Post on 02-Feb-2021
April 1, 2009
Discuss PVA paper and Reviews
Management
• Adaptive Management
Ecosystem management
Ecosystem management ismanagement of whole ecosystems rather
than individual species
Ecosystem management
Manage for ecosystem health: allows for
production of “ecosystem services”
Include human activities
Focus on large spatial and long time scale
Management decisions include multiple stake
holders
Ecosystem management
Manage for ecosystem health: allows for
production of “ecosystem services”
commodities
clean water / flood control
aesthetics
....
Ecosystem management
Manage for ecosystem health: allows for
production of “ecosystem services”
Include human activities
Focus on large spatial and long time scale
Management decisions include multiple stake
holders
Ecosystem management
Manage for ecosystem health: allows for
production of “ecosystem services”
Include human activities
Focus on large spatial and long time scale
Management decisions include multiple stake
holders
Endangered Species
• Butterflies:! Schaus Swallowtail!
• Rodents:! Key Largo Cotton Mouse, Key Largo Wood Rat!
• Mammals:! Florida Panther, West Indian Manatee!
• Birds:! ! Arctic Peregrine Falcon, Cape Sable Sea Side ! ! ! ! Sparrow, Snail (Everglade) Kite, Southern Bald ! ! ! Eagle, Wood Stork!
• Reptiles and Amphibians:! American Crocodile, Atlantic ! ! ! ! ! ! Ridley Turtle, Green ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Turtle, Hawksbill Turtle, ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Leatherback Turtle!
Ecosystem management
Manage for ecosystem health: allows for
production of “ecosystem services”
Include human activities
Focus on large spatial and long time scale
Management decisions include multiple stake
holders
Stakeholders
have a real or perceived interest in the resource, its use, its protection.
are dependent on the resource
have a believe that management decisions will directly or indirectly affect them
are located in or near the area
pay for the decision
are in a position of authority to review the decisions
Ecosystem management
Manage for ecosystem health: allows for
production of “ecosystem services”
Include human activities
Focus on large spatial and long time scale
Management decisions include multiple stake
holders
Use adaptive management
Adaptive management
Adaptive management treats management
decisions as experiments. Change
management if data show not getting desired
result.
Adaptive managementAdaptive management treats management
decisions as experiments. Change
management if data show not getting desired
result.
Baseline data
Experimental data
include comparison or/and control
replicate !
Adaptive management
What is the effect grazing on a plant communityin an open field?
We need a control!
We need a control!
Diversity
ungrazed
What is the effect of grazing on the plant
community in open fields?
Diversity
ungrazed grazed
What is the effect of grazing on the plant
community in open fields?
What is the point of reference/control?
Replication?
What is the effect of grazing on the plant
community in open fields?
What is the point of reference/control?
Replication. YES for THIS field, but not for treatment (all fields in general) !"Pseudoreplication
What is the effect of grazing on the plant
community in open fields?
Field 1
Field 2Field 3
Field 4
Diversity
ungrazed grazed
What is the effect of grazing on the plant community in
open fields?
Ecosystem and resilience
Resilience is the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed or accommodated by an ecosystem before its structure is fundamentally changed to a different state.Example: Shrubland turns into grassland, grassland turns into desert.
Holling 1973
Adaptive management: Take 2
Adaptive management is a process that combines
democratic principles, scientific analysis, education, and
institutional learning to manage resources sustainably in
an environment of uncertainty. [Lee 1993]
Commitment to improve the outcomes of management over biological time scales.
Awareness of the experimental nature of management.
Willingness to accept the risk of perceived failures.
A common understanding, with stakeholders, of the goals, strategies, and uncertainties of management.
A mandate for action from the stakeholders or other authorities
Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems
Fire
Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym withkeeping the “status quo”, this resulted very often in damaging
the ecosystem.
Fire regime for different ecosystem types
Hardwood confined to understory
Hardwooddominant
Prescribed fires Fire suppressed
Adaptive management: Learning from errors. Burning of Long-leaved pine forests during
growing (back) and non-growing season (front)
Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems
Fire
Water flow
Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym withkeeping the “status quo”, this resulted very often in damaging
the ecosystem.
Use of natural processes to manage ecosystems
Fire
Water flow
Herbivory
Preservation of an ecosystem was often synonym withkeeping the “status quo”, this resulted very often in damaging
the ecosystem.
Zonation management
Core protection area
Managed area
Exclusion area
Ecosystem modelling
Spatially explicit (GIS)
Incorporate as many details as possible (Geology, Climate, ...)
Incorporate human interactions/use/development
Incorporate species compositions (diversity: species, genetics)
(Complex and often not enough data)
Ecosystem management
Manage for ecosystem health: allows for
production of “ecosystem services”
Include human activities
Focus on large spatial and long time scale
Management decisions include multiple stake
holders
Use adaptive management