Post on 22-Apr-2015
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Art in the 3rd Dimension: Architecture
Reading:Artforms, 189-205
Terms/Concepts:function, form, structure, compression, stretching, bending, post and beam, arch, keystone, arcade, vault, barrel vault, groin vault, dome, squinch, pendentive, buttress, pier buttress, flying buttress, coffer.
Key Issue for Every Building
1. Function: how the building is used.2. Form: how the building looks.3. Structure: how the building stands up.
Key Issue for Every Building
1. Function: how the building is used.2. Form: how the building looks.3. Structure: how the building stands up.
Architecture: Art and Science
“As an art, architecture both creates interior spaces and wraps them in an expressive shape.”
“As a science, architecture is a physical problem: How does a structure hold up its own weight and loads placed on it”
--Patrick Frank, Artforms, 189.
Forces a Structure Works with
1. Compression ()2. Tension ( )3. Bending ()
Forces a Structure Works with
1. Compression ()2. Tension ( )3. Bending ()
Forces a Structure Works with
1. Compression ()2. Tension ( )3. Bending ()
Structures: Post and Beam(Also known as Post and Lintel)
Beam (or Lintel)Beam (or Lintel)
PostPost PostPost
Example: Stonehenge, Salisbury, England, c. 2500 BCEPost and Beam: Weight Distribution
Structures: Post and Beam(Also known as Post and Lintel)
Beam (or Lintel)Beam (or Lintel)
PostPost PostPost
Example: Temple of Poseidon, Athens, c. 430 BCE Post and Beam: Weight Distribution
Structures: Post and Beam(Also known as Post and Lintel)
Beam (or Lintel)Beam (or Lintel)
PostPost PostPost
Example: Frank Lloyd Wright, Ennis House, 1924. Post and Beam: Weight Distribution
Structures: Arches
Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Byzantine Cathedral, Jerada, Syria, 5th century CE
Structures: Arches
Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Great Mosque at Cordoba, Spain, 10th century CE
Structures: Arches
Arches: Weight Distribution Example: Triumphal Arch of Trajan, Benevento, Italy, c. 98-117 CE.
Structures: Arches
Arcade: Weight Distribution
Structures: Arches
Arcade Example: Pont du Gard (Aqueduct), France, c. 1st century CE
Structures: Vaults
Barrel Vault Groin Vault
Structures: Vaults
Barrel Vault Barrell Vault Example: Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy, 1303 CE
Structures: Vaults
Groin VaultPalazzo della Ragione, Venice, Italy, 16th century
Structures: Domes
Dome on Squinches Dome on Pendentives Dome on a cylinder
Structures: Domes
Dome on Squinches Example: Alai Gate, New Delhi, India, 1311.
Structures: Domes
Dome on Pendentives Example: Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, 563 CE.
Structures: Domes
Dome on a Cylinder Example: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, 693 CE
Structures: Buttresses
Pier Buttress Flying Buttress
Structures: Buttresses
Pier Buttress Example: Westminster Abbey, London, c. 1245.
Structures: Buttresses
Flying ButtressExample: Cathedral de Notre Dame, Paris, 1163-1345 CE.
Structures: Suspension
Suspension Structure Example: Jeppesen Terminal Building, Denver International Airport, 1994
Structures: Shell
Shell Structure Example: Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 1957-1973.
Materials Innovative: Stones
Inca Stonework (no mortar), Cuzco, c. 13th century CE
Stonewall with Mortar
Material Innovations: Concrete
Concrete Example: Pantheon, Rome, 126 CE
Material Innovations: Cast Iron
Cast Iron Example: Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London, 1850-1851.
Material Innovations: Steel
Steel Beams Example: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, New York, 1956-1958
Question: How does a building interact with its environment?
Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (The Edgar Kaufmann Residence), Bear Run Pennsylvania, 1936.
Question: How does a building interact with its environment?
Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater (The Edgar Kaufmann Residence), Bear Run Pennsylvania, 1936.
Question: How does a building interact with its environment?
Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936.
Question: How does a building interact with its environment?
Johnson Wax Building, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936.
Question: How does the viewer fit into or interact with the space?
Human
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE.
Question: How does the viewer interact with or form the space?
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE.
Agia Dynami, Athens, Greece, c. 15th century CE
Question: How does the viewer interact with or form the space?
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE. Agia Dynami, Athens, Greece, c. 15th century CE
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
The Roman Basilica
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
The Roman Basilica, a reconstruction of Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia, c.
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
The Roman Basilica, a reconstruction of Trajan’s Basilica Ulpia, c.
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
The Christian Basilica.
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
The Christian Basilica, Aula Palatina, built 3rd century by Constantius Chlorus, converted to a church in the late 4th century
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey, c. 563 CE.
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
Frank Gehry, Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles, 2003.
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
Frank Lloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1959.
Question: How does the form of the building echo the practical and ideological functions of the building?
Frank Lloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum, New York, 1959.