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Index
Bold type indicates figures.
Abathomphalus 2.6
Abdur Reef Limestone 334
Abies 192
Abundance 153, 154
Acadoparadoxides 39
Acanthinula 107, 333
Acanthocircus 99
Acarinina 2.6
Acaste 112
accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)
68, 309
Acheulian, culture 198, 333, 334, 337
acritarchs 15–16, 18–9, 95–6, 2.1, 3.1–3.2
Acropora 134, 135, 314
Acrosphaera 99
Acroteuthis 152
Actinocamax 111, 2.18
Actinocyclus 2.3
Adentognathus 105
Adercotryma 2.33, 5.23
Adipicola 141
Adocus 117
Adriatic Sea 142
Aegopinella 107, 333
Africa 53, 118, 119, 334, 335, 3.22
Agriopleura 280, 283
Ahnet basin 39
Ainsa fan 138, 139
Airth gas field 294
Akidograptus 50
Akpak/Mackenzie Bay sequence 4.6
Akrotiri, Thera 316
Al Huwaisah field 280, 5.45
Alabaminoides 135
Alaska 13, 22, 29, 32, 42, 101, 293,
301, 312, 314
Alba formation 5.20
Albacora field 5.39
Alberta basin 294, 302
algal symbionts, photosymbionts 3.10
Algeria 39, 110
Alisocysta 5.22
Allophaiomys 317
Alnipollenites 5.22, 5.47
Alopex 335
Alps 124, 136
Alveolina 5.42
Alveolinella 126, 3.10
Alveolophragmium (Reticulophragmium)
4.6
Alveovalvulina 129, 286, 5.37
Amacuro member 5.47
Amaltheus 2.14
Amaurolithus 2.4
Amazon fan 138, 208, 211
AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) 313
Ammoastuta 126
Ammobaculites 126, 2.33, 3.3, 5.21
Ammodiscus 129, 2.33, 3.3, 5.23
Ammolagena 5.23
Ammomarginulina 126, 5.23
Ammonia 126, 129, 326, 5.37
ammonites 2.14–2.17, 2.30, 5.9
ammonoids 34, 108–10, 2.1, 2.12, 3.1
Ammotium 126
amphibians 53–5, 118, 2.1, 3.1
Amphirhopalon 2.7
Amphisorus 126, 3.10
Amphistegina 127, 3.10
Ampyx 111, 112
Anabarites 102, 145
analytical data acquisition 7, 1.1
Anancus 10.3
Anapithecus 189
Anatolipora 132
Ancyloceras 109
Ancylus 10.4
Anderson, Heidi and John 307
Andes 124, 257, 261
Andrew field 291, 5.50–5.51
Andrew formation, reservoir, sequence 140,
291, 2.32, 5.20, 5.50–5.51
Andimadam formation 269, 270
Andromeda 99
Angara, Angaran realm 100, 147, 3.17
Angelina sedgwickii 2.20
Anglo-Saxon archaeology 340, 10.1
Anglo-Welsh basin 105
Angola (see also South Atlantic) 13, 27, 66,
129, 140, 221, 5.5
Anisus 333
Ankarapithecus 189
Anklesvar formation 271
Anning, Mary 55
Annulithus 2.4
Anomalinoides 135
anoxia, anoxic environments, events 125,
126, 160, 215, 223–4, 278
Antarctica 100, 267, 306
Antarcticycas 100
Antedon 115
Anthocyrtidium 2.7
Anthracoceras 109, 305
Anthraconauta 305, 7.2
Anthraconia 305, 7.2
Anthracosia 7.2
Anthracomya 305
Anthracosphaerium 7.2
Antler basin 105
Apectodinium 180, 5.22
Apodemus 188, 10.2
Appalachian basin 302
Apringia 105
Aquilapollenites 100, 149
Aquitaine basin 182
Aqra Limestone formation 220
Arab formation 232
Araripe basin 45, 119, 154, 266
Araripesuchus 119, 266
Araucariacites 155
Archaebacteria 10, 90–92
archaeocyathans 29, 102–3, 2.1, 3.1
Archaeolithophyllum 130
Archaeophyllum 130
archaeology 316–40, 10.1–10.6
Archaeopteryx 55
Archaias 126, 3.10
Arctic, province, realm 10, 11, 13, 22, 27,
29, 32, 34, 36, 42, 43, 50, 53, 93, 99,
101, 107, 110, 117, 131, 148, 150, 323,
325, 336
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) 312
Ardipithecus 190, 191, 192, 194, 3.37
Ardyne formation 331, 332
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty
(AONB) 312
Arenicolites 3.6
Arenobulimina 211, 2.33, 3.8
Arenomeandrospira 142, 222, 278
Arenoparrella 126
Areo formation 257, 260
Areoligera 5.22
Argentina 19, 40, 50, 53, 90, 117, 143,
173, 175
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Arkhangelskiella 2.4
Arnioceras 2.14
Arroyo del Soldado group 21
Artemia 114
Artemisia 193, 336
Arthrobacter 314, 315
Arthrophycus 59, 122
Arvicola 10.2
Asaphus 111
Ashtart field 216
Asia 3.21–3.22
Asmari formation 231
Aspergillus 315
Aspidolithus 2.4
Assam basin 269, 270, 271
Assilina 5.42
Astacolus 325
Astarte 107, 150
Asteriacites 3.6
Asterigerina 4.6
Asteroceras 2.14
Asterolampra 2.3
Asteromphalus 2.3
Asterorotalia 126
Astreopora 135
Astrononion 325
Atapuerca, Spain 118, 196, 333
Atlantic, province, realm, Atlantic/
Caribbean province 98, 105, 117,
118, 119, 120, 126, 135, 138, 141,
144, 149, 325
Aubignyna 326
Aulacoseira 12
Aulacoteuthis 152
Auriculatella 113
Aurignacian, culture 335
Austin Chalk 33
Austral realm 92, 98, 99, 110, 113, 147, 148,
150, 3.20–3.22
Australasia 11, 27, 39, 101
Australia 10, 29, 49, 53, 57, 94, 96, 101, 116,
130, 131, 149, 168, 177, 208, 210, 211,
267, 277, 301, 314
Australopithecus 190, 193, 194, 196–7,
3.37–3.38
Austria 96, 114, 138, 140, 154
Avalonia 102, 112, 145, 146, 147,
3.14–3.16
Aveline’s Hole, Burrington ix
Axopodorhabdus 94, 2.4
Azerbaijan 13, 27, 68, 122, 293, 309
Azpeitia 2.3
Bab basin 66, 234, 280, 5.13, 5.45
Bab formation 5.43
Bacillus 279, 314, 315
Bacinella 133
bacterial gas: see biogenic gas
Baculites 109
Baculogypsina 127, 3.10
Bahrain (see also Middle East) 5.43
Baisakhi–Bedesir formation 269
Bakonyithyris 105
Balder formation, sequence 179, 180, 2.32,
5.20, 5.22
Balmoral sequence 2.32
Baltica 95, 96, 107, 112, 146, 147,
3.14–3.16
Baltimore canyon 138
Bandra formation 271
Bangestan group 231
Bangladesh: see Indian subcontinent.
Barail group 271
Barakar Coal Measures, formation
267, 269, 272
Barbados (see also northern South America
and Caribbean) 106, 108, 121, 126,
141, 5.36
Barberton supergroup 10
Barents Sea 131
Barmer basin 269, 271, 276
Barranquin formation 257
Barren Measures 267, 269, 272
Barrow group 208, 210, 211
Barton beds 33
Basco-Cantabrian basin 210, 211, 220, 295
basin analysis 225, 227
Bathymodiolus 106, 141
Bathysiphon 21, 3.3, 5.23
Batrachichnus 120
Bauer ix
Bavlinella 19
Beatrice field 5.24
Beaufort group, South Africa 306, 307, 2.27
Beaufort shelf, Arctic Canada 4.6
Beauly formation 5.22
behaviours associated with occupation (of
archaeological sites) 323, 325
Bekhme Limestone formation 220
Belemnella 36, 111
Belemnitella 36, 111, 2.18
belemnites 36–7, 110–1, 151, 2.1,
2.18, 3.1, 6.3
Belemnopsis 111
Belemnoziphius 120
Belenochitina 116
Belgrandia 10.4
Bengal basin 269, 270
Bengal fan 276, 277
Benthic Quality Index (BQI) 313
Bergeroniellus 28
Bering land bridge 120, 150, 178, 183, 184,
185, 189
Bering Strait 107, 108, 150
Beryl field 5.24
Bermuda 34
Beyrichoceras 2.13
Bhuban formation 270
Bhuvanagiri formation 271
Bighorn basin 180
Bikaner–Nagaur basin 269
biogenic gas 90, 223–4, 269, 277–8
Palaeobiological controls on
development of, and derisking
of presence of 277–8
biogeography 3.4
bioremediation 314–15
biosteering 289, 290–2, 5.51
biostratigraphy and allied disciplines,
8–89, 231–2, 242–5, 260–1, 264–5,
271–3, 280, 284–5, 286, 300–2, 304,
306–7, 317, 320, 1.1, 2.1, 2.29–2.30, 5.9,
5.21–5.22, 5.24–5.25, 5.36, 5.44,
5.46–5.48, 5.50, 7.2
biostratigraphic technologies 62–3, 66
biostratigraphic usefulness of selected
fossil groups 8–59
biostratigraphic zonation 59–60
birds: see Reptiles and birds
bisaccate pollen 5.22
Biscutum 94, 2.4
Bison 333
Biticinella 2.6
Bithynia 10.4
bivalves 32–4, 106–7, 2.1, 2.10, 3.1, 3.5,
5.2, 7.2
Black Sea 27, 223, 224, 293, 309
Bohemia 113
Bohemograptus 50
Bolboforma 19, 21, 96, 244, 2.1, 2.5, 3.1
Bolbozoe 113
Bolivia 19, 40, 50
Bolivina 126, 129, 135, 143, 313, 326, 3.8,
3.12, 5.37
Bolivinopsis 3.8
Bombacidites 5.22
Bombax 129
Bombay or Mumbai basin 269, 270,
271, 273
Bombay formation 271
Bombay High field 273
boreal realm 22, 92, 98, 99, 107, 110, 111,
113, 147, 148, 150, 219, 3.20–3.22
Borelis 126, 3.10
Boreophilus 336
Borneo 136
Bos 10.2–10.3
Bothriolepis 53
Bourri field 217
Boxgrove, Sussex 107, 198, 327, 333–4
Braarudosphaera, chalk 93, 94, 2.4
Index 393
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brachiopods 30–2, 105–6, 2.1, 2.9, 3.1
Bracklesham beds 33
Brae formation 5.20
branchiopods 43, 114
Brazil (see also South Atlantic) 13, 21, 22, 45,
53, 129, 130, 154, 214, 302, 5.39
Bredasdorp basin 208, 209, 210, 211
Brent field 5.24
Brent group, Brent delta 283, 5.20, 5.46
Brightwellia 2.3
British Isles, United Kingdom, UK sector,
North Sea ix, 10, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 43, 45, 49, 50, 53,
55, 62, 67, 94, 95, 106, 112, 113, 115,
129, 132, 136, 143, 146, 173, 180, 198,
210, 219, 242, 283, 286–9, 291, 293,
295, 298, 300, 302, 305, 308–9, 312,
316, 317, 320, 323, 325–40, 2.30, 7.1,
10.2–10.5
Bronze Age archaeology 317, 338, 10.1
Bruce field 33, 5.24
Bryozoans 32, 106, 2.1, 3.1
Bu Hasa field 220
Buccella 325
Buccinosphaera 2.7
Buckland, Rev. William 57, 335
Bulgaria 101
Bulimina 126, 129, 143, 313, 326, 3.12
Buliminella 126, 129, 286, 5.37, 5.47
Burgan formation 232
Burtle formation 329
Buzasina galeata 5.23
Byzantine archaeology 325
C3 and C4 plants 100
Cabo de Gata Lagoon 311
calcareous Algae 13, 94–5, 2.1, 3.1
calcareous nannofossils or nannoplankton
13, 93–4, 340–1, 2.1, 2.4, 3.1, 4.7, 5.36,
5.42, 5.47
Calcarina 127, 3.10
Calcicalathina 2.4
Calciodinellum 92
Calculites 2.4
Calleva Atrenatum (Silchester),
Hampshire 316
Callialasporites 155
Calpionellids 22, 99, 2.1, 3.1
Calyculus 94
Calymene 39, 40
Calyptogena 141
Cambay basin 269, 270, 271, 276
Cambay Shale, formation 269, 270, 276
Cambria 113
Cambrian 2.34, 3.14
Cambrian evolutionary biota 157
Cambrian evolutionary diversification 165
Campos basin 214, 264, 5.39
Canada 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, 27–9, 42, 53, 95, 96,
101, 106, 113, 116, 117, 122, 129, 131,
143, 147, 173, 180, 294, 301, 302, 311
Cancris 129, 326
Candeias field 264
Canis 335, 10.2
Canning basin 29, 94, 116, 130, 131, 168
cap-rocks (seals) and traps 220–2, Box 5.4
(221–2), Box 5.5 (222–4), 5.5, 5.8, 5.17
palaeontological characterisation of,
Box 5.4
stratigraphic and palaeobiological
controls on, Box 5.5
Capitella 141
Capra 339
Capreolus 10.2
Caracomia 92
Caran sequence 2.32
Carapita formation 257, 260
Caratas formation 257
carbon dioxide sequestration 315
carbon isotope stratigraphy 66
carbonate environments, sediments,
carbonate reservoirs 129–32, Box 3.2
(132–5), 201, 205, Box 4.1 (206–12), Box
5.2 (216–18), Box 5.3 (218–20), 280,
282–3, 290
Carbonicola 7.2
Carboniferous 2.38, 3.18, 7.1–7.2
carboniferous limestone 30, 32
Caribbean (see also Atlantic, northern South
America and Caribbean) 117–120,
143, 219
Carichnium 120
Carnarvon basin 53
Carpathians 121, 136, 138, 140
Caryapollenites 5.22
Caspian Sea 27, 67, 201, 293, 309
Cassidulina 129, 139, 143, 325, 3.12, 4.6
Cassigerinella 2.6
Castillo formation 118, 119
Castor 10.2
Casuarin 211
Catapsydrax 2.6
Cathayornis 55
Cathaysia, Cathaysian realm 100, 147, 3.17
Catinaster 2.4
Caucasus 45, 68, 124
Caulostrepsis 3.6
Cauvery basin 269, 270–3, 278
Celtic, culture 338
Cenodiscus 5.21
Cenosphaera 5.21
Cenozoic 62, 86–9, 149–50, 152, 175–99,
2.1–2.7, 2.32–2.33, 3.11, 4.2–4.6, 5.5,
5.36–5.37, 5.41–5.42, 5.47–5.51
Central America 120, 219
Central Asia 210, 211
Central Atlantic 3.21
Central Atlantic Magmatic Province
(CAMP) 173
Centropyxis 129, 286, 5.37
Cepaea 10.4
Cephalodiscus 116
Ceratocystis 338
Ceratolithoides 2.4
Ceratolithus 88, 2.4
Cerebropollenites 155
Cervus 332, 333, 335, 339, 10.2–10.3
Cestodiscus 2.3
Chaguaramas formation 107
Chalcolithic 339–40
Chalk, Chalk group 32, 33, 36, 49, 115, 244,
290, 295, 296, 298, 308, 309, 340, 5.20,
5.22, 6.2–6.3, 8.1–8.2
Chamishella 113
Channel tunnel 308, 8.1
Chaomidianzi formation 55
Characichichnos 120
Charnia 164, 231
Charniodiscus 164
Chasmops 112
Chelichnus 120
chemostratigraphy 66–7
Chiasmolithus 2.4, 5.42
Chiastozygus 2.4
Chichali formation 271
Chicxulub impact crater 175
Chile 102
Chilostomella 129, 135, 143
Chimana formation 257
China 18, 22, 28, 53, 55, 57, 63, 101, 113,
117, 118, 130, 131
Chinji formation 273, 276
Chitarwata formation 273, 276
Chitinozoans 50, 116, 2.1, 3.1
Chlamys 211
Chondrites 141
Chororapithecus 189
chronostratigraphic diagrams 50, 212, 227,
4.1–4.2, 5.24, 5.41, 5.43
Chuanbeiella 113
Chuar group 21
Cibicides 129, 325, 3.8, 4.6
Cibicidoides 135, 142, 143
Cicatricosiporites 155
Cimmeria 3.20–3.21
Cipero formation 257
Cirratriradites 302
Cistecephalus 2.27
Citharina 3.8
Cladophora 105
Clair field 67
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Claraia 107, 170
Clarens formation 2.27
Clarias 337
Classopollis 100, 149, 154, 155, 266
clastic environments, sediments, clastic
reservoirs 126, Box 3.1 (128–9), 137,
Box 3.4 (138–41), Box 4.1 (206–12),
283–9, 291
Clavulina 127, 3.8
Clethrionomys 10.2
Climacograptus 50, 2.25
Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate
Program (CLAMP) 100, 101,
150–2
climatostratigraphy 151
Clorinda 105
Cloudina 102, 130, 145
Clovis people 176
cluster analysis 66, 154–5, 3.7.3
Clydoniceras 2.15
Clypeaster 116
coal, coal geology and mining 294,
299–307, 7.1–7.2
Coal Measures 32, 34, 45, 106, 210, 301,
302, 305
coal-bed methane or coal-seam gas 267, 294
Cocconeis 323
Cochlearites 107
Coelodonta 323, 335, 10.3
Coelosporella 132
Co-Existence Approach (CoA) 101, 152
cold seeps: see hydrocarbon seeps
Collosphaera 2.7
Colombia (see also northern South America
and Caribbean) 63, 117, 291, 5.35
Colpocoryphe 111
Columbus basin 257, 260, 293, 312
common risk segment (CRS) maps 225,
249, 278
Compositaepollenites 5.22
composite common risk segment (CCRS)
maps 225, 227
Conchocele 143
condensed sections (CSs) 201, 221, 222,
4.2, 5.5
Confuciornis 55
Conglophragmium 5.23
Congo (see also South Atlantic) 313
Conicorbitolina 5.44
conodonts: see fish
Conorotalites 211
constrained optimisation (CONOP) 63
Conusphaera 2.4
Conway Morris, Simon 156
Coope, Russell 114
corals 29–30, 103, 105, 2.1, 2.8, 3.1, 3.4
coral reef vitality 313–14
Corbisema 2.2
Cordaites 170
core sampling 1.2
Cornuproteus 112
Cornuspira 326
correlation 60, 62
Corumba group 21
Coryphidium 95
Coryphostoma 3.8
Coscinodiscus 180, 2.3
Coscinospirillina 5.9
Cosmoraphe 3.6
Costistricklandia 105
Cotorra member 260, 5.47
Craspedodiscus 2.3
“crags” 33
Crati fan 139
Crato formation 45
Crendonites 2.16
Crepidolithus 94, 2.4
Creswellian, culture 335
Cretaceous 2.42, 3.8, 3.22, 4.7, 5.3–5.4,
5.12–5.13, 5.36, 5.41, 5.43–5.45, 8.1–8.2
Cretarhabdus 2.4
Crete 140, 311, 316
Cribroelphidium 96
Cribrostomoides 5.23
crinoids 45–6, 49, 114–15, 2.1, 2.22–2.23, 3.1
Cristallinium 272
Cro Magnon ix
Croagh Patrick 316
Crocidura 10.2
Crocodylus 119
Crocuta 335, 10.3
Cromer Forest-Bed formation 326, 327
Cromer Knoll group 5.20
Cruciellipsis 2.4
Cruciplacolithus 2.4
Crucirhabdus 2.4
Cruse formation 257, 5.47
Cruziana 59, 111, 120, 121, 122
Cryptolucina 106
Cubagua formation 118
Culm basin 99
Cuneiphycus 130
Curtohibolites 111
Curvirimula 7.2
Cusiana field 291, 5.35
Cuyana basin 117
Cyanobacteria 9–10, 90, 2.1, 3.1
Cyathidites 155
Cyclagelosphaera 94
Cyclammina 129, 286, 2.33, 4.6, 5.37
Cycloclypeus 3.10
Cyclorbiculina 127, 3.10
Cyclopyge 112
cyclostratigraphy 67
Cyclotella 323
Cymatiosphaera 272
Cymatosira 323
Cymodocea 126
Cynognathus 55, 2.27
Cyphastrea. 135
Cyprus 92
Cyrtograptus 50, 2.26
Cystammina 2.33, 5.23
Cytherella 113
Czech Republic 37
Dactylioceras 109
Daedalus 59
Dalmanites 112
Dama 10.3
Dansgard–Oeschger events 152
Danish basin 131
Danskekalk (Danish Chalk) 32
Darai Limestone 66
Darwin, Charles ix, 57, 156
Datta formation 269, 271
Dawkins, Richard 156
Davis Strait 13
Dayongaspis 53
De Geer land bridge 178–9
Deccan Large Igneous Province, Traps 268
deep marine environments 135–43
Delops 112
deltas, peri-deltaic sub-environments,
reservoirs, 96, 126, Box 3.1 (128–9),
283–6, 3.9, 5.37–5.38, 5.46
palaeontological characterisation of,
Box 3.1
Dendrophrya 3.3
Denmark, Danish sector of the North Sea
32, 117, 210
Densosporites 305
Dentalina 129, 135, 325
Denticulopsis 2.3
Deroceras 107
Deshayesites 2.17
Desmoceras 109
Desmophyllum 103
Devonian 2.37, 3.17
Dhamodar basin 269
Dhok Pathan formation 273, 276
Dhruma formation 232, 5.9
Dhrumella 5.9
Dhulaima field 280, 5.45
Diacheila 336
Diatoms 12–13, 93, 341, 2.1, 2.3, 3.1
Diaphorodendron 305
Diazomatolithus 2.4
Dicarinella 308, 2.6
Dicellograptus 50, 2.25
Dicerorhinus 10.2
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Dicranograptus 50, 2.25
Dickinsartella 107
Dickinsonia 102, 231
Dicroidium 100, 114, 173, 307
Dictyocha 2.2
Dictyodora 59
Dictyomitra 211
Dictyophimus 99
Dictyonema 50, 2.25
Dictyotidium 272
Dictyotriletes 305
Dicynodon 55, 2.27
Didymocyrtis 2.7
Didymograptus 50, 116, 5.25
Dimorphichnus 59
Dindymene 111
dinoflagellates 10–11, 92, 2.1, 3.1,
5.21–5.22
Diploastrea 133, 135, 212
Diplocraterion 3.6
Diplodocus 118
Discamminoides 5.47
Discoaster 89, 2.4, 5.42, 5.49
Discorbis 126, 129
Discorhabdus 2.4
Distephanus.
ditch-cuttings 1.2
diversity 153, 154
Diyab basin 227, 5.11
Dmanisi, Georgia 320, 325
Doggerland 335–6
Dolichopithecus 191
dominance 153, 154
Dominican Republic 45
Donezella 130
Dornoch formation 5.22
Dorothia 2.33, 3.8, 5.23
Doushantuo formation 18
Douvilleiceras 2.17
Doyangapsis 111
Drakensberg group 2.27
drilling, bits, costs, environments, fluids,
operations, rigs, technologies 5.6
Dryopithecus 187
Dubrajpur formation 272
Duero basin 130
Dunlin formation 129, 5.20
Durania 219
Duvalia 110
Dvinella 130
Dwyka group 306, 2.27
dynamic data 1.1
Dynamic Global Vegetation Model
(DGVM) 150
dysoxia, dysoxic environments 125, 126,
159, 215, 223–4, 278
Early Cambrian mass extinction 166
Eartham formation 333, 334
Easington formation 329
East Africa 34, 36, 43, 53, 113, 117, 130, 267,
334
East Grimstead quarry, Wiltshire 298, 6.3
Eastern Venezuelan basin 5, 121, 129, 249
Ecca group 306, 307, 2.27
Echinoids 49, 115–16, 2.1, 2.22–2.23, 3.1, 3.6
Echioceras 2.14
ecological depression of extinction datums
(see also range offset) 60, 4.4
‘Ediacarans’ 28, 102, 2.1, 3.1
Eggerella 129, 286, 5.37
Egypt 68, 115, 216, 293, 309, 311
Eiffelithus 2.4
Eisenackia 5.22
Ekofisk formation 5.20, 5.22
El Abra formation 220
El Buho canyon-fan system 139
El Cantil formation 257
El Garia formation 216, 217
Eldfisk field 290
Elephas 273
elevation, elevation rate 124
Elliot formation 2.27
Ellipsagelosphaera 2.4
Ellipsolithus 2.4
Elphidiella 325
Elphidium 126, 129, 142, 325, 326, 4.6
Emakwezini formation 307
Emeishan Traps 171
Emiliania 93, 2.4
end-Cretaceous mass extinction 174–5, 3.24
end-Eocene mass extinction 175
end-Ordovician mass extinction 167–8, 3.24
end-Palaeocene mass extinction 175
end-Permian mass extinction 169–72, 3.24
end-Triassic mass extinction 172–4, 3.24
engineering geology 308–11, 8.1–8.2
Entobia 3.6
Entomis 113
entomopalynology 341
environmental archaeology 322–32
environmental context of archaeological
sites 323
environmental science 293, 308, 312–15
environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
293, 308, 312
environmental monitoring 293,
312–14
Eocene 3.26–3.28, 5.14, 5.22, 5.25, 5.27–5.34
Eocoelia 31, 105
Eodicynodon 55, 2.27
Eopoikilofusa
Ephedra 154, 193
Epistacheoides 132
Epistominella 3.12
Eponides 129
Eprolithus 2.4
Equisetum 114, 307
Equitability 153, 154
Equus 190, 333, 335, 10.2
Eratidus 5.23
Erbiella 28
Ericsonia 2.4
Erinaceus 10.2
Esfordi formation 231
Esosyrinx 325
Espirito Santo basin 264
Estcourt formation 307
Estheria 114
Estonia 21
Euhoplites 2.17
Eumorphoceras 109
Eupoikilofusa 272
Euramerica, Euramerican realm 27, 45, 55,
100, 118, 147, 149, 301, 3.16–3.20
Eurasia 113, 120, 131, 150
Europe, European platform 11, 18, 22,
27, 33, 34, 49, 54, 130, 136, 177–80,
277, 3.22
European Land Mammal Ages (ELMAs) 57,
177, 183–8, 190, 191, 193, 194
European Water Framework Directive
(EWFD) 313
Everglades National Park, Florida 313
Evolutinella 5.23
evolution 155, 156–8, 3.24
of complex life (eukaryoyes) 163
of flight 169
of flowering plants 174
of forests 169
of grasslands and grassland animals 175
of humans 175–6
of life on land 166–7
of multicellularity 163–4
of reefs 165–6
of vertebrates 166
evolutionary events 156–7
evolutionary biotas 157–8
Exogyra 33
extinction 155, 158–60, 3.24
Exxon Valdez oil spill, bioremediation 314
Faeroe–Shetland basin 179, 180
Fahud field 220
Far East 13, 27, 66, 105, 113, 130, 136,
208–11, 263, 277, 4.5
Fasciculithus 2.4
Fateh field 220
Fatehgarh formation 269, 276
396 Index
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Favia 133, 135, 212
Favites 135
Fayum, Egypt 337–8
Fayumian, culture 337–8
feeding, apparatus, behaviours, strategies,
traces 123–4, 3.3, 3.13, 5.49–5.50
Felis 10.2
Fenestrella 180
Fergus formation 5.22
Finland 125
fish 50, 53, 117–18, 2.1, 3.1
Fissurina 325
Flabellammina 5.9
Fleet River deposits 340
Fleming field 63, 155
Flett formation 179
Flexicalymene 111
Florida 313
Florinites 305
Foinaven field 179
foraminifera or foraminiferans 21–2, 96–9,
Box 3.3 (135–6), Box 3.5 (142–3),
Box 3.6 (161–2), Box 5.2, (216–18),
Box 10.1 (325–32), 2.1, 2.6, 2.33, 3.1,
3.3, 3.10–3.13, 3.23, 3.25, 4.2–4.7, 5.9,
5.21, 5.23, 5.36–5.37, 5.42, 5.44, 5.47,
5.49, 6.2–6.3, 8.1–8.2
forensic science 340–1
entomology 341
palynology 341
Forest formation 257
Forest of Dean basin 302
former Soviet Union/Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR) 10, 11, 13,
15, 19, 21, 22, 27–30, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42,
45, 49, 53, 117, 129–32, 164, 168, 214,
300, 301
Fort Union formation 302
Fortelius, Mikael 182
Forties field 286–9, 5.48–5.49
Forties formation, reservoir, sequence 140,
286, 2.32, 5.20, 5.22, 5.48–5.49
France 35, 94, 106, 109, 113, 120, 130, 132,
135, 143, 206, 208–12, 312
Francesita 135
Franceville basin 163
fresh-water environments 124–5, 3.1
Frigg formation, sequence 2.32, 5.20
Frondicularia 211
Fulmar formation 5.20
functional morphology 123–4, 246, 265,
276, 3.3, 3.5, 5.2
fungi 27, 101–2, 2.1, 3.1
Furrial trend 260
Fuzzy C Means (FCM) cluster analysis 154–5
fuzzy logic 155
Gabon (see also South Atlantic) 163
Gajulapadu formation 269, 270
Galloway, Bill 200
Ganga basin 271, 272
Gangamopteris 306
Ganges–Brahmaputra drainage basin,
river 278
Gansserina gansseri 2.6
Garau basin 5.12, 5.13
Garcia formation 257
gas or methane hydrate 294
Gastrioceras 305, 2.13
Gastrochaenolites 3.6
gastropods 34, 107–8, 2.1, 2.11, 3.1, 10.4
Gaudryina 326, 3.8
Gault Clay 308
Gavelinella 3.8
Gelification Index (GI) 294, 299, 300
Geographic Information System (GIS)
154, 225
geosteering 67
Geragnostus 112
Germany 21, 35, 45, 94, 99, 114, 119,
143, 154
Gervilleioperna 107
Gesner ix
Ghazij formation 268, 276
Ghawar field 230
Gibraltar 311
Ginkgophytopsis 114, 307
Gladius 2.3
Glaphyrites 109
global change, anthropogenically
mediated 315
Global Stratotype Sections and Points
(GSSPs) 68–9, 72, 79, 81, 83, 86–9
Globigerina 2.6, 5.42
Globigerinatella 2.6
Globigerinatheka 2.6
Globigerinelloides 2.6
Globigerinoides 2.6
Globobulimina 135, 139, 143, 3.12
Globorotalia 2.6, 5.42
Globorotalites 308, 3.8
Globotruncana 308, 2.6
Globotruncanella 2.6
Globotruncanita 2.6
Globuligerina 2.6
Globulina 3.8
Gloeocapsomorpha 214
Glomospira 129, 286, 3.3, 5.23, 5.37, 5.47
Glomospirella 2.33
Glossifungites 120, 121, 147, 206
Glossomyophorus 280
Glossopteris 100, 170, 277, 306, 307
Glycimeris 3.5
Glyptograptus 50, 2.25
Gnetum 154
Godavari formation 271
Godavari drainage basin, river 277
Golapalli formation 271
Golden Lane trend 220
Gomphotherium land bridge 185
Gondwana, Gondwanan realm 27, 39, 55,
95, 96, 100–2, 105, 107, 112, 113, 116,
117, 119, 146, 147, 149, 151, 267, 277,
301, 306, 307, 3.14–3.21
Gondwana Wealden facies 43, 264
Gondwanan basins 43, 267, 269, 272, 273,
305, 306
Goniastrea 135
Goniatites 2.13
Goniopora 133, 135, 212
Gonioteuthis 36, 111, 309, 2.18
Gordiospira 325
Goru formation 271
Gotnia basin 227
Gould, Stephen Jay 156
Graecopithecus 189
Grallator 120
graphic correlation 62–3,
2.31–2.32, 4.3
graptolites 49–50, 116, 2.1,
2.24–2.26, 3.1
Gravettian, culture 335
Great Barrier Reef 314
Great Basin 105
Great Britain: see British Isles
Green River formation 117, 131
Greenland 106, 111, 143, 301
Grenada basin 191
Grimsdalea 5.47
Griphopithecus 185
Groenlandia 340
gross depositional environment (GDE)
maps: see Palaeogeography
ground water index (GWI) 300
Gryphaea 3.5
Grzybowski, Josef x
Guadalupe formation 260, 291
Guayaguayare formation 257
Guinea 22, 29
Gulf of Mexico 13, 22, 36, 43, 60, 63, 66,
138, 141–3, 201, 208, 210, 211, 219,
225, 253, 4.2, 4.4
Gulf of Thailand 63
Gullfaks field 283
Gunflint Chert 15
Gurnigel–Schlieren flysch 135
Guttulina 325
Gyroidina 129, 135, 3.12
Gyroidinoides 3.8
Index 397
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Habshan formation 5.43
Hadley Centre Atmospheric General
Circulation Model (HadAM) 150, 152
Haldane, J.B.S. 114
Halkieria 28
Halyphysema 3.3
Hamarophyllum 103
Hammerfest–Nordkapp basin 178
Hampshire basin
Hanau basin 183
Hanifa formation 232
Hantkenina 2.6
Hanyangaspis 53
Hantkenina 87
Hanyangaspis 53
Hanzawaia 129, 5.37
Haploceras 109
Haplophragmoides 126, 2.33, 4.6, 5.21
Happisburgh 326
Haq, Bil(al) 201
Harpenden, Hertfordshire 316
Hart, Malcolm 295
Hartshill formation 28
Harwich formation 180
Hasdrubal field 216–7
Haurania 5.9
Hawaii 314
Hawke’s Bay 311
Hawkins field, 63, 155
Hayesites 2.4
Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE)
issues (see also environmental science)
1, 3, 7, 289, 291, Box 5.6 (293)
Palaeontology and, Box 5.6
Heather formation 5.20
heavy minerals 67
Hedbergella 98, 266, 280, 282, 283, 308, 2.6
Heidiphyllum 114, 307
Heimdal formation 5.20
Heinrich events 152
Helicosphaera 2.4
Heliolithus 2.4
Helix 338
Helminthoida 3.6
Helosphaeridium 272
Helvetoglobotruncana 2.6
Hemiaulus 2.3
Hemidiscus 2.3
Hensonella 211, 234
Heterocyclina 127, 3.10
Heterostegina 127, 3.10
Heterostomella 3.8
Hexaprotodon 273
Hibernian Greensand 219
Hibolites 110, 111, 152
Hibolithes 110
Hildoceras 2.14
Himalayas 124, 181, 187, 267, 268, 276
Hindeodus 81
Hipparion 189, 273
Hippocrepina 3.3
Hippopotamus 323, 10.2–10.3
Hippotherium 189
Hirnantia 105, 147, 167, 168
Hobsonia 141
Hoeglundina 129, 135
Holaster 49
Holderness formation 331
Holocene mass extinction 176–7
Homo 197–9, 320, 333, 335, 3.38–3.40, 10.2
Homoceras 2.13
Hoplites 2.17
Hoploscaphites 109
Hordeum 338
Horiopleura 280
Hormuz Salt formation 231
Horn of Africa 211, 334
Hupeolenus 39
Huqf supergroup 130
Hutton, James, and Hutton’s
Unconformity 8
Hyalinea 142
Hydnophora 133, 212
hydrocarbon seeps 137, 141–9
benthic foraminifera and
ostracods associated with, Box 3.5
(142–3)
hydrothemal vents 137, 141
Hygromia 10.4
Hyperammina 5.23
Hyperoodon 120
Hypsilophodon 55
Iapetognathus 72
Iapetus 112, 118, 146, 3.14–3.15
Iberia 39
ichnofacies 120, 121, 3.6
ichthyoliths: see fish
Ictidosuchoides 170
Iguanodon 55
Illaenopsis 111
Illinois basin 302
Inaperturopollenites 5.22
India (see also Indian subcontinent) 126,
149, 300, 3.22
Indian Ocean 105, 120, 141, 149, 223, 224,
277, 278, 3.22
Indian subcontinent 11, 12, 19, 22, 27, 36,
43, 53, 55, 57, 63, 149, 153, 187, 206,
222, 267–78, 300, 306, 5.40–5.42
Indo-Pacific province, realm 98, 99, 105,
126, 133, 134, 144, 149, 150, 181
Indus basin 63, 153, 269, 271, 277, 278, 5.41
Indus drainage basin, river 277
Indus fan 277
Infaunal Trophic Index (ITI) 313
Inoceramus 33
insects 43, 45, 114, 341, 2.1, 2.21, 3.1, 10.5
integrated reservoir characterisation (and
reservoir modelling) 279, 280–9
Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) 315
International Commission on Stratigraphy
(ICS), website 68
Interpollis 5.22
Inter-Trappean beds 12
Ioanella 135
Iperk sequence 4.6
Iran (see also Middle East) 68, 133, 214, 220
Iraq (see also Middle East) 220, 5.43
Irati formation 118
Iron Age archaeology 317, 339, 10.1
Isoxys 113
Isthmolithus 2.4
Isthmus of Panama 120, 257, 261
Italy 94, 119, 135, 143, 149
Iyo-nada Bay 311
Jacadigo group 21
Jaculella 3.3
Jadammina 126, 3.3, 4.6
Jaintia group 271
Jaisalmer basin 269, 272, 273, 276
Japan 108, 143, 311
Java 66
Jdeir formation 216
Jeanne d’Arc basin 122
Jeletskytes 109
Jenam formation 270
Jhelum formation 271
Jhurio formation 269
Jinju formation 132
Jiufotang formation 55
Jordan (see also Middle East) 53
Jumara formation 269
Jurassic 2.30, 2.41, 3.21, 5.9–5.10, 5.21, 5.24,
5.26, 5.41
Kadi formation 271
Kalol formation 269, 271
Kamaena 132
Kamaenella 130, 132
Kamlial formation 273, 276
Kanakollu formation 271
Kapuni group 302
Karharbari formation 272
Karoo basin(s) 55, 117, 170, 171, 306
Karoo group/supergroup 114, 118, 2.27
Karoo–Ferrar Large Igneous Province 267
Karreriella 2.33, 5.23
Karrerulina 5.23
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Kazakhstania 3.15, 3.17–3.19
Kazhdumi basin 230, 5.13
Kent basin 302
Kenya 34, 114, 120
Kenyanthropus 192
Kerala basin (see also Konkan–Kerala basin)
126
Kerkennah field 217
key biological events in Earth history
155–99
Khami group 231
Kharaib formation 66, 133, 232, 234,
290, 5.43
Khuiala formation 276
Khuff formation 290
Killard Point formation 331
Kimmeridge Clay formation 94, 214, 241,
249, 5.20, 5.26
Kincardine basin 294
Kirmington formation 328
Komarakshi formation 271
Kommugedem formation 270
Komia 130
Koninckopora 130, 132
Kopanoar sequence 4.6
Kopili formation 270, 271
Korea 132
Kovacs-Endrody, Eva 307
Krishna formation 269, 270
Krishna–Godavari basin 269–73, 276, 278
Kudavasal formation 271
Kugmallit formation, sequence 4.6
Kujung formation 66
Kuldana formation 276
Kurnubia 5.9
Kutch basin 206, 269, 271–3, 278
Kuwait (see also Middle East) 11, 220, 314,
5.4, 5.43
Kuwait–Saudi Arabia Partitioned Neutral
Zone (see also Middle East) 220
Kyoto Protocol 315
Labrador Sea 136
Labrospira 3.3, 5.23
La Luna formation 257, 260
La Pica formation 257, 284, 5.47
La Troya mine 220, 295, 6.1
La Venta formation 118
Labropollis 5.22
Lagena 325, 326
Lagenammina 5.23
Lagoa Parda field 264
Lake Bogoria 130
Lake Sapanca 311
Lake Tanganyika 130
Lake Turkana 34, 130
Lake Valley formation 131
Lakhanda formation 15
Lamba formation 179
Lamprocyrtis 99, 2.7
Land Mammal Ages (LMAs) 3.26
land uses associated with occupation
(of archaeological sites) 323
Laryngosigma 325, 326
Las Piedras formation 257, 5.47
Late Cambrian mass extinction 166
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian)
mass extinction 174
Late Devonian mass extinction 168–9, 3.24
Late Precambrian mass extinction 164–5
Lates 337
Laurentia 107, 112, 113, 116, 146, 147,
3.14–3.16
Laurasia 102, 118, 119
“Law of Strata identified by organised
Fossils” 60, 2.30
leaf margin analysis (LMA) 100, 150,
151, 152
Leioceras 2.15
Lekhwair field 280, 5.45
Lekhwair formation 5.43
Lemmus 332, 333
Lengua formation 257, 5.47
Lenticulina 129, 135, 209, 210, 211, 212,
3.8, 5.21
Leonella 92
Lepidocyclina 211
Lepidodendron 305
Lepidophloios 305
Leptoporia 133, 211, 212
Leptoseris 133
Lepus 10.2
Levant (see also Middle East) 113
Liaoningornis 55
Libya 10, 19, 39, 131, 217
Libyoceras 110
Life positions 123–4, 3.3, 3.5, 3.13, 5.2,
5.49, 5.50
Lilliputianella 98, 266
Lima 107
Limestone Coal formation 294
Lingula 170
Lingulithyris 105
Lingulogavelinella 308
Linne, Carl ix
Lingula 105, 170
Linopteris 305
Linum 338
Lisburne group 13, 22, 29, 32, 42
Lista formation 5.20, 5.22
Listriolobus 140
Lithioperna 107
Lithiotis 107
Lithocodium 211, 280, 282
Lithraphidites 2.4
Lithastrinus 2.4
Littleton, Co. Tipperary 338–9
Lituotuba 5.23
Lizard Springs formation 257
Llanos basin 257, 291
Lobatopteris 305
Lockhart formation 269
Lonchopteris 305
London 323, 340
London basin 180
London Clay 33
Long Man of Wilmington 320
Lopha 33
Lophelia 103
Lophosphaeridium 272
Lorenzinia 3.6
Los Jabillos formation 257
Lotharingius 94
Louth formation 330
Lovelock, James 160
Low Isles Reef 314
Lower Rhine basin 183
Lowestoft formation 327
Loxostomum 3.8
Lucianorhabdus 2.4
Lucinoma 143
Ludwigia 2.15
Lumshiwal formation 271
Lusitanian basin 93
Lutra 10.2
Lycopodium 341
Lycopodiumsporites 155
Lyell, Charles 33
Lymnaea 333, 10.4
Lyramula 2.2
Lyringopteris 305
Lystrosaurus 55, 170, 2.27
Lytoceras 109
Macaca 191, 10.2
Macanopsis 3.6
Macigno flysch 135
Mackenzie Bay formation 4.6
Mackenzie delta 4.6
MacLean Brook formation 10
Macrocephalites 109, 2.15
Mad Dog field 66
Madagascar 57, 113, 267, 307
Madrid basin 130
magnetostratigraphy 67–8
Magnus field 5.24
Magnus formation 5.20
Mahakam delta 128
Mahanadi basin 270
Mainz basin 183
Maji ya Chumvi formation 114
Index 399
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Malembo formation 265
mammals 57, 119–20, Box 3.7 (177–80),
Box 3.8 (181–99), 2.1, 2.28, 3.1, 3.26,
10.2–10.3, 10.6
evolution and dispersal of, Box 3.7,
Box 3.8
Mammuthus 323, 335, 10.3
Mandapeta formation 269, 271
Manicouagan impact crater 173
Manna formation 271
Mannar basin 269
Mannville group 294, 302
Mantell, Gideon 57
Maracaibo basin 257
marginal marine environments 126, 128–9
Marginopora 126, 127, 3.10
Marginotruncana 2.6
marine bands (MBs) 302, 305
marine environments 125–6, 3.1, 3.2
marine isotope stages (MISs) 151
Marlim field 5.39
Marrat formation 232
Marsh, Othniel 115
Marsipella 3.3
Marsupites 49, 115, 2.23
Martes 10.2
Marthasterites 2.4
Martinottiella 2.33, 5.23
mass extinction events 158–60
Causes of, 160
Effects of, 158–9
Periodicity of, 159–60
Massawa, Eritrea 334–5
Massospondylus 2.27
Mastodonsaurus 55
Matanzia 2.33
Maturin sub-basin 283
Mauddud formation 220, 5.4, 5.43
Maureen formation 140, 5.20, 5.22
Mauritania 10
Mawsonia 118, 266
maximum flooding surface (MFS) 201, 4.1,
4.3, 4.7, 5.24
mean annual precipitation (MAP) 101
mean annual temperature (MAT) 101
medical palynology 341
Medicine River formation 294
medieval archaeology 316, 317, 339,
340, 10.1
Mediterranean, province, realm 57, 67, 98,
105, 129, 138, 140, 141, 149, 150, 181,
218, 219, 223, 293, 309, 311
Megaloceros 333, 334, 335, 10.3
Megalosaurus 57
Meles 10.2
melissopalynology 341
Melonis 129
Melut basin 27
Mendel, Gregor 156
Merimda Beni Salama 337
Merlinia 39, 111
Mesa formation 257, 5.47
Mesocena 2.2
Mesohibolites 111
Mesolithic archaeology 317, 335–7, 10.1
Mesopithecus 189
Mesoplodon 120
Mesorbitolina 280, 5.44
Mesosaurus 118
Mesozoic 62, 81, 83, 147–9, 151–2, 172–5,
2.1, 2.4, 2.6
Mesozoic evolutionary diversification 172
Mesozoic–Cenozoic or modern
evolutionary biota 157–8
Metapodocarpoxylon 100
Mexico 129, 220, 253
Mianwali formation 269
Micraster 49, 2.23
Micrhystridium 272
Microbially Enhanced Oil Recovery
(MEOR) 279
Microdictyon 28
Microreticulatisporites 305
Microrhabdulus 2.4
Microstaurus 2.4
Microtus 332, 333, 334, 10.2, 10.6
Middle East 5, 10, 11, 13, 19, 22, 26–30, 32,
34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 57, 66, 67,
122, 129, 130, 132, 133, 147, 210, 211,
215, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226–38, 280–3,
290, 4.7, 5.3–5.4, 5.7–5.18, 5.43–5.45
Miliammina 126, 129, 286, 3.3, 5.37
Miliolinella 325
Miller, Stanley 163
Mimomys 10.2
mineral exploration and exploitation
295–8, 6.1–6.3
Minoan, civilization 316
Miocene 3.30–3.36, 5.16–5.17
Mirapsis 112
Mirador formation 260
Mirifusus 99
Mishrif formation 220
Misoa formation 260
Mississippi delta 128, 129, 301
Mississippi fan 138
Mitrolithus 94
Molteno formation 114, 307, 2.27
Mombasa basin 114
Monoclimacis 50
Monograptus 50, 72, 2.26
Monsoon 187, 268, 276
Monterey Bay, California 315
Monterey fan 138
Montipora 135
Montrose group 286, 5.22
Moose Channel formation 4.6
Moray group 5.22
Morocco 13, 39, 93, 94, 103, 110, 125, 143
Morozovella 2.6
morphogroups, morphotypes 95, 96, 102,
128, 129, 139, 140, 153, 155, 221, 222,
249, 265, 278, 279, 283, 286, 291, 308
Moschorhinus 170
Mount Sandel, Co. Derry 336–7
Mousterian, culture 199, 335
Muglad basin 27
Multiplicisphaeridium 96
Mumbai Island formation 276
Muscardinus) 10.2
Mustela 10.2
mutual climate range (MCR) 114, 150,
152, 334
mutual ostracod temperature range
(MOTR) 334
Mya 3.5
Myanmar 300
Mytiloperna 107
Mytilus 3.5
Nagri formation 273, 276
Nahr Umr formation 234, 5.43
Naiadites 7.2
Nakalipithecus 189
Nam Con Son basin 142, 222
Nama group 28, 130
Namibia 21, 28, 102, 118, 130, 143, 145
Nannilam formation 271
Nannoconus colomii 2.4
Nannotetrina 2.4, 5.42
Naokelekan basin 5.11
Naparima Hill formation 257, 260
Nar Valley formation 328
Naricual formation 257, 260
Natih formation 231, 234, 5.43
National Petroleum Reserve of Alaska
(NPRA) 312
Nauchlan sequence 2.32
Nautiloculina 5.9
Navet formation 257
Naviculopsis 2.2
Navifusa 271
Neckera 339
Nekton falls 137
Nemagraptus 50, 2.25
Neoflabellina 3.8
Neogene 2.44, 5.47
Neohibolites 111
Neolithic archaeology 317, 323, 337–9, 10.1
Neomys 10.2
Neoveryhachium 96
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Nephrolithus 2.4
Nereites 120
Neseuretus 111
Neuquen basin 90, 173
New Zealand 63, 101, 141–3, 302, 311
Newgrange, Co. Meath 337
Ngrayong formation 66
Niger delta 128, 201, 208, 263
Nigeria 13, 22, 27, 57
Nilawahan formation 269, 271
Nile delta 4.3
Ninian field 283
Niobrara chalk 115
Niravi formation 271
Nise formation 140
Nitzschia 265, 2.3
Nodosaria 135
Nolloth group 21
non-marine bivalves 7.2
non-marine environments 124–5, 3.1
Nonion 126, 129, 143, 325
Nonionella 326
Nonionellina 325
Normalograptus 167
Norman archaeology 339, 10.1
Normandien formation 307
Normapolles 100, 149
North Africa 10, 13, 19, 22, 26, 27, 32, 34,
36, 39, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 53, 113, 122,
130, 147, 149, 215, 222, 227
North America 27, 36, 49, 96, 102, 120, 130,
131, 150, 176–80, 3.21–3.22
North American Land Mammal Ages
(NALMAs) 57, 177
North Atlantic 100, 103, 106–8, 120, 136,
142, 143, 221, 239, 3.22
North Dome/South Pars field 230
North Pacific 13, 22, 107, 108, 150
North Sea 11, 13, 21, 22, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33,
43, 63, 67, 122, 129, 136, 138, 140–3,
155, 179, 180, 208, 210, 211, 213, 223,
238–49, 283, 286–9, 290, 291, 293, 305,
2.32–2.33, 5.19–5.34, 5.46, 5.48–5.51
North Sea Drift formation 327
North-west Africa 10
northern South America and Caribbean 5,
11, 13, 22, 27, 34, 36, 43, 63, 106–8,
117–22, 126, 128, 129, 136, 141, 143,
211, 219, 249, 253, 256–62, 283–6, 291,
293, 312, 313, 5.35–5.39, 5.47
Norway, Norwegian sector, North Sea 138,
283, 290, 293
Norwegian Sea 99, 140
Norwich Crag formation 326
Nothofagidites 100, 149
Nothofagus 101, 184
Notodendrodes 3.3
Nuktak formation 4.6
Nummulites 129, Box 5.2 (216–18), 3.10, 5.42
Nummulite banks and reservoirs,
Box 5.2.
Nymphaea 337
Obik Sea 93, 99, 110, 148, 150, 178, 183
ocean acidification 315
oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) 137, 223, 264
Oculipollis 5.22
Oedomyophorus 280, 282
Offaster 49, 298
Offneria 280, 282
Oficina trend 260
Old Red Sandstone, continent 27, 53
Old World 181–99
Oldowan, culture 198
Oligocene 3.29–3.30, 5.15
Olpad formation 269
Oman (see also Middle East) 63, 66, 107, 129,
130, 147, 220, 280, 5.4, 5.43, 5.45
Oman mountains 231
Oolina 325
Operation Desert Storm, bioremediation
314–5
Operculina 127
Operculinella 127
Operculinoides 3.10
Ophiomorpha 140, 286, 3.6
Ophthalmidium 326
Oppel 35
optically stimulated luminescence (OSL)
68, 309, 320, 334
Orbiculiforma 5.21
Orbiculoidea 105
Orbitolina 5.44
Orbulinoides 2.6. 5.42
Ordovician 2.35, 3.15
Ordovician evolutionary diversification
166
Organic carbon, organic matter, flux
(production), preservation 125, 223,
277–8
Oridorsalis 135
Origin of life (prokaryotes) 160, 163
Orinoco, basin, delta, river 107, 117–20,
128, 129, 136, 257, 283, 286, 301,
5.37–5.38
Orinoco tar belt 260
Orrisdale formation 330
Orrorin 191, 192
Ormathops 111
Orthonotocythere 113, 266
Osangularia 135, 3.8
Osangulariella 135
Ostracods 41–3, 112–14, Box 3.5
(142–3), 2.1, 3.1
Ostrea 33, 3.5
Ostrya 339, 340
Otavi group 28
Otavia 28
Otoliths: see fish
Ouranopithecus 189, 190
Ourenodon 55
Oville formation 10
Ovis 335
Owen, Richard 57
Oxfordshire basin 302
oxygen isotope stratigraphy 66, 151
oxygen isotope stages (OISs)
66, 151
oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) 125, 137,
215, 224, 277, 278, 3.12
oxygen-related biofacies 125–6
Oxynoticeras 2.14
Pabdeh basin 230, 5.14
Pachycyrtella 106, 107, 147
Pachyseris 135
Pacific, province, realm 99, 118, 138, 141,
143, 144, 150, 3.21–3.22
Pakefield, Suffolk 326
Pakistan (see also Indian subcontinent) 63,
153, 5.41–5.42
palaeoaltimetry, palaeoaltitude,
palaeoelevation 124
Palaeoaplysina 147
palaeobathymetry 126–43, 153–4, 3.8, 3.11,
3.23, 4.2, 4.5, 4.7, 5.23
palaeobiogeography 143–50, 154
palaeobiology, palaeoecology,
palaeoenvironmental interpretation
90–199, 232, 234, 245–6, 249, 261–2,
265, 273, 276, 277–8, 280, 285–6,
286–9, 301, 305, 306–7, 1.1, 3.1, 5.37,
5.46, 5.49
key biological events in Earth history
155–99
palaeobiological usefulness of selected
fossil groups 90–122
quantitative and other techniques in
153–5
Palaeobiology Database (PBDB), website 90
Palaeocene 3.26, 5.14, 5.22
Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
(PETM) 180, 315
palaeoclimatology 150–2, 154, Box 3.7
(177–80), Box 3.8 (181–99), 10.5–10.6
Palaeodictyon 3.6
palaeoenvironmental interpretation
122–6
on the basis of analogy 122–3
on the basis of functional morphology
123–4
Index 401
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palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the
Pleistocene–Holocene of the British
Isles Box 10.1 (325–32)
Palaeogene 2.43, 5.22
palaeogeography, palaeogeographic and
facies maps 62, Box 3.7 (177–80), Box
3.8 (181–99), 234–8, 249, 262, 266, 278,
283, 286, 289, Box 10.1 (325–32),
3.14–3.22, 3.27–3.40, 5.38–5.39, 5.45
Palaeolithic archaeology 317, 332–5, 10.1
Palaeoloxodon 10.3
palaeo-oceanography 153
Palaeoperidinium 5.22
Palaeophycus 140
Palaeorhinus 55
Palaeo-Tethys, Palaeo-Tethyan realm 98,
102, 103, 147, 3.15–3.16, 3.18–3.20
palaeotemperature 151
Palaeozoic 62, 69, 72, 79, 81, 145–7, 151,
165–72, 2.1, 2.24
Palaeozoic evoltionary biota 157
Palakollu formation 269, 270
Palo Seco field 285
Palorbitolina 280, 282, 286, 5.44
Palorbitolinoides 5.44
Palynofacies 3.7, 5.1, 5.46
Panchet formation 267, 272
Pangaea 27, 55, 117, 118, 147, 3.19–3.20
Panna formation 269, 270
Panthalassa 102, 103, 147, 3.14–3.20
Papua New Guinea 13, 66, 130, 136,
208, 211
Parabolina 2.20
Paracambria 113
Paracytherois 142
Paradoxostoma 142
Paraethomys 191
Paragloborotalia 88
Parahibolites 111
Parahoplites 2.17
Parakidograptus 72
Paralia 323
Paralycopodites 305
Parana basin 302
Paranthropus 196
Parascutella 116
Paratarpon 117
Paratethys, Paratethyan realm 11, 13, 21,
22, 27, 29, 32, 34, 43, 53, 57, 67, 100,
105, 107, 108, 183, 186, 190, 191
Parhabdolithus 2.4
Parkinsonia 2.15
Paria formation 257, 5.47
Paripteris 305
Paris basin 180
Pariwar formation 269
Parvicingula 99, 5.21
Pasarlapudi formation 271
Patala formation 269
Pauji formation 260
Paviland, Gower 335
Pavlovia 2.16
Pavona 135
Pecten 3.5
Pectinatites 2.16
Pedernales field 5, 21, 260, 283–6, 5.35,
5.38, 5.47
Pedernales member 284, 5.38,
5.47
Pediastrum 129
Peira Cava flysch 135
Pelagian basin 216
Pelosina 3.3
Peltoceras 2.15
Penarth group 173
Peneroplis 126, 127, 3.10
Penicillium 315
Pennine basin 302
Pentacrinites 49, 115
Pentamerus 105
Pentland formation 5.20
Perinopollenites 155
Permian 2.39, 3.19
Permian basin 130
Peru 143
Petrianna 113
Petrogale 177
petroleum exploration 62, 63, 224–78, 1.1
drilling, petrophysical and testing
technologies 225–7
geological, geophysical and integrated
techniques 224–5
petroleum geology 62, 63, 66, 213–94, Box
5.1 (214–15), Box 5.2 (216–18), Box 5.3
(218–20), Box 5.4 (221–2), Box 5.5
(222–4), Box 5.6 (293), 1.1, 5.1–5.51
petroleum source-rocks, petroleum
systems, analysis 213–16,
Box 5.1 (214–15), Box 5.5 (222–4), 227,
276–8, 5.8, 5.10–5.14, 5.26
palaeobiological controls on
development of, and derisking of
presence of 277–8
palaeontological inputs into petroleum
systems analysis, Box 5.1
stratigraphic and palaeobiological
controls on, Box 5.5
Pfenderina 5.9
Phillipsoceras 109
phycodes 28, 59, 69, 3.6
Phycosiphon 140
Phyllacanthus 115
Phyloceras 109
phytoliths 26–7, 100–1
Picea 192
Pictonia 2.16
Pictou coal-field 301
Pierolapithecus 187
Pikaia 166
Pinna 219
Pinjor formation 273
Pinus 341
Piper formation 5.20
Pirumella 92
Pisidium 333
Pisirhyncia 105
Pitstone quarry, Hertfordshire 295–6,
298, 6.2
Pitimys 10.2
Placenticeras 108, 109
planktonic: benthic foraminiferal ratio
153, 3.23
Planolites 140, 3.6
Planorbis 10.4
Planorotalites 2.6
plants 26–7, 100–1, 150–1, 2.1, 3.1
Planulina 135
Platygyra 135
Platysolenites 21
play fairway analysis or evaluation,
mapping 62, 225, 227, 234–8, 1.1, 5.18
Plectacantha 99
Plesiastrea 133
Plicopollis 5.22
Pleistocene 3.39–3.40, 10.1–10.6
Pleistocene mass extinction 176
Plesiastrea 212
Plesianthropus 194
Pletmos basin 208, 209, 210, 211
Pleuroceras 2.14
Pleurograptus 50, 2.25
Pleuromeia 170
Pliocene 3.37–3.38
Pliomys 334, 10.2
Plumstead, Edna 307
Pocillopora 135
Poecilizontes 34
Poland, Polish Carpathians x, 121, 138, 140
Polycostella 2.4
Polydora 141
pollen: see Spores and pollen
pollution 313
Polydrixium 272
Polygnathoides 165
Polymorphocodium 132
Polypodorhabdus 2.4
Porites 105, 133, 135, 211
Port Phillip basin 185
Portugal 93
Posidonia 126
Potamogeton 188
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Potwar basin 269, 271
Poza Rica trend 220
Praebulimina 211, 3.8
Praechrysalidina 280, 282
Praeconocaryomma 5.21
Praeglobotruncana 308
Praekurnubia 5.9
Praeorbitolina 5.44
Praeorbulina 2.6
Praeparvicingula 99
Pranhita–Godavari basin 269
Prediscosphaera 2.4
pressure prediction 293
Principle of Uniformitarianism 122–3
Pristerognathus 2.27
Pristiograptus 50
Proconsul 184
productive series 68, 122
Proetus 111
Progonomys 188
Project Orwell 309
project specification and management
1, 1.1
Prolagurus 317
Prolecanites 109
Propontocypris 142
Proroziphius 120
prospect evaluation 1.1
Protelphidium 126
Proterozoic 62, 144–5, 151, 160,
163–5, 2.1
Provanna 141
Prudhoe Bay field 293, 312
Psammosphaera 3.3, 5.23
Pseudobelus 110
Pseudoemiliania 2.4
Pseudoeunotia 2.3
Pseudogaudryinella 3.8
Pseudohastigerina 2.6
Pseudomarssonella 5.9
Pseudomonas 315
Pseudopalatus 55
Pseudopolymorphina 325
Pseudotaberina 126
Pseudounio 106
Pseudouvigerina 3.8
Pseudoxybeloceras 109
Psiloceras 83, 109, 2.13
Psilonichnus 120, 121, 3.6
Pterocanium 99, 2.7
Pterocorys 99
Ptychites 109
Pullenia 129, 135, 3.8
Punctocyrtella 106, 147
Pungo River formation 99
Pupilla 107, 333, 10.4
Pycnodonte 33
Pyrenees 121
Pyrgo 325
Pyxilla 2.3
Qafzeh, Israel 337
Qarunian, culture 337
Qatar (see also Middle East) 11, 5.43, 5.45
Qom formation 133
Quadrum 2.4
Quaternary 68, 10.1–10.6
Quaternary dating methods 68
Quenstedt 35
Querecual formation 257, 260
Quiallaga formation 102
Quiriquire field 260
Quenstedtoceras 2.15
Quinqueloculina 126, 129, 325, 326
Radiizonates 302, 305
radiolaria or radiolarians 22, 99, 2.1,
2.7, 3.1
radiometric dating 68
Radnoria 112
Raghavapuram formation 269, 270, 271
Rajmahal formation 273
Rajhamal hotspot, Rajmahal Traps 268
Rance barrage 312
Rangifer 323, 335, 10.3
Ramapithecus 187
Ramosites 109
Rampur coal-field 306
range offset 59
Raniganj Coal Measures, formation 267,
269, 272, 306
ranking and scaling (RASC) 63, 66, 2.33
Raphiophorus 112
Ratawi formation 220
Rattray formation 5.20
Raudhatain field 220
Ravva formation 269, 271, 276, 278
Rayda/Salil basin 5.12
Razole formation 271
Reconcavo basin 264
Recurvoides 4.6, 5.23
Red Sea 227
Redlichia 39
Redondasaurus 55
Reedoconcha 106, 147
reefs, peri-reefal sub-environments,
reservoirs 98, 129–35, Box 3.2 (132–5),
165–6, 280, 282–3, Box 5.2 (216–18),
Box 5.3 (218–20), 3.10–3.11
nummulite banks and, Box 5.2
rudists reefs and, Box 5.3
palaeontological characterisation of,
Box 3.2
Reindardites 2.4
Reindeer formation 4.6
Remigolepis 53
Remopleurides 112
Reophax 126, 3.3, 5.23
reptiles and birds 55, 57, 118–19, 2.1,
2.27, 3.1
reservoir characterisation, exploitation 62,
63, 66, 278–89, 1.1
geological, geophysical and integrated
techniques, 279
production technologies, 279
reservoir-rocks 216–20, Box 5.2 (216–8),
Box 5.3 (218–20), Box 5.5 (222–4), 1.1,
5.2–5.4, 5.8, 5.15.–5.16, 5.20,
5.27–5.34, 5.38
nummulite banks and, Box 5.2
rudists reefs and, Box 5.3
stratigraphic and palaeobiological
controls on Box 5.5
Reticuloceras 2.13
Reticulofenestra 88, 2.4
Reticulophragmium 2.33
Rhabdammina 5.23
Rhabdopleura 50, 116
Rhabdosphaera 2.4
Rhaeboceras 109
Rhagodiscus 2.4
Rhaxella 5.21
Rheic Ocean 112, 147, 3.15–3.17
Rhizocorallium 3.6
Rhodococcus 314, 315
Rhynie Chert 43
Richards formation 4.6
Riftia 141
Rio Bonito formation 302
Ristola 99
Riyadhella 5.9
Rizu formation 231
Robulus 5.47
Rocella 2.3
Rogaland group 5.22
Roman archaeology 316, 325, 10.1
Romania 93
Rosalina 129, 326
Ross field 5.24
Rossiella 2.3
Rotalia 280, 286
Rotaliella 326
Rotalipora 174, 308, 2.6
Rotelapillus 2.4
rudists, reefs, reservoirs 129, 132, Box 5.3
(218–20), 280, 5.2–5.4
Rudwick, Martin 105
Rutherfordoides 143
Rutiodon 55
Ruvuma basin 114
Rzehakina minima 2.33
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Sabiriyah field 220
Saccammina 3.3, 4.6, 5.23
Saccocoma 115
Saccodendron 3.3
Sagantole formation 192, 194
Sahelanthropus 191
Saint Mary’s Traps 268
Saiwan formation 107
Sajaa field 5, 290
Sakesar formation 269
Samana Suk formation 271
Samburupithecus 189
sample acquisition, density/spacing,
resolution 1, 3–6, 1.1–1.2
sample analysis 7, 1.1
sample processing 6, 1.1
San Antonio formation 257
San Juan basin 180
San Juan formation 257
Sanderella 5.9
Sangiran formation 198
Sardinia 119, 206
Sargelu basin 5.11
Sarvak formation 231
Satpura basin 269
Sattapadi formation 269
Saudi Arabia (see also Middle East) 220,
280–3, 290, 5.9, 5.43, 5.45
Scandinavia 21, 142
Schackoina 2.6
Sciurus 10.2
Schizosphaerella 93, 2.4
Schulzospora 305
Scolicia 140
Scotese, Chris 144
Scolytus 338
Scotland group 261
Scoyenia 120
Securithyris 105
seals: see cap-rocks.
seasons of occupation of archaeological
sites 323
seismic data and interpretation, seismic
facies analysis 60, 63, 103, 154,
179, 200, 205, 222, 224, 225, 227,
257, 279, 280, 283, 284, 286,
289, 309
seismic hazard assessment 308, 311
Sele formation 180
Selenopeltis 112
Sembar formation 269
Senegal 22, 28
Sele formation, sequence 179, 2.32, 5.20,
5.22
Selenoportax 273
sequence 200
sequence boundary (SB) 200, 4.1, 4.3, 4.7
sequence stratigraphy 60, 62, 121, 200–12,
Box 4.1 (206–12), 234, 249, 262, 266–7,
278, 286, 289, 302, 305, 4.1–4.7, 5.8,
5.24–5.25, 5.47
integration of palaeontological data, 205
Sergipe–Alagoas basin 13, 22, 154
Seriocrinus 115
Serrania del Interior 257, 260
Severn barrage 312
Seychelles 267
shale gas 294
shallow marine environments 126–7,
129–35
Shangsiella 113
Shansiodon 55
Shaybah field 220, 280
SHE (diversity analysis) 153
Sherwood Sandstone 67
Shetland group 5.20
Shilaif basin 230, 5.13
Shinawari formation 271
Shiyali formation 271
Shu’aiba formation, reservoir 66, 133, 220,
231, 232, 234, 280, 282, 283, 290, 5.43
Shumardia 111, 112, 2.20
Siberia, Siberian province 55, 112, 113, 146,
3.14–3.18
Siberian Traps 171
Sigaloceras 2.15
Sigmoilina 5.47
Sigmoilopsis 2.33
silicoflagellates 11, 93, 2.1–2.2, 3.1
Silicosigmoilina 286, 5.37
Silurian 2.36, 3.16, 5.10
Simeonella 113
Sinogaleaspis 53
Sinornis 55
Siphonina 129, 326
Siphonodella 79
site investigation 293, 308–11
Sivapithecus 187
Siwalik group, series 187, 268, 273, 276
Skara Brae, Orkney 339
Skolithos 120, 121, 286, 3.6
Slindon formation 333, 334
‘small shelly fossils’ (SSFs) 28, 102, 2.1, 3.1
Smith, William ix, 62, 2.30
Snorre field 283
Solemya 141
Solenopora 131
Solent formation 327
Solnhofen Limestone 45
Somalia 133
Somerset basin 302
Sorex 334, 10.2
Sorites 126, 127, 3.10
Sorosphaera 5.23
source-rocks: see petroleum source-rocks
South Africa 10, 55, 57, 114, 117, 118, 147,
170, 171, 208, 209, 210, 211, 300,
305, 2.27
South America (see also northern South
America and Caribean) 19, 27, 40,
50, 53, 113, 117, 118, 119, 147, 149,
306, 3.22
South American Land Mammal Ages
(SALMAs) 57
South Atlantic, South Atlantic salt basins
13, 21, 22, 27, 36, 43, 45, 53, 66, 92, 93,
94, 99, 113, 115, 118, 119, 122, 129,
130, 132, 140, 147, 149, 154, 206, 208,
214, 221, 222, 225, 263–7, 302, 306,
313, 3.22
South China Sea 105, 141
South Wales basin, coalfield 294, 302
southeast Asia: see Far East
Southern Ocean 138
Spain, Spanish Pyrenees 10, 102, 121, 130,
138, 139, 210, 211, 220, 295, 311
Speetonia 2.4
Spermodea 107, 333
Sphaeroidina 135
Sphaeroidinellopsis 5.47
Sphagnum 101, 339
Sphenobaiera 114, 307
Sphenolithus 2.4, 5.42
Spirogyra 188
Spiroplectammina 2.33, 5.21
Spiroraphe 3.6
Spirosigmoilina 135
Spirosigmoilinella 2.33, 4.6
Spitsbergen 129
Spongaster 2.7
Sponges 28–9, 102, 2.1, 3.1
Spongodinium 5.22
Spongodiscus 5.21
spores and pollen (see also plants) 26–7,
100–1, 341, 5.22, 5.47
sporomorph eco-groups (SEGs) 155, 208,
210, 211, 249
Spriggina 231
Sri Lanka: see Indian subcontinent
Stacheoides 132
Stainforthia 326
Star Carr, Yorkshire 336
Statfjord field 283
Statfjord formation 5.20
Static data 1.1
Stegodon 198
Steinekella 5.9
Steno, Stensen ix
Stensioeina 98, 3.8
Stephanoceras 109, 2.15
Stephanolithion 2.4
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Stephanomys 188
Stephanorhinus 333, 334
Stephanopyxis 2.3
Sternotaxis 2.23
Stichocapsa 99
Stichocorys 99, 2.7
Stilostomella 135
Stonehenge 316
Stormberg group 306, 307
Strait of Juan de Fuca 311
Strait of Panama 118, 257, 261
stratigraphic time-scales 68–89
Streblospio 141
Streptognathus 81
Streptomyces 315
Stricklandia 105
stromatoporoids 29, 103, 2.1, 3.1
Stronsay formation 180
strontium isotope stratigraphy 66–7
Stylophora 133, 135
Styrian basin 185
submarine fans, reservoirs,
sub-environments 96, 137, Box 3.4
(138–41), 286–9, 291, 3.13, 5.39,
5.48–5.51
palaeontological characterisation of,
Box 3.4
Subreophax 5.23
Succinea 333, 10.4
Sudan 27
Sulaiman ranges 271, 276, 5.42
Sulaiy basin 5.12
Surma basin 269, 271
Surma group 271
Surmeh formation 234
Sus 335, 10.2
Svalbard 301
Swanscombe, Kent 107
Swaziland 10
Switzerland 35, 135
Sydney coal-field 301
Sylhet formation 271
Symphillia 135
Synchysidendron 305
Synedra 2.3
systems tracts 200–1, Box 4.1 (206–12),
4.1–4.3, 4.5–4.7
palaeontological characterisation of,
Box 4.1
Tabernas basin 139
Talchir boulder bed, formation 267, 272
Talpa 10.2
Tamabra formation 220
Tanzania 101, 113, 114, 120
Taphrhelminthopsis 3.6
Tapinocephalus 55, 2.27
Tappania 271
Taranaki basin 63, 302
Tarapur formation 271
Tarim basin 63
Tatera 193
Tatrot formation 273
Taxodiaceaepollenites 179
taxonomic habitat index 334
Tay formation 5.20
Technitella 5.23
Teichichnus 121, 3.6
Temblador trend 260
tentaculitids 37, 39, 111, 2.1, 3.1
Terebratula 32
Teredo 3.5
Teredolites 120, 121, 206, 3.6
Terminalioxylon 276
terrestrial environments 3.1
testate Amoebae 21, 96
Tethys, Tethyan realm 66, 92, 93, 98, 99,
100, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113,
115, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 181, 219,
230, 266, 3.19–3.21
Tetracynodon 170
Tetragraptus 116
TEX86 151
Textularia 126, 127, 313
Thalassia 126
Thalassinoides 111, 140, 286, 3.6
Thalassionema 323, 2.3
Thalassiosira 265, 2.3
Thalassiothrix 2.3
Thamama group 133, 232
Thames barrier 308–9, 8.2
Theocorythium 2.7
thermal alteration indices, thermal
alteration or maturity assessment,
215–16, 5.1
Thermoactinomyces 315
Thistle field 283, 5.46
Thulean land bridge 150, 179–80
Thurammina 5.23
Thuringia 113
Thyasira 140
Thymospora 305
Ticinella 2.6
Tiliaepollenites 5.22
Timan Pechora basin 29, 129, 131, 168
Tinajitas formation 257
Tindir group 12
Tipam group 271
Tirupati formation 271
tissue preservation index (TPI) 294,
299, 300
Titanites 2.16
Titanotheca 21
Tolypammina 5.23
Tomistoma 185
Top-down Representation of Interactive
Flora and Foliage Including Dynamics
(TRIFFID) 151
Tor formation 290, 5.20
Torbay formation 329
Torispora 305
Tornquist Sea 3.15
trace element stratigraphy 67
trace fossils 57, 59, 120–2
Tragelaphus 189
Tragoportax 190
Tranolithus 2.4
Trans-Gondwanan Seaway 122
Trans-Saharan Seaway 110, 113, 115,
148, 150
transfer functions 153
Transgressive Surface (TS) 201, 4.1
Traumatocrinus 115
Treptichnus 59
Tretaspis 111
Triassic 2.40, 3.20
Tribrachiatus 2.4
Triceratium 2.3
Trichohyalus 326
Tricolocapsa 5.21
Trifarina 143, 313, 326
Trilobites 39–40, 111–12, 2.1,
2.19–2.20, 3.1
Triloculina 326
Trimerus 111
Trinacria 2.3
Trinidad (see also northern South America
and Caribbean) 106, 108, 122, 136,
285, 293, 312, 313, 5.35–5.36
Triquetrorhabdulus 88, 2.4
Triquitrites 302
Triscutum 94
Triticum 338, 339
Tritaxia 210
Trochammina 126, 129, 209, 286, 2.33, 3.3,
4.6, 5.23, 5.37
Trochamminita 126
Trocholina 5.9, 5.21
Trogontherium 10.2
Tropidostoma 55, 2.27
Trubi formation.
Trudopollis 5.22
Truncorotaloides 2.6, 5.42
Truncatoscaphus 2.4
Trypanites 121, 206, 3.6
Tsuga 341
Tuban formation 66
Tulites 2.15
Tunisia 109, 210, 211, 216, 217
Tura formation 270, 271
Turbinaria 135
Index 405
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Turbodiscus 2.4
Turgai Strait 93, 99, 110, 148, 150, 183
Turkana Grit 120, 178
Turkey (see also Middle East) 68, 293,
309, 311
Turrilina 4.6
Turritellella 5.23
Tuwaiq Mountain formation 232
Tyrolean Alps 339–40
Uintacrinus 49, 115, 2.23
Umbria–Marche basin 94
unconventional petroleum geology 294
Ungdarella 130, 132
Unio 106
United Arab Emirates (see also Middle East)
5, 66, 133, 220, 290, 5.43, 5.45
United Kingdom, United Kingdom sector,
North Sea: see British Isles and
North Sea
United States of America 21, 22, 32–4, 39,
42, 45, 50, 92, 96, 99, 101, 105, 106,
108, 109, 113–15, 117, 118, 121, 126,
130–2, 138, 139, 143, 147, 180, 205,
300, 302, 313–15
uplift, uplift rate 124
Uptonia 2.14
upwelling 223
Ursus 333, 334, 335, 10.2–10.3
Urswick Limestone formation 132
Uruguay 21
Urumaco formation 118
Usbekistania 5.23
Uvigerina 129, 143, 3.12, 5.37
Vadaparru formation 269, 270, 271
Vail, Pete 200, 201
Valhall field 290
Vallonia 107, 333
Valvata 10.4
Vautrinella 22
Vekshinella 2.4
vegetation index (VI) 300
Velona basin 190
Venericardia 107
Venezuela (see also northern South America
and Caribbean) 5, 21, 106–8, 117–20,
283–6, 5.35–5.36, 5.38, 5.47
Verneuilina 211, 3.8, 4.6
Verneuilinoides 129, 4.6
Verneulinulla 5.23
Vesicomya 141
Vetispora 305
Vezere valley, Perigord, France ix
Vidono formation 257
Vietnam 142, 143
‘Virgulina’ 4.6
Vitrinite, vitrinite reflectance 5.1
Viviparus 107, 10.4
Vocontian basin 94, 109, 208,
210, 211
Vulpes 335, 10.2
Vychegda formation 18
Wabya formation 300
Wafra field 220
Wallingford Castle, Oxfordshire
316
Warburgella 111
Wasia formation, group 5.43
Water quality 313
Watznaueria 94
Waulsortian mounds, Waulsortian-like
mounds 130–2, 166
Weald basin, Wealden facies 55, 57, 106
Weisselster basin 184
well-site operations (and well delivery)
289–92, 293, 1.1
Welsh basin 121
Welwitschia 154
Wenlock Limestone 39
Wessex basin 55, 94, 106, 239, 241
West Africa (see also South Atlantic) 13,
22, 28, 36, 113, 119, 122, 147, 149,
206, 222
West Africa–South Atlantic (WASA)
province 100, 149, 266
West Melbury Marly Chalk formation 316
West of Shetland basin 22, 67, 179
West Sussex Coast formation/group 327,
329, 333
Westbury Cave, Somerset 332–3
Western Interior Seaway 33, 34, 36, 92, 109,
110, 116, 121, 126
Western Irish Sea formation 330
White Horse of Uffington 320
White Sea 102, 145
Whitehill formation 118
Whiteinella 174, 308, 2.6
Wienerwaldflysch 140, 3.13
Williston basin 302
Witwatersrand supergroup 10
Wonocolo formation 66
Woolwich & Reading formation
180
work-flow 1, 1.1
Wynniatt formation 10
Wytch Farm field 67, 293, 312
Xenusion 28
Xystridura 39
Yibal field 280, 5.45
Yixian formation 55
Yoredale series 113
Yunnanolepis 53
Zagros mountains 67, 231
Zaluch formation 269
Zannicellia 340
Zeugrhabdotus 2.4
Zonocostites 129
Zoophycos 120, 121, 3.6
406 Index