Transcript of Arthur Nielsen Sam Selby. The English Reformation Act of Supremacy (1534) makes Henry VIII the...
- Slide 1
- Arthur Nielsen Sam Selby
- Slide 2
- The English Reformation Act of Supremacy (1534) makes Henry
VIII the Supreme Head over the Church of England This Act of
Parliament is the official break with Rome, and Henry VIII is the
first king in Europe to do so
- Slide 3
- John Wycliffe (1330-1384) Theologian, philosopher, reformer
Opposed to the wealth and political power of the Church Pope
Gregory XI condemns his theories in 1377 and calls for his arrest,
but Oxford refuses to take action Vigorously attacks many
institutions of the Church, including the doctrine of
transubstantiation He and his followers produce the first complete
English translation of the Bible
- Slide 4
- John Wycliffe (1330-1384) The Archbishop of Canterbury calls a
convocation in 1382 which condemns his works and teachings Those
who promote his views become known as Lollards The English
authorities assert strict orthodoxy and ban any English
translations of the Bible. The English Church concentrates on
upholding its reputation as a good example to the rest of Europe.
In 1428 his bones are exhumed and burned, and his ashes are thrown
into a river
- Slide 5
- Good vs. Evil during Henry VII Absolute polarity of good and
evil emerged in late- 1400s to early-1500s. World occupied by evil
(temptation, greed) more commonly than good. Holy Trinity vs.
Lucifer Tudor Interludes The Weather (1528), Nature (1495), and
Hickscorner (1513). Lucifer in cyclic plays as ultimate source of
antagonism
- Slide 6
- Martin Luther (1483-1546) Augustinian monk, professor of
biblical studies at Wittenberg in the Holy Roman Empire Through his
own experience and his study of the Bible he becomes convinced that
major points of Catholic theology are incorrect he argues for
justification by faith alone and sola scriptura and he becomes a
strong and vocal critic of the sale of indulgences During a series
of debates he ends up denying the infallibility of the Pope
- Slide 7
- Henry VIII and his response to Martin Luther Henry VIII
(1491-1547) Becomes King of England in 1509 Among many other
talents, Henry is highly educated and is something of an amateur
theologian In 1521, in response to Martin Luthers writings, Henry
and a team of theologians write The Assertion of the seven
sacraments in defense of Catholic orthodoxy The Pope rewards Henry
with the title Defender of the Faith Defensor fidei
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- The Tyndale Affair William Tyndale (1490? 1536) English
humanist who becomes convinced that all Christians should have
access to the Bible in their own language Wycliffes translation of
the Bible had been suppressed along with his writings, and England
had also made it illegal to translate the Bible into English
- Slide 9
- The Tyndale Affair Translates the New Testament into English In
1524, unable to find a publisher in England, he goes to Germany and
publishes the English New Testament Captured by Catholic
authorities in Antwerp with Henry VIIIs support while translating
the Old Testament Executed in 1536
- Slide 10
- the Kings great matter Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Anne
Boleyn
- Slide 11
- the Kings great matter Henry wants to annul his marriage to
Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn Henry married Catherine
in violation of Leviticus 20:21, which says that if a man marries
the wife of his brother, it is indecencythey shall remain
childless. (Catherine was previously married to Henrys brother
Arthur) He and Catherine have six children, including two boys, but
the future Queen Mary is the only one who survives infancy, and
because Henry wants a male heir to carry on the Tudor dynasty, he
becomes convinced that God has cursed his marriage as the Bible
promises.
- Slide 12
- the Kings great matter Henry believes he is living in mortal
sin, and he also needs a male heir to ensure that the Tudor dynasty
can survive his death. In order to annul his marriage, Henry needs
a papal dispensation saying that his marriage had never been valid
in the first place
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- the Kings great matter Pope Clement VII is unable to grant the
annulment for primarily political reasons Most importantly, the
Pope is currently a prisoner of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V,
who happens to be the nephew of Catherine of Aragon and will not
allow his family to be dishonored A 1529 trial at Blackfriars fails
to grant the annulment because the Popes representative, Cardinal
Campeggio, has secret orders to ensure that no annulment is
granted
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- The Break with Rome After the failed trial of Blackfriars,
Henry VIII begins to look for alternative ways to get his annulment
In January 1533, Anne Boleyn finds herself pregnant Henry secretly
marries Anne In May 1533, the new Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas
Cranmer rules without papal authority that the marriage to
Catherine has been annulled and that Henrys marriage to Anne is
valid In September 1533, Anne gives birth to a daughter, the future
Queen Elizabeth
- Slide 15
- The Reformation Parliament In 1529 repeals privilege of the
clergy in courts of law In 1530 allows individuals to be convicted
of a crime for appealing to a power outside of England for a
situation inside of England (Praemunire) In 1532 limits the amount
of money the Church can send to Rome In 1533 forbids all appeals to
Rome whether religious or not
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- The Reformation Parliament 1534: 1) Act of First Fruits and
Tenths transfers all taxes on ecclesiastical income from the Church
to the Crown 2) Peters Pence Act outlaws landowners from paying a
single penny to Rome 3) Act of Supremacy rules that the King is the
Supreme Head of the Church of England 4) Treasons Act makes it high
treason punishable by death to deny Royal Supremacy
- Slide 17
- Separation from Catholic Church of Rome Spirit of the Reform
Pope = Antichrist (Devils agent on Earth) Prince = Christ Prince
defends Gods laws against infidels who are depicted as Roman
Catholics or Turks.
- Slide 18
- Thomas More (1478-1535) Famous English humanist Author of
History of King Richard III and Utopia Vigorously attacks Luthers
theology and criticizes Tyndales translation of the Bible as flawed
Lord Chancellor of England from 1529-1532, during the early years
of the Reformation Parliament, and during this time he publishes
seven volumes against heresy
- Slide 19
- Thomas More (1478-1535) Henry VIII tries to convince More to
support the annulment, but after long study More decides that
Catherine is Henrys true wife and that no annulment can be granted
Even as England is breaking away from Rome, Lord Chancellor More
tries to preserve the old faith When he refuses to swear an oath
agreeing to the Royal Supremacy, More is imprisoned in the Tower of
London and eventually convicted of treason and beheaded
- Slide 20
- The Dissolution of the Monasteries Between 1536 and 1539,
Thomas Cromwell oversees the end of all monastic life in England
Lands owned by the monasteries, about 15% of the land in England,
passes to the Crown, and if Henry kept the land he would almost
double his income However, most of the land is sold to the nobility
and gentry in order to pay for Henrys foreign wars, and this
greatly increases the wealth and power of these classes at the
expense of the Church The new landowners have an interest now in
opposing a reconciliation with Rome, which might require them to
give back their land
- Slide 21
- Protestantism in England At the time of Henrys break with Rome,
three main groups are interested in Church reform: 1) Lollards
followers of John Wycliffe and opponents of Catholic theology and
the political and economic power of the clergy 2) Lutherans
committed or at least sympathetic to Luthers Protestant theology 3)
Christian humanists committed to serious scholarship and Church
reform However, Protestantism is probably not a widespread
phenomenon; most people are still Catholic
- Slide 22
- Protestantism in England Henry VIII was not a Protestant, wrote
against Luther, and even late in his reign he opposed Protestant
theology, and during his reign the English Church remained
fundamentally Catholic, only under the authority of the King rather
than of the Pope However, many people close to the King during his
break with Rome were Protestants or had Protestant sympathies (the
Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, the influential adviser
Thomas Cromwell, and Anne Boleyn) Protestants were the most willing
to cooperate with Henrys plans to break with Rome
- Slide 23
- Religious persecution under Henry VIII He is suspicious of
Catholics for their loyalty to the Pope and suspicious of
Protestants for their doctrines In 1540 his influential adviser
Thomas Cromwell is executed for heresy and treason (real crime:
Anne of Cleves?) On a single day in July 1540, he hangs three
Catholic priests as traitors and burns three Protestant preachers
as heretics, including Robert Barnes, a prominent Lutheran academic
Toward the end of his reign, he realizes that the only people he
can trust to support his dynasty are Protestants, he sets up a
regency council for his son Edward made up entirely of Protestants,
and his own religious policies begin to move gradually toward
Protestantism
- Slide 24
- Death of King Henry VIII Censorship and religious instability
result in plays becoming much less religion-focused. (King Henry
neither Catholic nor Protestant) Satire and comedy took over,
making fun of everyday life and the way people act Characters are
much more human Ralph Roister Doister (1552)
- Slide 25
- Edward VI (1537-1553) Son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane
Seymour King of England (1547-1553) During his reign power is held
nominally by a regency council, but in fact by two councilors
(Edward Seymour until 1549, John Dudley until Edwards death) Dies
of disease (perhaps tuberculosis or pneumonia)
- Slide 26
- Protestant reform under Edward Edward is intellectually gifted
and very interested in theology Raised as a Protestant, and during
his reign the English Church incorporates a great deal of
Protestant reform England attracts a large number of Protestant
refugees from other European nations under Catholic rule With the
rise of Protestantism in England, under both Henry and Edward,
clergy begin to marry, and many religious images in churches are
destroyed
- Slide 27
- Protestant reform under Edward Archbishop Cranmer produces the
Book of Common Prayer in 1549 with a major revision in 1552; the
original is a compromise between traditionalist beliefs and
Protestantism, while the revision is much more Protestant England
sees popular uprisings both for and against the religious
innovations Edward and Lord Dudley, realizing that the King does
not have long to live, try to remove the Catholic Mary from the
line of succession by choosing the Protestant Lady Jane Grey as
Edwards heir
- Slide 28
- Mary I (1516-1558) Lady Jane Grey is recognized as Queen for
several days, but Mary wins popular support and becomes Queen of
England, and she reigns from 1553-1558 Devout Catholic, determined
to restore England to Roman Catholicism after two decades of
separation from Rome and several years of significant Protestant
reform under Edward
- Slide 29
- Mary I (1516-1558) Marries Philip II of Spain, which angers
many English for both political and religious reasons Brings back
the antiheresy laws that were repealed during the reign of Edward
VI Restores the relationship between the English Church and the
Pope, separates married clergy from their wives, and restores the
Latin Mass During the reign of Edward VI, England was a haven for
Protestant refugees from other countries in Europe, but during the
reign of Mary I, many Protestants flee to the Continent to escape
Marys persecution
- Slide 30
- Mary I (1516-1558) About 300 Protestants are burned at the
stake for heresy, most of those burned are ordinary people Thomas
Cranmers execution: during his imprisonment signs six recantations
of his Protestantism, but in front of a large audience in Oxford he
unexpectedly and dramatically withdraws his recantations, and at
his execution he sticks his own right hand into the flames, his
unworthy right hand that had signed the recantations Mary dies in
1558 without producing an heir
- Slide 31
- Bloody Mary? About 300 Protestants are burned at the stake
during Marys reign, but about the same number of Catholic priests
are executed during the reign of Elizabeth Why Bloody Mary but not
Bloody Elizabeth? A book named The Acts and Monuments but popularly
known as The Book of Martyrs by the Calvinist preacher John Foxe
becomes the most popular book in England after the Bible during the
reign of Elizabeth it is a polemical book about all the Protestant
martyrs who had died for their faith up to the reign of Mary this
book shapes the way the English think about Catholicism for a very
long time Confirmation bias? we remember details that support our
own beliefs and tend to forget or overlook disconfirming
evidence
- Slide 32
- Queen Marys Reign Protestant ideas obviously suppressed.
Gorboduc (1562) Although post-Mary, still reflects society, as
anarchy and chaos ensues.
- Slide 33
- Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Daughter of Anne Boleyn Raised as a
Protestant Lives a precarious existence under the reign of her
half- sister Mary, careful not to publicly involve herself in
anything that might give Mary an excuse to get rid of her
- Slide 34
- Elizabeth I (1533-1603) Becomes Queen of England upon the death
of Mary and reigns from 1558- 1603 The Elizabethan Settlement if
often considered a compromise between Protestantism and traditional
Catholicism, but it is unmistakably Protestant She restores many of
the Edwardian reforms The English Church thinks Protestant and
looks Catholic: theology is Protestant but maintains ritual and
hierarchy similar to that of Catholicism
- Slide 35
- The Rise of Puritanism Many of the Marian exiles had gone to
places like Calvins Geneva (a Protestant theocracy strictly ruled
based on Calvinist principles) Many of these exiles now return to
England, including John Knox, who returns to his native Scotland
and leads the Scottish Reformation Two books that came back to
England from Geneva (The Geneva Bible and The Book of Martyrs)
provided justification to English Protestants to view England as an
elect nation chosen by God to complete the work of the Reformation
(Britannica Online) An Elizabethan pamphleteer calls the puritans
the hotter sort of protestants
- Slide 36
- A Church But Halfly Reformed William Fuller to Queen Elizabeth:
For your Majesty hath so insufficiently heard, believed, and taken
to heart what God hath commanded you, and so weakly and coldly
obeyed, and followed the same that but halfly by your Majesty hath
God been honored, his Church reformed and established, his people
taught and comforted, his enemies rejected and subdued, and his
lawbreakers punished. When the puritans attacked the imperfections
of the Elizabethan religious settlement, it was not so much to
request a toleration of their own consciences as to demand the
imposition of true reformation, as they understood it, on the whole
Church and nation, by public authority. (Patrick Collinson)
- Slide 37
- What do they want? A church that only recognizes the authority
of scripture (stop recognizing tradition and ecclesiastical
councils) The Book of Common Prayer retains too many of the old
rituals they associate with Catholicism Eliminate the elaborate
dress of the clergy Eliminate signing with the cross, the rite of
confirmation, terms like priest and absolution, the observation of
saints days, exquisite singing in parts, church organs A Church
that puts Gods word ahead of political and worldly concerns
- Slide 38
- Preaching Preachers travel around the country and receive a
great deal of support Towns and churches hire these preachers even
though they are not part of the official program of the established
Church Prophesyings: biblical conferences where several preachers
engage in a serious academic discussion of the scriptures, or in
which the scriptures are expounded to a public audience
- Slide 39
- The Results of Puritan preaching A great deal of success in the
growth of the Puritan wing of the Church of England, among both
commoners and the upper classes A few Puritans become Separatists,
and one of these groups are the so-called Pilgrims who come to New
England on the Mayflower, but the vast majority try to reform the
Church from within Elizabeth tries to suppress the prophesyings and
limit the number of preachers, and is unwilling to make the changes
demanded by the Puritans Replaces one Archbishop of Canterbury,
Edmund Grindal, who is unwilling to persecute Puritans, with
Archbishop Whitgift, who is willing
- Slide 40
- Catholicism under Elizabeth All of the key government and
Church positions are filled by Protestants, although many people in
the country remain Catholic, especially in the north of England A
1569 Catholic revolt led by aristocrats is put down by savage
military force In 1571 the Queens spies uncover an international
plot by Catholics against her life In 1570, Pope Pius V issues a
Bull condemning Queen Elizabeth as a heretic In 1580, Pope Gregory
XIII declares that ridding the world of Elizabeth would be no sin
Harsh laws passed against Catholicism, even making it treason just
to be a Catholic priest in England (about 300 executed)
- Slide 41
- Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots Elizabeths cousin, next in line for
the English throne, and the rightful Queen of England in Catholic
eyes The Catholic hopes rest on Mary, Queen of Scots, who spends
much of Elizabeths reign as the Queens prisoner, but after the
spymaster Francis Walsingham tricks Mary into giving her approval
for an assassination attempt on the Queen, Elizabeth gives her
consent to execute Mary, which takes place in 1587
- Slide 42
- Elizabethan Drama Outpouring of creativity in literature and
drama. Largest flourishing of English drama in history. Audiences
wanted excitement; bull- fighting and bear-baiting were popular. In
A Winters Tale, Antiginous is eaten by a bear. Gloucester has his
eyes gouged out. Purists did not like addition of comedy at points
of high drama, which was common in Shakespearian drama.
- Slide 43
- Elizabethan Drama Free will is a theme in drama. Characters
experience free will, but prosper or suffer as a result of their
decisions. Conflict of Conscience (1572) Re-emergence of
freethinking individuals in the Renaissance.
- Slide 44
- Elizabethan Authors Sir Francis Bacon William Shakespeare Ben
Johnson Sir Philip Sidney
- Slide 45
- James I (1566-1625) James VI of Scotland (1567-1625) becomes
James I of England (1603-1625) when Elizabeth dies Taken away from
his mother Mary Stuart at a young age and raised as a Protestant
More or less continues the religious policies of Elizabeth,
persecuting Catholics and disappointing Puritans Gunpowder plot
(1605): failed plot by Guy Fawkes and other Catholic conspirators
to kill the King and allow Catholics to take over the country
Authorized Version (King James Version) by 54 scholars under Jamess
authority; published in 1611
- Slide 46
- Charles I (1600-1649) King of England and Scotland (1625-1649)
constitutionally incapable of being a constitutional monarch (Simon
Schama) Authoritarianism and quarrels with Parliament lead to the
English Civil War Executed as a traitor and tyrant by the
victorious Parliamentary army
- Slide 47
- Religious aspects of the Civil War House of Commons dominated
by Puritans (Low Church) The King supports the established church,
with its rituals and hierarchy (High Church) This religious
difference is an important aspect of the arguments between King and
Parliament and of the hostility between Roundheads and Cavaliers
during the war Imposes the English Book of Common Prayer on
Scotland, which inspires a massive Scottish revolt It is the
combined forces of the Scots and the Parliamentary army
(Roundheads) that end up defeating the Royalists (Cavaliers)
- Slide 48
- Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Parliamentary general during the
Civil War Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland
(1653-1658) Committed Calvinist, committed to a Puritan England,
but also believes in religious tolerance This environment allows
new sects like the Quakers to have religious freedom and allows
Jews to worship freely for the first time since their expulsion
centuries ago
- Slide 49
- The Restoration (1660) Charles II (1630-1685; crowned in 1660)
when most people in England want a return to a stable and peaceful
monarchy Although Charles wants religious toleration, a popular
wave of enthusiasm for the old English Church gives rise to a House
of Commons that wants little to do with Puritanism and restores the
High Church of the earlier Stuart monarchs
- Slide 50
- The Restoration (1660) Severe persecution by the Anglican
authorities against dissenters and Puritans Charles II, the Supreme
Governor of the Church of England, is secretly sympathetic to Roman
Catholicism and in fact converts to Roman Catholicism on his
deathbed
- Slide 51
- Conclusions A. G. Dickens: The English Reformation (1964) 1)
emphasizes the role of Protestant religious ideology and popular
support for the Reformation rather than the political decisions of
kings and queens 2) even if Henry VIII had not decided to annul his
marriage, the forces for religious change would still have led to
an English Reformation 3) Beyond question, its original motivation
and power derived less from politics than from religion, and from
the many semi-religious problems besetting the Church.
- Slide 52
- Conclusions Christopher Haigh: The English Reformation Revised
(1987) 1) points out that prior to the Reformation the vast
majority of English held orthodox Catholic beliefs and were content
with the state of the Church 2) argues against the rapid spread of
Protestantism in England 3) argues that each step taken in the
Reformation occurred because it suited the immediate interests of
princes and politicians 4) There was no cataclysmic Reformation, to
be explained by mass enthusiasm or a revolutionary party. Instead,
there was a piecemeal Reformation, to be explained by the chances
of day-to-day politics.
- Slide 53
- Sources Britannica Online Collinson, Patrick. The Elizabethan
Puritan Movement, 1967. Dickens, A. G. The English Reformation,
1964. Haigh, Christopher, ed. The English Reformation Revised,
1987. MacCulloch, Diarmaid. The Reformation: A History, 2003.
Manchester, William. A World Lit Only By Fire, 1992.
- Slide 54
- Sources http://www.rtjournal.org/vol_6/no_1/pilkinton.html
http://www.eldrbarry.net/heidel/ereftl.pdf
http://members.fortunecity.com/fabianvillegas2/dra
ma/english.htm