Post on 11-Jun-2022
ASSASSIN BUG
ASSASSIN 'BUG
Rhodnius p rolixus
Appearance
• 2 a em long. • Body brightly colourt>d wilh
black and brown !'itript'fl. • Antennae ins<'rt<.'Cl on sidt>s of
long, rough ly conim l head near apex.
• Lal'gc L!yc::. placed lakrally. • Proboscis kept folded under
t he hcud like a knife blade. • Wings held folded on bnck. • Legs well drvPiopNI.
EYE
ANTENNA
BODY
'
LEGS
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- 1 World Health Organization 1991
ASSASSIN BUG
ASSASSIN BUG
Rhodnius p rolixus
life cycle • Life cyele has 3 stage:; egg.
nymph and adult; C'an be romplctpd in 6 months to 2 yea rs.
• l<~ggl> an• ovn l and whlt P in c·o lour and lur'l) pink hc•forc hntching.
• Nymph moult.: fi tim<'s: {•;l<'h
moult r('quirPs ~ hlood mPHI • Adults mate 7 10 davs after
a blood meal; female lays about 300 eggs in a ltft>time.
• Adult can live for 3 4 months without food.
6MO"lfHS TO 2. YEAR S ~ 1 'rEAR
IT l. ---••
1 World He alth Organizat ion 199 1
AS~ASSIN
BUG
ASSASSIN BUG
Rhodnius prolixus
• Habitat and behaviour
• Found predominantly in mudwa llt>d houses with thatched roofs.
• l; 1ves in cracks and fi ssures m the walls and roofs, behind !)it urt:s on walls, under mattresses or obi cts a ccumulated under beds, in d<'bri~ a nd on a nim~ l ~' coat s.
• Em('rges at dusk to feed on s leeping victims: a lso feeds on excreta of other bugs.
• Avoids Jjgbt and is an act ive runner.
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t World Health Org~mution 199 1
ASSASSIN BUG
A:SSASSIN BUG
Rhodnius prolixus
Public health importance
• Oites And sucks blood from th~ exJ?osed parts of the body, usual ly the face.
• Defecates while Hucking blood. and may transmit Chagas disease by cont nminntion of tho bite wound with the f:wces.
• Bites c-ause l'lWf'lling and sev('re p}lin.
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• W orld H ealth Organization 1991
ASSASSIN BUG
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ASSASSIN :auG •
Rhodnius prolixus
Things needed
• Screening for doors and windows.
• Insect.. repellent. • Hand spray-gun for repellent. • Hangers for clothing.
• • Plaster to fi ll cracks and fissures.
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• c World Health Organization 1991
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ASSASSI N BU G
ASSASSIN BUG
Rhodnius profixus
Pre ve nt access
• Use mosquito net. • Keep beds away from walls
and posts. • ~egregate eating and sleeping
areas. • Keep pets and other animal~
out of lhc houso.
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t World H eal th O rgan•zat•on 1991
BEDBU G
• BEDBUG
Cimex lectularius
Appearance
• 6 7 mm long. • Reddish brown colour. • Flat, oval, hairy body. • 2 antennae. • 3 pairs of legs. • Head attached to thorax with
no neck.
( World Health Organiznion 1991
BEDBUG
BEDBUG
Cimex lectularius
Life cycle
• Life cycle has 3 stages - egg. nymph and adult; can be completed in 7-10 weeks under favourable conditions.
• Eggs are pearly white and oval, 1 mm in length.
• Nymph moults 5 times; a blood meal is reqwred before each moult.
• Adult lives for several months to l year or more; female may lay 75-500 eggs at the rate of 2 3 eggs a day.
• Bedbug can remain in the egg or nymph stage for an indefinite period if food is not available.
7 - 10 WEEKS "M C) .. ~
EG6
~NYMPH
j. Y£AR OR MORE
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( World Health Organizuion 1991
BEDBUG
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BEDBUG
Cimex lectularius
Habitat and behaviour
• Lives in cracks and crevices in walls and floors, furniture, bedsteads, mattresses, ptcture frames, wa llpaper, books and papers, boxes, elc.
• Avoids light and is active during night.
• Spoils woodwork, pictur<'~> And furniture by depositing eggs a nd excreta.
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( World Health Organintion 1991
BED BU G
• BEDBUG
Cimex lectularius
Public health importance
• Bites and sucks blood. • Biting causes itching.
swelling and inflammation. • Emits foul smell. • Interferes with s leep.
< World Health Organization 1991
BEDBUG
• BEDBUG
Cimex lectularius
Things needed
• Hangers or nails for clothing. • Clothes-line to put bedding
outside for spraying or beating.
• Paint for walls. • Plaster to fill in cracks and
crevices. • Candles. • Heating stove. • Adhesive tape for sealing
skirtings, picture rails, windows, etc.
1 World Health Org<tnluuon 1991
BEDBUG
• BEDBUG
Cimex lectularius
Prevent access
• Prevent passive entry into the house on clothes, suitcases. cardboard boxes, furniture, etc.
• Do not share clothing or bedding with oLher people.
Reduce infestation
• Take furniture and beddmg away from the house and beat to dislodge bugs.
• Pour boiling water over bed frames.
• Pass lighted candle under bedsprmgs.
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1 World Healtn Organiution 1991
COCK· ROACH
• COCKROACH
8/ate/la germanica
A ppearance
• 10 15 mm long • Dnrk brown colour. • Large eyes. • 2 whip-like antennae. • 2 dark longitudinal marks on
top of thorax. • :l pa1rs of wmgs. • 3 pairs of legs.
I ANTENNA LEGS
1 World He~lth Organozuoon 1991
COCK· RO A CH
• COCKROACH
8 /a ce//a germanica
Life cycle
• Life cycle ha~ 3 stages egg, nymph and adult; can be complctt•d in 2 :J months under favourable cond1tions.
• gggli arc laid in l.'gg cases 5.5 mm in lcn~th, egg cuses ure cnnit•cl by the fcmnlc under the body: egg cnse contain~> average of 40 egg.::.
• Nymph moult..- f) tirnt>" • Adults mate 7 10 dayH after
fully grown and can live for 9 10 month:..
• Adults can live for only 2 ·I wt>eks Without food and water.
EGG CAGf
AOULT NYMPH
1 World Health Organtzatton 1991
CO C K· RO A C H
• COCKROACH
8 /a ce/la germanica
Habitat and behaviour • Lives m cracks and crevices;
undt'r furniturP; bPhtnd bottles and dishes in kitchens: under sinks; in drains, sewers and latrines.
• Attracted by warmth and dampness.
• Fits tnlo very narrow spaces. • Feeds on anything including
food. paper. leather, hair, fabrtc:;, glue, dried blood, excreta, sputum and other cockroaches.
• Active during ntght and dtslikP-. ltght.
' I / -0 -/ I \
1 World Health Organiution 1991
COCK· ROACH
COCKROACH
Blacella germanica
Public health importance
• ~lt•chanically tran~n11ts gl•rms cau~tn~ c·holern. lyph01d, dtarrhcH•H, dysentery. vtral hepatiltt' A. poliomycliti:-. and lt'JH'Osy: may nlso t·ontami nate food, a nd <'<\Ul>l' :swt•llin g of oyL•Iirls nnd ~:~I< in mfl'C'lionR.
• Pt·odut'l' " nau~t>nting odou t·.
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1 World Health Organization 1991
COCK· ROACH
• COCKROACH
8/ate/la germanica
Things needed
• Food And garhngr. rontl'linPr>: with tills.
• Hanger~ or nails fo r clothing. • Jland spray-gun for repellent .. • Plaster for filling cracks and
crevices in walls and floors. • Dough made from wheat flour
and powdered boric acid for use ns bait.
r World Health Organintion 1991
COCK· ROACH
• COCKROACH
8 /ate//a germanica
In the house
• Prevent passive entry with grol'Crte~. laundry and oth<>r packages.
• Kill h\ using household bait~. ::;m;h al:' dough made w1 th powd<'rcd bone acirl and wh<'nl Aour.
• H<•palr Jeakmg tap!' and avoid wntPr spillage.
• Keep house clean and ti ll~·. • Store foodstuffs in clo:wcl
containers or cupboards • Clear awav left-over:. and
store in clo~ed containNs.
-• World Health Organrutlon 1991
HOUSEFLY
• HOUSEFLY
Musca domestica
Appearance
• 6 9 rom long • Dull grPy colour. • Large eyes. • 2 small nntennao (feelers). • Thorax with 4 narrow stripes. • Yellow ahdomen. • 2 wings without scales. • a patrs of legs.
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< World Health Organiution 1991
HOUSEFLY
• HOUSEFLY
M usca domestica
Life cycle
• Lif~o• cycle has 1 stag£'s egg. lllrva. pupa anrl :-~clult: can be completed in about 3 weeks under favourable conditions.
• Egg is oval, white and I mm in length.
• Larva is cylindrical. cone· shaped at one end and whtte m colour; there are three larval ~;luge~>.
• Pupa is a resting stage. • Adult mntcs 2 20 duys after
emerging and can live for about 1 month f(>rnaiP ndult lays a total of about 500 eggs m 2 7 batch~s: eggs are laid 4 days after mating.
.Jl./)y,t ,3 WEEKS
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EGGS
1 M ONTH ~,_ l ,J --~) 'trm0-...
1 World Health Organ•utton 1991
HOUSEFLY
• HOUSEFLY
Musca domescica
Habitat and behaviour
• Breeds in ammal dun~. human excreta, garbage. sewage. plant debns and other decaying organic matter.
• Found during day nea r food l:iOUJ'cc:. and brcedi ng pla('es.
• Rest:; alnight. on cci lings, lops of walls, wi res, cords, edges, and rough !>tt rfnC'P'l.
• Feeds on human food. garbage, excreta and decayed plant and animal matter.
• Feeding places 100 500 m from breeding place.
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< World Hulth Organization 1991
HOUSEFLY
• HOUSEFLY
Musca domestica
Public health importance
• l\·lechanically trnn~mits dysentery. diarrhoea. typhoid. cholera, leprosy, poliomyelitis and parasitic worms; may also cause skin infections.
• Leaves droppings on food and dishes which may lead to contamination of food.
1 World Health Organization 1991
H OUSEFLY
• HOUSEFLY
Musca domestica
Things needed
• Food and garbage containers with lids.
• Fly-swatter. • Sticky fly-paper. • Fly <.:urlain~, e.g., strips of
beads or plastic. • Window/door screens. • Nets for bods and cribs. • Repellent.
t World Health Organiut1on 1991
• HOUSEFLY
Musca domescica
In the house
• Screen doors, windows and ventiLators. • Use antifly curtams e.g., strips of beads,
plastic, etc., in doorways. • Usc nets over beds and cribs. • Kill flies with fly-swatters or catch on
sticky fly·paper. • Keep toilet clean nnd slab hole covered
nfter use. • Store garbage in closed containers. • Keep food covered or store it in closed
containers.
In the community
• Keep shops and food establishments clean: do not Leave food exposed.
• Provide sanitary latr·ines to avoid defecation in open spaces.
• Arrange for street swcepmg and garbage collect1on at least every other day. and dispose of garbage by sanitary methods.
• Arrange for effective wa~tt•water removal and dtsposal.
• World Health Organrutlon 1991
• LOUSE
Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus
Appearance General
• Flat body. • Mout.hpart.s that p1erce and
suck blood. • 2 antennae. • 3 pairs of short legs with
claws.
Distin2uishing features
• P .h . c"pitis (h ead louse) 1 2 mm long. dirty white to grey•sh black colour. thic-k antennae.
• P.h . humanus (body louse) 2 4 mm long. often light coloured. long antennae.
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f World Health Org~ntzation 1991
LOUSE
• LOUSE
Pediculus humanus capit is, Pediculus humanus humanus
Life cycle
• Ltfe cycll' haR a );tagt-s egg, nymph and adult; can be complct.cd in 18 days under favourable condition~;.
• ~ggs ure clon~tnt<.• ov1~l nnd whitish in colour.
• Nymph moult!'! thrc•<> I imP!' anci is similar t.o adult except 111
size. • Fema lt·s lay avcral{t' of 8 10
eggs a day until 50 100 eggs have been latd by the head lou:ol:' and 200 300 by the body louse.
EGG
f.:\ 1• DAYS ~ 1 8 DAYS ·::: ~ ~ ---+) '! ~V ) , ._. "1\!l><ll• .·
r World Health Organintion 1991
LOUSE
• LOUSE
Pediculus humanus capicis, Pediculus humanus humanus
Habitat and behaviour
• P.h. capitis (head louse) inhabits scalp, mostly behind ears and back of bead. glues eggs to hair near the sca.l p.
• P .h . humanus (body louse) lives in clothing and places wht•rP c· lothing louchPs body, e.g. armpits, crotch. waistline, neck, shoulder, etc. glues eggs to fibres in seams of clothing.
< World Health Organiution 1991
• LOUSE
Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus
Public health importance
• Lice bite and suck blood. • Biting caus~,>R irritation and
i tching. • Itching may cause skin
infections, such as impetigo, furunculosis and eczema.
• Body lice may t ransmit typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever.
1" World Health Organi-zation 1991
LOUSE
• LOUSE
Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus
Things needed
• Soap for waf:hin~ nnd bnlhing. • Brush or comb fol' NH:h p<'rson
i 11 t hP housP.
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1 World Health Organintion 1991
LOUSE
• LOUSE
Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus humanus
Prevent louse infestation
• In hair: wash hair regularly. keep hairbrush, comb, cap, etc. clean and do not share with others.
• On body: kcop clean bath regularly and change into clenn clothes. wash bedclothes regularly. do not share clot.hing and bedding with others.
( World Health Organiu tion 1991
LOUSE
• LOUSE
Pediculus humanus capit is, Pediculus humanus humanus
Get rid of infestation
• In hair: use fin., comh or hand to remove and c rush nits. nymphs and adults. appl y kerosene and vcge~able oil mixture (1: 1) to ha1r, t1e up m a towel for an hour and wash.
• On body: boi I clotlung and bl.-'dding with soap and water. leave infected clothing and bedding unused for a month; lice will eli <> without food
- disinfect clothe:; by heating in air at 70 C. do not crush body lice; crushing may spread disease.
1 World Health Organintion 1991
• MOSQUITO
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
Appearance • 3.5-5 mm long body covert:>d
with scalt's • 2 antennae. • 2 wings. • 3 pairs of legs. • A proboscis which is used for
biting and sucking blood.
A NOPHfi.ES
USUA LLY' POIN 'TEl)
A EDES CULEX
1 World Healtn Organiution 1991
• MOSQUITO
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
Life cycle • l.tfc cyt·ln huh four htllJl'CS egg, larva.pupa
li ncl ndu It
• Anopht>les J<:ggs laid !>ingly and have floats. L;u vac r e:::.t pn rn I 1 e I to wH.Lcr Sll rface and have only •·udiml'nlfu·y brenth1n~ tube. Lift• c·ydc <.·an lw c·mnph:tccl in 9 11 days uncler favou rl'l bit• co ncb t ions.
• Aedes l~ggs laid :.ing ly and do not have lioats. Lnrvac rc::,t at an angle to watt:r ~urface oncl hnH· shm·t. :;tout breathing tube. Li fP cyc:h• <.'nn h<• c·omph•tPcl in 11 days undto>r favourabl<• t•onclition~;.
• Culex E.ggs laid in boat·l-haped rafts and do not han• flotll:.. Lm·nw rel'l at nn angle to water :-urface ami hnvl• ion~. sl<·ndt>r hrt'nthing tube Lifl• c•ycl<• c•an ht• complr>tc•d in 9 1:3 days under litvourahh• ronclition'-'.
CULEX
ANOPHEt.E"S
/I
0-14- DAYS
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AEDES
1 World Htalth Organl'tat•on 1991
• MOSQUITO
M OSQUITO
'"( . ,.r
Anopheles stephensi. Aedes aegypti. Culex p ip iens quinquefasciacus
Habitat and behaviour • Brt•t•cling pl.•n•:--:
p1·imar:. hrN·ding hubitat of mosquitos is walPr. Anf>plu•/vs hrP<•ds 1n frt>sh as WPll as pol lult'd wnte1·; pnrtieulnrly in marshe::.. watcr·(illl•d dcpl't'!;siol1!', ov<>rhead tank11. ponds and puddl<•s; also hn.>t>ds in cis I ern~<. pols nnd other re<·cptncles. A<•deo; hrPecb tn nn~·thing holdmg clean ot· fmrly <'knn walt'l'. e.~ .. domestic water stortiJ!l' t'tlntni rwrs, 11uwer va!-.eS. tree holl':-. roof gutl<.!r:-. old t) rL'l> and other disC'arded C'untairwr,.,. C'ul<'X hn•cdA in polluted wntcr. e.g .. in dr.11 n..;, <.'<•sspi t... pit I at rine~. .md ..;onwt imt>s in tfl i nwM<•r coll£>ctP<I in dis<':WdNl <·ontainers and madside ditdll'!-i ,
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c World Heahh Organczwon 1991
• MOSQUITO
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
Habitat and behaviour (continued)
• Heo.:ting pi:H't'S d:-1rk. C'ool. humid plac('R. reRting pltH·t·~ insidt• dw<•lling!\ indud<.> hanging furnil'lhing~ nnd clothing, under furn1t ure, on walls, CPtlmgs, etc. rt•sting pln<'es around dwt•llingl; tncludl• clumps of vq~t>tntion, trN' hok•l4, d rn i nagt• pipe!;, t-tc.
,O.NOPHEL~S
"EOES ,,/ -0-
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.t< r1bl! CULEX
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c World Health Organozatoon 1991
• MOSQUITO
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
Public health importance
• Fl'mnlc mosquito bites nnd "'ucks blood.
• Mosquito hit(>~; cause il<"h ing and may spread disease.
• An. stephensi spreuds malaria. • Ae. aegypti spreads viral
diseases. e.g .. yellow fevt-r. dengue and viral encephalitis.
• C.p. qutnquefascwtus spreads St Louis encephalitis.
• Various spt>cies spread filarialiis. which can lead to elephantiasis.
« World Health Organization 1991
• MOSQUITO
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
Things needed
• Window screening. • Mosqu1to net. • MosqUJto-eatmg fish. • Paraffin oi I. • Mo:;;4uit.o repellent • Hund spr·ny gun for repe llent.
r World Health Organintion 1991
• MOSQUITO
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
In the house
• Eliminate br<'cdmg places: cover water l'torage containers. get nd or unwanted standing water; invert container tf possib le. clean roof gu t.lt~a·s. replace water in flower· vases, animal drinking pans, etc ev4•r·y day.
• Prevent access: us<' mosquito net use insect repellent. screen doors, windows. venti lators and beds. cover water surface of pit latrines with paraffin oil or polystyrene balls
• World He;a lth Organc:zation 1991
• MOSQUITO
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex p ipiens quinquefasciatus
Around the house
• Cut open cans und crush; turn over pnn" 3nd trays: cut wn~te tyr<•s and turn over; fi ll in t ree holes.
• Remove wast<.> articles that may catch rainwater.
• Cover cisterns a nd opcm tanks wtth screens.
• rntroduce mosquito eating fl::;h such as Gambusia affinis into wclh. and other fresh water ::~ource~.
• Pour paruffin over or use poly;;tyrene balls to cover s tnnding wntPr that cannot be drained.
• Replace cesspits bv soakptts. • Seal septic tanks and fit vent
ptpec; w1th screens.
c World Health Organization 1991
• MOSQUITO
Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus
In the community
• Dram or fill marsh<>s, swnmpR, puddles. etc.
• I ntroducc natural predators such as dragonflies. lizards and toads into mosquito habitat.
• Prevent water spillage around community water-supply sources.
• For large.> bodies of water, construct public irrigation works that allow control of water level and shore conditions.
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t World Health Org~nizatton 1991
• RAT
Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus
Appearance Gen eral
• 35-45 em long.
Disting uishing featu res
• R . rattus (roof rat) nose pointed; eyes a nd ears larger than tho:>c of Norway rat . body slender. tail longer than head and body.
• R . norvegicus (Norway rat) nose blunt; eyes and ears small. body heavy and thick. tail shorter tha n head and body.
SHORTER THAN HEAD+ BODY
ROOF RAT
(
LIGHT SLENDER
/ /•
BODY
RAT
Rattus rattus
LARGE
EAR EYE
I SMALL ~
SMALL
NORWAY RAT Rattus norvegicus
1 W orld Health Organi"Zation 1991
• RAT
Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus
Life cycle
• Rats produce litters about 22 days after mating.
• Each litter can have 7 8 young.
• 10 12 litters can be produced by a female rat per year.
• Young rats open eyes at about 12 14 day:s afl.er birth and depend on mother for food until about 3 weeks old.
• Rats can havo young when 3 4 months old.
3 -~ MONT HS
~ )
RAT
1 YEAR
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c World Health Org.tnization 1991
• RAT
Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus
Habitat and behaviour • Rats sleep during day and are
active at night. • Rats damage furnitu re,
clothes, books, elc., and eat stored food.
• R. rattus (roof rnt) lives in roof spaces and attics; may nest outdoors under plant dPbris, in bushes or high up in trees. travels on pipes, beams, etc., and branches. movements form runways (worn paths).
• R. norvegicus (No rw ay rat) lives in burrows in the ground, between walls and floor spaces, in refuse dumps, sewers and drains etc.; also lives m nests made of twigs, garbage, grass, newspapers etc. mov~m~nts form runways,
IIAT
1 World Health Organiution 1991
• RAT
Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus
Public health importance
• Rats host fl eas and mitPs which are vectors of plague, murine typhus, and salmonellosis.
• Rat droppings contaminate food.
• Rats may transmit leptospiros is through their urme.
• Rat bites can cause rat-bite fever.
IIAT
1 World Heald1 Organiznion 199 1
• RAT
Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus
Things needed
• Metal garhage <'Ans with Lightly fitting lids.
• Rat t raps with large triggers. • Plastic wrap and rubber
gloves to handle dead rats. • Glass, earthenware or metal
food containers with lids. • Dis infectant.
RAT .
c World Health Organintion 1991
• RAT
Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus
In the house
• Use rat-proof containers. such as glass or ParthenwAre jArs, metal cans and bins with lids for storing food.
• Store garbage in metal bins with tight-fitting lids and place on platforms 45 em above the ground.
• Keep laundry, paper, soap, etc., in places inaccessible to rats.
• Eliminate standing water: repair leaks and ensure proper drainage.
• Stack grain sacks rJo;;p)y and do not leave in same place for more than 2 months.
• Seal all openings more than 6 rnm wide with rat-proof matertal.
• Place barners along external pipes and cables.
• Apply 10-cm wide smooth band of paint on exterior wall below windows.
RAT
1 • World Health 01"ganization 1991
• RAT
Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus
Around the house • Cut branches of t rees growing
close to house. • Keep yards and vacant lots
clean and prevent accumulation of junk and debris.
! l
RAT
0 (l ~/) ~~-:~--L. ____ _.L _ __L _ _J- - --
, . World Health Organization 1991
• RAT
Rattus rat tus, Rattus norvegicus
In the community • Ensure rat-proofing of
warehouses, restaurants and other food establishments.
• Rat-proof underground drains for surface wate r, conduits for electric cables, etc.
• Seal access points to sewt:rage system, drains and venti lator shafts.
• Collect and d ispose of solid wastes. especially industrial refuse.
I
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RAT
_,
1 World Health Organization 1991
• RAT
Rattus rattus, Rattus norvegicus
Control by trapping
• Bait trap~; with cPrPals. peanut butter. meat. or othPr food.
• Use 2 trap!'> with large triggers.
• Place togethel' on runways, nenr droppings and near food sources.
• Wear gloves while emptying traps.
• Oury or incinerate dead rats. • Disinfect gloves aftE-r use.
RA T
1 World Health Org~n~zwon 1991
SA N OFLY
• SANDFLY
Phlebotomus papacasii
Appe arance
• Aboul 2.5 mm long. • Pale yellowish-grey or buff
coloured. • Body hniry and moth·lik<'. • Long l:>l(•nder antennal'. • Narrow hai,-y veined wings. • Vl'ry long, lhin lanky legs. • ProbosC'is longer thnn head.
( World Health Organintion 1991
• SANDFLY
Phlebotomus papatasii
Life cycle • Ltfe cy<'le has -1 "tage" egg,
larva. pupa and ndult: can he completed in about 2 months under favourable conditions.
• Eggs are elongated and shiny brown in colour.
• Larva is a tiny caterpillar-ltk<' creature, 0.5 nun in length.
• Pupa IS buff-coloured with old larval skm attached to the tip of the abdomen.
• Adult ts short-ltved and seldom survives more than 2 weeks: female layc:; 40 60 eggs.
2. MONTHS ~ )
&:GG
PUPA
2. WEEKS )
SANDfLY
1 World Health Organintion 1991
• SANDFLY
Phlebotomus papatasii
Habitat and behaviour
• Breeds in damp and sheltered sandy soil, bases of walls, crumbling masonry, damp cracks, soil contaminated by animals, ut.c.
• Seeks shelter in dark, cool rooms ond unimnl houses.
• Active towards evening and at night.
• Stays away from breezes and light.
• Flies only short distances and appears to hop, seldom rises to upper floors of bu1ldings.
• Feeding places within 50 m of breeding places.
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SANDFLY
< World Health Org1nization 1991
• SANDFLY
Phlebotomus papacasii
Public health importance
• Female biles and f'Ut'kt-~ blood of people ns well ns animal,.,.
• D1ling causes itTltation and ttchmg.
• May transmit kala azar, oriental sore, espundia ancl sandfly fever.
SANOFLY
< World Health Org«nization 1991
• SANDFLY
Phlebotomus papatasii
Things needed
• l n!lt>ct rcpell<'nt • Hand spray-gun for repellent. • Mosqu1to net sprayed with
repellent.
r World Health Organizatton 1991
• SANDFLY
Phlebotomus papatasii
In the house
• Use mosquito net. • Usc insect repellent on
person. clothing and mosquito net.
• Sleep on upper Roor or build slcepin~ area 4 7 ill above ground.
• Close windows and doot·s for an hour nt dusk.
• Plug crnrk~ nnd rrevH'!'h and lt've 1 wa lis.
• Ensure adequate ventilation and air circulation.
SANDFLY
1 World Health Organiution 1991
• SANDFLY
Phlebotomus papatasii
Around the house
• Remove anim:tl dung. plant debris and other refuse from vicinity of house.
• Remove crumbling masonry, building material rubble, old foundations, etc.
• Avmd defecat1on in open spaces around house.
SANOFLY
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1 World Health Organization 199 I
GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES
• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, RAT, SANDFLY
Housing
• Plug cracks, crevices and fissures in walls.
• Avoid using wallpaper. • Paint walls and make floors
and ceilings smooth. • Make doors and windows fit
securely. • Seal wooden skirtings, picture
rai ls, window boards, etc., with adhesive tape and paint.
• Plug openings where pipes pass through walls.
• Screen doors, windows, and ventilators.
• Cut down weeds around the bouse.
• Improve ventilation and air circulation.
0
c_' World Health Organiution 1991
GEN ERAL CONTROL M EA SURES
• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, RAT
Household hygiene
• Keep house clean and tidy. • Keep bedding and clothing
clean. • Do not pile clothes on the
floor; hang them up properly. • Remove left-over food. • Store food in closed
containers. • Store household refuse in
plastic or metal bins provided with tightly fitting lids.
• Keep pets and animals out of the house.
c") World Health Organization 1991
• ASSASSIN BUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY
Solid waste management • In the house
Store household wastes in closed containers.
• Around t he hous e - Remove unwanted articles
and plant debris from yards. Keep animal shelters clean and store animal wastes with household refuse. Avoid defecation in open spaces.
• In the community Avoid indiscriminate dumping of solid wastes. Remove animal and human excrement, plant debris, crumbling masonry, rubble, etc.
- Remove household refuse at least every other day.
- Clean collection vehicles after garbage disposal. Dispose of solid wastes in sanitary landfills away from human settlements.
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GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES
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t"' World Health Org1niut ion 1991
GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES
• COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, SANDFLY
Sanitation
• Avoid defecat1on in open spaces, us€1 sanitary llltrinf."s.
• Keep latl'ines clean: cover squatting plate and slab hole after usc.
• Provide dry latrines with properly destgned vent p1pes fitted with gauze srreens.
• Pour paraffin into, or use polystyrene bolls in latrines with water-Ileal.
• Convt>rt bucket latrin('s into sanitary latrines.
• If bucket latrines cannot be avotded:
Ensure regular replacement of buckets. Wash and dismfect buckets before reuse. Cover buckets with tightfitting lids for nighlsoil removal. F.m~urt> adequate nightsoil disposal. Do not handle nightsoil manually.
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1 World Health Orga01ution 1991
• COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY
Wastewater management • Repair leaking taps and water
pipes. • Remove wastewater from
house through covered drains or open drains with adequate slope; do not allow wastewater to accumu late.
• Provide soakpits around community water sources such RS hand-pumps, public >;tandpipPs, wE>lls E>tc.
• Ensure adequate wastewater disposal through on·site or off· s1te systems.
• Orgamze drainage or filling of undesnable water bodtes.
• Avoid dumpmg ofsohd wastes in open drains.
GENERA L CONTRO L MEASUR ES
• World Health Organiution 1991
• ASSASSIN BUG, BEDBUG, COCKROACH, HOUSEFLY, LOUSE, MOSQUITO, RAT, SANDFLY
Chemical control • Chemical control can be used
to supplement environmental manngem{'nt:
in <>pich•mics: when large vector infestations already exist.
• Control with chemicals should be undertaken only wilh expert advice.
• Appropriate precautionary meHsures must be taken while usin~ chemicals because
they nrc harmful to people and animals: they pol lut<' the environmE>nt and rause damage to it.
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GENERAL CONTROL MEASURES
1 World Health Organization 1991