks machine deterioration, non-
consistence of machine, delay of harvesting, unemployment. Unemployment has
been identifies as the most appealing risk associated with adoption of PHHT
followed by machine deterioration and non-consistence of machines, delay to
harvesting has only 20% of the respondents results on the risk associated with
adopting PHT.(Gabriel & Hundie, 2006)
The results on the most lists stage which require PHT adoption to minimize the risks
is harvesting with 25% of the votes, the other stags are transportation, storing,
hauling, and drying, but the least voted stage is hauling, this stage according to the
results it only need a very small adoption rate of PHT as the risk is minimum
comparing to other stages.
Among the identified risks, the results shows that mitigating this risks associated can
influence adoption of PHT, solution to the risks identified can motivate farmers to
adopt the technology introduced. This show that adopters are aware and they trust the
system of applying new technology will not affect their income to that extent, so
50
most of the respondents agreed that mitigating the risks can influence adoption rate
of PHT.
The results on way forward and the strategies to minimize the risk associated show
that, having consisted machine is to be priority as a way to minimize the risks which
reduces the adoption rate of the technology, extension officers as another strategy to
minimize the risks, the results shows that there is a need of having enough extension
officers to provide trainings and assistance to farmers in the decision of adopting the
technology. With introducing new technology the results shows the need of bringing
the spare parts of those introduced technology to assist the repairing of the machines,
this acts as a motivator to farmers to enable them to adopt new technology. Financial
access is another motivator to adopters of new technology, most of the farmers don’t
have enough money to buy on cash the technology but if assisted then they are likely
to adopt the technology. According to Briefing, (2015) financial access to farmers is
very important, rice value chain actors require credit for equipment and technology
upgrading as wella s improving quality of produce. Producers and marketing also
require credit to pre-finance production of their suppliers.
51
CHAPTER SIX
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Overview
This part presents the summary of findings and conclusions. It also takes into
account the recommendations made from the study, the limitations encountered and
the suggestions for further research.
6.2 Summary of the findings
The study aimed at achieving four specific objectives drawn from the main objective
which was to examine farmers’ perception on adoption of rice post-harvest handling
techniques and practices in Bahi District.
The first objective of this study was to find out social economic traits that affect
perception on adoption of PHT on rice farmers revealed that, some social economic
traits affects the adoption of PHT such traits are income, education and social status,
with income as the most dominating traits that farmers consider when wants to adopt
any new technology. The higher the income of the farmers the better consideration
on adopting new technology. Considering education as one of the trait has little
effect on adoption as unless one has both income and education, with social status
most farmers are willing to adopt new technology to acquire social recognition in
their location.
The second objective was to study the availability of post-harvest techniques to
smallholder farmers in the study area, from Bahi District the study shows very little
availability of PHT, the most available technology are packing bags and drying
surface, but mini-combined machine, grading machine and marketing system are
52
they are very few. There is a need of some investors in this areas to support farmers
in their farming activities. The results show the need of enough mini-combined
machines, grading machines, and improved marketing infrastructure that would help
farmers to improve quality and quantity of products.
The third objective was study the cost on adoption of post- harvest techniques in the
study area, from the findings its clearly seen that cost is the most influencing factor
on the case of adoption, most of the technologies introduced are expensive and most
farmers cannot afford to adopt these technologies, very few farmers were able to
afford and hence the little presence of these technology o this area.
The last objective was to explore the nature of risks associated with adoption of
PHHT on rice farmers. The results show the most risk available and the way forward
to minimize the risks, the risk identified in the findings are machine deterioration,
non-consistence of machines, delay of farmers to harvest due to long time of waiting
of the machine which is shared to other farmers and unemployment problem due to
adoption of new technology which will take jobs of many people in the area. To
mitigate this risk the respondents identified the following strategies, enough spare
parts, enough PH machine, extension officers, training farmers on PHT, consistence
machines and enabling access of finance to farmers.
6.3 Conclusions
Farmers’ perceptions towards postharvest loss reduction technologies and practices
were diverse at different stages of rice postharvest handling. The positive attitudes
towards some of the technologies and practices such as knife, tarpaulin and
mechanized winnowing seem to provide a fertile ground for new innovations
53
customized to the local social, economic and physical situation. The noticeable
proportion of farmers who were in favor of the postharvest loss enhancing practices
like early harvesting and prolonged heaping implies that such practices are likely to
continue. It is therefore recommended that analysis of farmers’ perceptions and
mindset change for farmers with negative perceptions towards the usefulness of such
technologies and practices are undertaken prior to their introduction in the area.
6.4 Recommendation
This part devoted to make recommendations which when implemented can result
into positive perception of adopting PHT.
6.3.1 Recommendation to the government
Base on the finding the government should improve some infrastructures, this will
support farmers toward positive perception to adopt new technology, and with
favorable infrastructures more investors will be attracted which will support farmers
to get access to technologies. Furthermore the government needs to provide grants to
some farmers association, this will help great rich of government services to many
farmers. There is also a need of providing extension officers, this will help the
government to recognize the kind of technology needed by farmers in specific areas
and also to educate them in technology that farmers can use on their area.
6.3.2 Recommendation to investors
This is big opportunity to investors, the findings show a great need of PHT to this
area and the farmers are willing to adopt it, so the investors has to grab the
opportunities available, such as building storage facilities, insuring good marketing
system, improving milling machine, enough and affordable mini-combined
54
harvesting machine. All this tools are demanded in great extent by the farmers in
Bahi District.
6.3.3 Recommendation to farmers
Farmers need to form associations for them to easily access finance and loan from
bother investors and the government, group loan is provided with very little
restrictions a to compare to individual loans. The government is always willing to
make impact to a great number of people and not to individuals, then this is an
opportunity of farmers to make some groups to secure loan from the government.
The excuse of having little income can be overcome with this strategy of forming
association. Also farmers have to change the mindset on adoption of new technology,
cost is always nothing on technology, if technology is well used by farmers then
there is possibility of them to acquire a lot of profit from the technology used.
6.5 Suggestion for further study
This study was carried considering just one district and only one product, the
researcher suggest that other researchers would compare two different Districts
which involve in similar activities that would help to get enough and relevant
information. Furthermore the researcher suggested that, the study of this nature
should be carried out on survey study, this will help the research to collect correct
data.
6.6 Limitation and Delimitation of the study
On carrying out this study, some limitations were faced. The major limitation was
time constraints given that the data collection method was personal administration of
questionnaires with managers and owners. Drop and pick method was used where
55
respondents were not available and this is because the study was carried out when the
farmers where busy in harvesting of their grains, most of the time the farmers not
available. The researcher therefore scheduled the convenient time with the
respondents to collect the information.
The other limitation was getting ful and enough information, the respondent were not
willing to provide enough information due fear of exposing their personal
information, the researcher made some effort to overcome this challenge by ensuring
the respondents that the information that they are to provide will be confidential and
will never be exposed anywhere on public.
56
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Appendix 1: Research Questionnaire
Questionnaire
Dear, my name is Chalubii Victor; I am a student from the University of Dodoma
undertaking a study on the smallholder farmers’ perception in adoption of post-
harvest grain techniques at Bahi for the partial fulfillment of the Masters (MBA)
Program at The University of Dodoma. I kindly request you to provide reliable
information. The data collected are confidential and will be used for the study and
not otherwise.
Thank you in advance
60
Appendix 1: Research Questionnaire Questionnaire
Dear, my name is Chalubii Victor; I am a student from the University of Dodoma
undertaking a study on the smallholder farmers’ perception on adoption of post-
harvest grain techniques at Bahi for the partial fulfillment of the Masters (MBA)
Program at The University of Dodoma. I kindly request you to provide reliable
information. The data collected are confidential and will be used for the study and
not otherwise.
Thank you in advance
61
A. Socio economic information
1 Respondent’s sex (please tick your answer) 1 = Male 2 = Female
2 Your age group (please tick your answer)
1. (18 - 25 years) 2. (26 – 35 years old) 3. (36 -45 years old) 4. (46 -55
years old) 5. (55 years and above)
Household size
1. 1-4, 2. 4-5, 3. 10-14, 4. 15-19
Years of formal education
1. 6 years, 2. 9 years, 3. 12 years, 4. 15 years, 5. 17 years
3 Years of farming experience
1. (1-10 year) 2. (11-20 years) 3. (21 – 30years) 4. (31 years and
above)
B. Perceptions of farmers on PHT
Perceptions
statements
5 =
Strongly
disagree
4 =
Agree
3 =
Undecided
2 =
disagree
1 =
Strongly
disagree
Adoption of post-
harvest
technologies is
Essential
Post-harvest
technologies
adoption is
necessary
Modern post-
harvest
technologies
adoption are
62
better than using
local tools
Post-harvest
technology
adoption reduces
post-harvest
activities stresses
in rice production
Post-harvest
technologies
should be
adopted
regardless of
costs
Adoption of post-
harvest
technologies
cannot reduce
post-harvest
losses of crops
Co-farmers
should be
discouraged from
adopting post-
harvest
technologies
Post-harvest
technologies
adoption can
raise farmers to
maximum
standard of living
63
Post-harvest
technologies
should be
adopted on a
permanent basis
Please tick your answer.
8 Do you think income level influences adoption of post harvesting techniques?
1=strongly disagree, 2= Disagree, 3= not sure, 4= Agree, 5= Strongly agree
9 To what extent do you think social status affects adoption of post harvesting
techniques?
1) Not at all 2) Small extent 3) Moderate 4) Great extent
10 What is the most social economic trait that affects perception to adopt post
harvesting techniques?
1. Income 2. Education 3.social status
C. Availability
Please tick your answer
11 There is availability of post harvesting techniques at Bahi district?
1. Yes 2. No
12 What are the most available post harvesting techniques in your
area…………………………………………………………………....
13 Because of the available post harvesting techniques the amount of rice increases
1. Agree 2. Not agree
14 To what extent do you agree on the usefulness of post harvesting techniques to
smallholder farmers
1) Not at all 2) Small extent 3) Moderate 4) Great extent
15 Because of applying post harvesting techniques I have been able to get any
64
property from money obtained from selling rice.
1= strong Disagree, 2= Disagree, Not sure, 4= Agree ,5= Strongly Agree
16 Among the post-harvest techniques, which one is mostly used in your area
1.Mini-combined harvester 2.threshing machine 3.storage handlings
4.marketing techniques
D. Cost
17 Do you think cost of applying post harvesting techniques influences perception
to adopt?
1. Agree 2. Not agree
18 The cost of PHT is affordable to me
1. Yes 2. No (If yes mention the techniques you afford)
19 I will always have enough money to use PHT
1= strong Disagree, 2= Disagree, 3. Not sure, 4= Agree 5= Strongly Agree
20 To what extend do you think the cost of PHT affect your income
1) Not at all 2) Small extent 3) Moderate 4) Great extent
21 Do you receive any financial assistance on applying post harvesting techniques
1. Yes 2. No
22 What is the most costly stage to apply post-harvest techniques
1. Threshing 2. Drying 3. Storing 4.marketing
E. Risk
23 do you think are the risks associated to the adoption of post harvesting
techniques……………………………………………………….…
24 What is the most risk stage which requires adoption of post-harvest techniques
to reduce post harvesting losses……………………………………...
25 Mitigating the risk associated can influence farmers to adopt PHT.
65
1. Agree 2. Not agree
26 What do you think should be done to reduce the risks
associated………………………………………….
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Appendix 2
Interview checklist
1. Do you think social economic traits influences adoption of PHT?
2. What are the available post harvesting techniques in Bahi District?
3. Do you agree on the improving quality and quantity of the rice by adopting
PHT?
4. Do you think the introduced PHT are affordable to smallholder farmers?
5. To what extent do you agree on consistence of the available PHT to
smallholder farmers?
6. Do you have access to finance that assist you to adopt PHT?
7. What are the risk associate with adoption of post harvesting techniques to
smallholder?
8. What do you suggest on mitigating risks associated with adoption of PHT?