Post on 25-Dec-2015
Aquaculture development – 40 years lesson
Dr. Torbjørn ÅsgårdDirector of research
torbjorn.asgard@nofima.no
www.nofima.no
Aquaculture plays a rapidly growing role in the global production of seafood*
Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth
Source: FAO
Wildcatch, China
Wildcatch, World excluding China
Aquaculture, China
Aquaculture, World excluding China
Part used for food, World
Global production in aquacultutre
The aquaculture business* has several segments, with intensive farming growing in relative importance
Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth
Intensive fish farming: Fish farming controlled environment and feeding to maximise production
Extensive fish farming: Fish farming largely relying on natural environmental conditions
Intensive fish farming: Fish farming controlled environment and feeding to maximise production
Extensive fish farming: Fish farming largely relying on natural environmental conditions
37 %21 %
28 %
Extensive finfish farmingShrimp farming
Intensive finfish farming
Shellfish farming (oysters, etc)
Ex farm sales main species 2004
Ex farm sales main species 2009
€ 38 billion € 48 billion
14 %
45 %21 %
21 %
13 %
* Excluding Algea and Seaweed Source: Nofima, FAO;
Salmon still dominates the intensively farmed finfish business, followed by trout, bass and bream. Tilapia is switching from largely extensive to more intensive
Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth
Atlantic Salmon
Chinook (King) salmon
Coho (silver) salmon
Sea trout
European seabass
Gilthead seabream
Atlantic cod
Tilapia Sales to US**
Intensive Aquaculture Fish production*
* In addition 250.000 MT of trout is farmed in Europe, Source: FAO** Sales to US is estimated to be +/- 1/4 of global intensive farmed tilapia in 2004
MT
Significant growth is expected in aquaculture for the coming years (4% p.a.), particularly in intensive farming (7% p.a.)
Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth
Expected developments in main aquaculture species
Source: AKVAFORSK estimates, FAO
Global aquaculture 2004 (from FAO)
Quantity in million tonnesFreshwater fishes 24Aquatic plats 14Molluscs 13Crustaceans 4Diadromous fish 3Marine fish 1.5
Value in billion USDFreshwater fishes 25Aquatic plats 7Molluscs 10Crustaceans 14Diadromous fish 8Marine fish 5
2009
Fish from aquaculture and consume fisheries equal in quantity
Production of salmon in Norway
Production of marine species in Norway
Total aquaculture and fishery in Norway
Production in Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland (2006)
• Latvia
– Common carp: 92%
– Gold fish: 3%
– Sturgeon: 2%
– Nothern pike: 2%
– Rainbow trout: 1%
• Estonia
– Rainbow trout: 75%
– Common carp: 11%
– Sturgeon: 8%
– European eel: 6%
• Lithuania
– Common carp: 95%
– Rainbow trout: 3%
– Gold fish: 1%
– Nothern pike: 1%
• Poland
– Rainbow trout: 51%
– Common carp: 47%
– Sturgeons: 1%
– Catfish: 1%
From 1971
From 1973
Species to start with and where to start ?
– Salmon– Rainbow trout– Fresh water trout– Sea Trout– Arctic char – Crossings– Marine species– Fresh water species– Warm water species
What has changed in Norway?
Salmon vs honey
Independent industry vs addition to fishing or farming
Early ears: small units - high cooperation fast developments
To day: large units – cooperation and competition
Cooperation: industry – research institutions – public administration
To day: 3 times more salmon meat than meat from all traditional domestic animals together
Research through the value chain
Efficiency, quality and food safety
Raw material
Fish feed
Brood stockand eggs
Fresh water phase
Sea water phase
Slaughter and processing
Market andconsumer
From basic research to application
Basic competence building and research• Long term projects – 3-10 years• Public funded
Research projects with industry participation• Long term projects – 1-3 years• Public/private funding
Contract research• Project duration of 0,3 – 1 year• Private funding (often included public incentives)
– Genetics and selective breeding– Nutrition and feed development– Knowledge about raw materials– Fish welfare– Disease prevention– Sustainable production– Processing and product development– Marine Biotechnology
Nofima’s major research areas within aquaculture:
Breeding and genetics
• More than 30 years of experience from applied genetic research in aquaculture species
• The research activity of the institute is conducted in close collaboration with the aquaculture sector, securing rapid implementation of important results.
• Till date, basic research and applied work on genetic improvement based on selective breeding have covered 11 species worldwide – Increased growth rate– Increased feed conversion ratio– Increased disease resistance
Produductivity 1940
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
100
200
300
Broiler
Cow
Pig
Salmon
Pro
du
cti
vit
y, %
(R
ef.
19
40)
Year
Tilapia
Modifisert etter Eknath et al., 1991
15% increase per generation
Significantly shorter production cycle
1975 2000 2005
Smolt 16 8 8
Growout 40 20 16
Total 56 28 24
19.04.23 Nofima Marin presentasjon
Genetic gain, Atlantic salmon Selected (5G) vs. Wild
S - W, %
Growth +113
Feed consumption +40
Protein retention +9
Energy retention +14
FCR, feed/gain -20
Thodesen et. al., 1999
Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia
GIFT tilapia with90% faster growth (5 gens)
Higher survival rates
Three fish crops per year (vs 2)
Lead to higher productivity, profit and
yield potential.
Has had large impact on
overall fish production in Asia & Latin
AmericaUNDP, ADB
Phillipines Institutes and Universities
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Type of cost
Fingerling
Feed
Insurance
Salary
Depreciation
Other runningcostsFinancial cost
The cost of producing salmon
Salmon farming in Norway 2003
%
Changes in composition of salmon feed
SALMON FEED DEVELOPMENT IN NORWAY:Feed cost per kg fish (fixed 2006 prices)
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
IMPORTANT FACTORS:• Dry feed
• High energy diets– Reduced FCR
• Replacement of fish meal and oil– Reduced feed price
• Feed management – Reduced FCR
Euros/kg
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
Feed c
onve
rsio
nKg feed/
kg fi
sh p
roduced
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in Norwegian Salmon farming
• Cod• Salmon• Rainbow trout• Arctic char• Striped bass• Sturgeon• Tilapia• Sea urchins• King crab• Lobster• Shrimp• Oysters• Scallops• Sole• Halibut
Feed development for many species internationally
Septum defect Deformed head
Production related disorders - deformities
Deformities
8 oC 10 oCStable temperatures
Spine deformities in salmon induced by temperature at egg incubation
Identified by x-ray at size 60-80g%
incubation temperature for eggs were immediately adjusted by the industry
Chasing deformity genes
Nofima has found a link between temperature and heart deformities:
— We have found the gene that codes for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), that regulates heart development negatively
— Expression of this gene is controlled by temperature during embryogenic development
High temperature gives increased production of ANP, which supresses the development of the heart
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
700 000
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002
Sla
ktet
kva
ntu
m
(to
nn
ru
nd
vek
t)
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
An
tib
ioti
ka
(kg
akt
ivt
sto
ff)
Slaktet laks og ørret Forbruk
Feed and nutrition
Lipid, lipid metabolism, cell culture
Pigmentation
Feedstuffs, feed formulation, feed technology, feeding
Protein, amino acids, metabolismPreventive
health
Nofima – an important player in international aquaculture R&D
• We have had aquaculture projects in more than 25 countries around the world
• Nofima will increase its international focus through projects and by establishing sub-units in selected countries (First Chile, then Asia?)