Post on 03-Jan-2016
description
Applied Poultry Nutrition
M.E. PersiaIowa State University4/16/2012
Digestive Anatomy
Beak no lips or teeth
Little insalivation
Few taste buds
Large eyes
Digestive Anatomy
Feed storage
Similar to checks in chipmunks
Similar to rumen
Why?
Crop – Feed Storage
Adaptation to feeding behavior
Feeding Area
Cover
Digestive Anatomy
Gizzard or Ventriculus
Mastication
Rough inner lining
Grit
Muscular grinding
Discussion Question
Which diet would result in a larger gizzard and what are the productive consequences?
Digestive Anatomy
Paired
Relative size…
Relative Importance of the Hindgut
Cecal/Colon Capacity % of Total Digestive TractHorse 61.3Ox 10.7Sheep and Goats 12.7Pigs 37.3Dogs 14.4Cat 15.9Chicken 1.1
WHY?
Digestive Anatomy
Exit point for feces, urine and egg
What are Nutrients Used For?
Maintenance of life
Heat to maintain body temperatureEnergy for vital body processes (including immune function)Energy for movementNutrients to repair and renew cells and tissue
Important distinction no net gain or loss of body weightMostly energy – but also amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and mineralsFactors affecting nutrient requirements
Exercise Weather Stress HealthBody size Temperament Production Individual
variation
What are Nutrients Used For?
Growth (also called production or productive)
Increase in size of bones, muscles, internal organs etc…Preferential growth vital organs grow faster, followed by muscle tissue
(Schmidt et al, 2012)
Discussion Question
Why would a younger animal (smaller) be more efficient?
Utilization of EnergyGross Energy
Digestible EnergyFecal Energy
Metabolizable EnergyUrinary Energy
Net EnergyHeat Increment
Net EnergyProduction
Net Energy Maintenance
Poultry Nutrient RequirementsSpecies CP
(%)ME
(kcal/kg)Ca (%)
P(%)
Na (%)
Cl (%)
Vitamins Minerals
Broiler 1-3 wk 21 3000 1.0 .45 .2 .2 +++ +++
Broiler 4-5 wk 20 3100 .9 .35 .15 .15 ++ ++
Broiler 6-7 wk 18 3200 .8 .3 .12 .12 + +
Laying hen 15 2900 3.25 0.25 .15 .13 + +
Turkey 1-4 wk 28 2800 1.2 .6 .17 .15 +++ +++
Turkey 5-8 wk 26 2900 1.0 .5 .15 .14 +++ +++
Turkey 16-20 wk 16.5 3200 .65 .3 .12 .12 + +
Discussion QuestionSpecies CP
(%)ME
(kcal/kg)Ca (%)
P(%)
Na (%)
Cl (%)
Vitamins Minerals
Broiler 1-3 wk 23 3200 1.0 .45 .2 .2 +++ +++
Broiler 4-5 wk 20 3200 .9 .35 .15 .15 ++ ++
Broiler 6-7 wk 18 3200 .8 .3 .12 .12 + +
Laying hen 15 2900 3.25 0.25 .15 .13 + +
Turkey 1-4 wk 28 2800 1.2 .6 .17 .15 +++ +++
Turkey 5-8 wk 26 2900 1.0 .5 .15 .14 +++ +++
Turkey 16-20 wk 16.5 3200 .65 .3 .12 .12 + +
How Does Feed Intake affect nutrient requirements
What Do We Feed Poultry?Grains:
Oils: Soybean oil, Choice White Grease, Tallow, Poultry fat
Byproduct meals:
Vitamins and Minerals:Vitamin and Mineral premix
Diet FormulationIngredient CP ME Ca P Na Cl Vitamins Minerals
Corn 8 3350 - .1 - - low low
Soybean meal 48 2400 - .1 .2 - low low
Soy oil - 9000 - - - - - -
Limestone - - 38 - .05 - - low
Dical - - 16 21 .06 - - low
Salt - - .3 - 39 60 - low
Vitamins and minerals - - - - - - high high
Diet FormulationIngredient CP ME Ca P Na Cl Vitamins Minerals
Corn 8 3350 - .1 - - low low
Soybean meal 48 2400 - .1 .2 - low low
Soy oil - 9000 - - - - - -
Limestone - - 38 - .05 - - low
Dical - - 16 21 .06 - - low
Salt - - .3 - 39 60 - low
Vitamins and minerals - - - - - - high high
Totals 23 3200 1.0 .45 .4 .4 +++ +++
50%
40%
6.0%
1.7%
1.8%
0.3%
0.2%
100%
Diet FormulationIngredient CP ME Ca P Na Cl Vitamins Minerals
Corn 8 3350 - .1 - - low low
Soybean meal 48 2400 - .1 .2 - low low
Soy oil - 9000 - - - - - -
Limestone - - 38 - .05 - - low
Dical - - 16 21 .06 - - low
Salt - - .3 - 39 60 - low
Vitamins and minerals - - - - - - high high
Totals 23 3200 1.0 .45 .4 .4 +++ +++
50%
40%
6.0%
1.7%
1.8%
0.3%
0.2%
100%
Species CP (%)
ME Ca (%)
P(%)
Na (%)
Cl (%)
Vitamins Mineral
Broiler 1-3 wk 23 3200 1.0 .45 .2 .2 +++ +++
Considerations for Broiler Nutrition
Large feed complexes
Sourcing materials
All diets are pelleted
Increased feed efficiency
Considerations for Broiler Nutrition
Immature birds
6 to 7 wks to market18 wks to maturityMicroflora not set until 10 dEnzyme production not maximized until 2 wk
Discussion Question
Why is lighting important for poultry nutrition?
Considerations for Layer NutritionMature birds
18 to 110 wksCan handle more complex dietsLittle growth
Reproduction
Laying hens egg productionVery high calcium requirement. Why?
Large egg75 calories of ME7.5g of crude protein2g of calcium
Considerations for Turkey NutritionFaster initial growth rate than broilers
Higher amino acids (protein) requirementsHigher P and Ca requirements - why?
Hens 16-18 wks for 30 lbsToms 20-22 wks for 45 lbs